DOCSLIB.ORG

Six Years of Experience in Entomological

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Six Years of Experience in Entomological Akogbéto et al. Malaria Journal (2015) 14:242 DOI 10.1186/s12936-015-0757-5 RESEARCH Open Access Six years of experience in entomological surveillance of indoor residual spraying against malaria transmission in Benin: lessons learned, challenges and outlooks Martin C. Akogbéto1,2, Rock Y. Aïkpon1,2*, Roseric Azondékon1,3, Gil G. Padonou1,2, Razaki A. Ossè1,4, Fiacre R. Agossa1,2, Raymond Beach5 and Michel Sèzonlin2 Abstract Background: From 2008 to 2013, a prevention intervention against malaria based on indoor residual spraying (IRS) was implemented in Benin. From 2008 to 2012, Ficam M®, a bendiocarb-containing product was used for house spraying, in association with pirimiphos methyl EC (Actellic EC) in 2013. This operation aimed to strengthen the effectiveness of treated nets so as to expedite the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): the reduction of morbidity and mortality due to malaria by 75 % from 2000 to 2015. Methods: Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) was implemented in order to evaluate the impact of IRS intervention on malaria transmission. Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations were sampled by human landing catch. In addition, window exit traps and pyrethrum spray catches were performed to assess exophagic behaviour of Anopheles vectors the main malaria vector in the treated areas. The residual activity of insecticide in the treated walls was also assessed using WHO bioassay test. Results: The purpose of this project was to draw attention to new challenges and future prospects for the success of IRS in Benin. The main strength of the intervention was a large-scale operation in which more than 80 % of the houses were treated due to the strong adhesion of population. In addition, a significant reduction of the EIR in areas under IRS were observed. However, there were many challenges including the high cost of IRS implementation and the identification of suitable areas to implement IRS. This was because of the low and short residual effect of the insecticides recommended for IRS and the management strategy for vector resistance to insecticides. This indicated that challenges are accompanied by suggested solutions. For the cost of IRS to be accessible to states, then local organizations need to be created in partnership with the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) in order to ensure relevant planning and implementation of IRS. Conclusion: As an anticipatory measure against vector resistance, this paper proposes various methods, such as periodic IRS based on a combination of two or three insecticides of different classes used in rotation every two or three years. Keywords: Indoor residual spraying, Lessons learned, Benin * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin 2Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2015 Akogbéto et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Akogbéto et al. Malaria Journal (2015) 14:242 Page 2 of 12 Background malaria transmission mainly through LLIN, IRS and ac- In 2008, Benin committed, for the first time, to imple- cess to treatment it is recognized that, evaluation and menting an IRS campaign in order to protect its popula- routine vector surveillance is a weak component of tion against malaria. Such a strategy was chosen to many national disease control programmes. Vector sur- strengthen the action of the existing long-lasting insecti- veillance should be increased prominence in the plan- cidal Nets (LLINs) as first prevention strategy against mal- ning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of aria. Indeed, Benin had signed up to the Millennium vector control interventions. The goal of this study was Development Goals (MDGs), which components included to evaluate entomological impact following large-scale a 75 % reduction of malaria morbidity and mortality be- protection through the spraying in two departments tween 2000 and 2015. To achieve this level of malaria re- of Benin. This evaluation focused on the decay of in- duction within 15 years, an integrated control based on secticide on treated walls, the population dynamics of the simultaneous use of multiple strategies against the Anopheles gambiae, the level of entomological inocula- vector and the parasite was necessary. In Africa, particu- tion rate (EIR), and the development of vector resistance larly in Benin, the first mass preventative method effect- in areas under intervention compared to control areas. ively applicable against mosquito bites is the use of LLINs This document is not a collection of impact indicators, [1, 2]. A great deal of progress has been made in Benin as it also leveraged six years of IRS tracking experience in far as the use of this preventative method is concerned. the field to identify the new challenges. Suggestions are The rate of LLIN use by pregnant women and children maked to address them and views on the future of IRS under five increased from 32 % in 2006 to 60 % in 2010 in Benin are given. and 70 % in 2013 through a mass distribution [3, 4]. Simi- lar progress has been noted regarding the implementation Methods of indoor residual spraying (IRS). The proportion of the Intervention areas African population at risk of malaria but protected by IRS Two IRS campaigns were implemented by the NMCP increased from 5 % in 2005 to 11 % in 2011 [5]. As docu- from 2008 to 2013. In 2008, IRS was conducted in mented in recent World Malaria Reports, reductions in Ouémé Department in southeast Benin (Fig. 1), protec- malaria disease burden have coincided with the massive ting 350,000 people. Four out of the nine districts in that scale-up of malaria prevention measures, particularly the department were involved in this operation: Adjohoun, use of LLINs and IRS [5, 6]. The National Malaria Control Dangbo, Sèmè, and Missérété. Programme (NMCP) of Benin has noted that IRS is a South of Benin is characterized by two dry seasons promising intervention in reducing the malaria burden. (December to March and August to September) and two Some African countries, particularly Zimbabwe, Namibia, rainy seasons (April to July and October to November). Swaziland, Botswana, and Mozambique have had a reduc- The existence of two rainy seasons in the year results in tion in malaria transmission and parasite rates of Plasmo- an almost year-round presence of Anopheles and per- dium in children [7] with prolonged IRS campaigns over manent malaria transmission. Given the short, residual several decades. Maxwell et al. [8] also observed a de- action of insecticides currently available for IRS, the crease in anaemia and child mortality rates resulting from spraying has to be conducted at least twice a year in order the massive use of impregnated nets (ITNs). According to to expect a significant decrease in Anopheles density Lengeler [1], 5.5/1,000 children are saved due to sleeping throughout the year. Unfortunately, the cost of IRS oper- under ITNs. ation makes it impossible for Benin to afford spraying Malaria elimination is conceivable; it will require a lot twice a year. of political will, effort and expertise. Based on the year-round transmission and presence of The IRS campaign started in Benin in 2008 with the malaria and its vector due to the two rainy seasons per year, support of The President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI). IRS was discontinued in Ouémé and moved to Atacora From 2008 to 2010, over 315,000 people out of 350,000 Department, north of Benin in 2011. This department is were protected per year by the intervention in Ouémé characterized by one dry season (November to May) and Department, south of Benin. From 2011 to 2013, the oper- one rainy season (June to October). Some 650,000 in- ation was moved from Ouémé to Atacora (northern habitants were taken into account in the nine districts Benin) where over 650,000 people per year were protected. (Natitingou, Tanguieta, Toucountouna, Materi, Boucombe, Due to vector resistance to pyrethroids across Benin, two Cobly, Kouandé, Péhunco, and Kerou) that were covered insecticides of two different classes were used in rotation: by the operation. In Atacora, the major economic activity bendiocarb (a carbamate) and pirimiphos methyl EC is agriculture, mainly cotton and millet, for which various (an organophosphate). classes of pesticides (pyrethroid, carbamate, organophos- NMCPs in Africa usually implement good control phate) are used. In contrast, the main activities in Ouémé strategies; however, despite impressive reductions in include trade, corn agriculture and fishing facilitated by Akogbéto et al. Malaria Journal (2015) 14:242 Page 3 of 12 Fig. 1 Map of Benin showing the districts under IRS and those under Monitoring-Evaluation (study districts) the presence of Ouémé River. The M form of An. gam- (Fénitrothion, an organophosphate), Master Quick ZC biae, recently named Anopheles coluzzii [9], is the major (mixture of chlorpyriphos 250 g/l + deltamethrin 12 g/l), malaria vector in Ouémé and the S form named An. gam- and Ficam M® (bendiocarb 800 g/kg, a carbamate), proved biae [9] in Atacora. to be the most effective against pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae [15]. However, after this evaluation, bendio- Control areas carb was the only product selected by the NMCP since In the Department of Ouémé, Adjara, a peripheral area Master Quick ZC formulation did not have World Health of Porto-Novo (administrative capital of Benin), was se- Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) lected as a control (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Entomological Baseline Data on Malaria Transmission And
    Vol. 5(7), pp. 102-111, July, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/JPVB 2013.0118 Journal of Parasitology and Vector ISSN 2141-2510 © 2013 Academic Journals Biology http://www.academicjournals.org/JPVB Full Length Research Paper Entomological baseline data on malaria transmission and susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to insecticides in preparation for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) in Atacora, (Benin) Rock Aïkpon1,2*, Razaki Ossè1,2, Renaud Govoetchan1,2, Arthur Sovi1,2, Frédéric Oké-Agbo1 and Martin C. Akogbéto1,2 1Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. 2Faculte des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université d’Abomey Calavi, Benin. Accepted 22 June, 2013 To implement indoor residual spraying (IRS), the department of Atacora was selected in Benin. Entomological surveys were performed before IRS implementation. Mosquitoes were sampled by Pyrethrum spray catch and were identified morphologically and by molecular methods. The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite indices were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Molecular detection of pyrethroid knock down resistance and that of insensitive acetylcholinesterase were performed. Susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae was determined using World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tests to various insecticides. A. gambiae s.l. was the main species harvested in houses (81.71%) and A. gambiae s.s is practically the only member that was found. Both M and S forms were in sympatry, but the molecular S form was predominant (94.42%). A. gambiae s.l were susceptible to bendiocarb but fully resistant to organochlorine (DDT), permethrin and deltamethrin. Entomological inoculation rate vectors (EIR) was 6 infectious bites per man per month on average during the study period.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Issn: 2456-8643 Climate Variability and M
    International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch Vol. 3, No. 05; 2018 ISSN: 2456-8643 CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER POINTS AND AEV IN THE NATITINGOU COMMUNITY: EVALUATION OF ACCESS RATES TO DRINKING WATER AND ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABILITY (BENIN, WEST AFRICA) ABDOULAYE Djafarou1, ASSABA H. Martin1, OYENIRAN Rosalie2. , KOUMASSI Degla Herve 2, VISSIN Expedit. W. 2 1. Laboratory of Biogeography and Environmental Expertise (LABEE), University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin); BP: 677, Abomey-Calavi, Benin., Tel: (00229) 95 17 4696; 2. Pierre Pagney Laboratory 'Climate, Water, Ecosystem and Development' (LACEEDE), 03 BP 1122, Jericho, Cotonou, Benin. ABSTRACT One of the major challenges facing humanity is the problem of water, especially for the well- being of low-income communities. The objective of this research is to diagnose the results of the implementation of decentralization on the management of water points and AEVs in the Municipality of Natitingou in Benin. The methodological approach adopted to conduct the study consisted of data collection as a first step. These data consist of socioeconomic data from field surveys, demographic data obtained at INSAE, climate and statistics related to the various water points and AEVs carried out in the municipality. These data were collected thanks to the documentary research and the investigations in real environment. At the end of this study, it appears that a total of 125 hydraulic structures were built in the municipality of Natitingou by the authorities at the central level of the State. These efforts continued with the local authorities following the advent of decentralization in 2003 through the construction of more than 110 hydraulic structures.
    [Show full text]
  • 1- Etat Et Structure De La Population De L'atacora 2
    REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN ------------------- MINISTERE DU PLAN ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT ------------------- Institut National de la Statistique et de l’Analyse Economique Synthèse des principaux résultats du RGPH-4 de l’ATACORA 1- Etat et structure de la population de l’Atacora Evolution de la population de l’Atacora de 2002 à 2013 DIVISIONS RGPH4-2013 RGPH3-2002 Taux Poids ADMINISTRATIVES d'accroissement démographique intercensitaire en % en 2013 en % (2002- Total Masculin Féminin Total Masculin Féminin 2013) BENIN 10 008 749 4 887 820 5 120 929 6 769 914 3 284 119 3 485 795 3,52 ATACORA 772 262 380 448 391 814 549 417 270 504 278 913 3,06 7,7 Boukoumbé 82 450 40 479 41 971 60 568 29 523 31 045 2,77 10,7 Cobly 67 603 32 784 34 819 46 660 22 421 24 239 3,34 8,8 Kérou 100 197 49 963 50 234 62 632 31 397 31 235 4,25 13,0 Kouandé 111 540 55 558 55 982 80 261 40 132 40 129 2,96 14,4 Matéri 113 958 55 676 58 282 83 721 40 255 43 466 2,77 14,8 Natitingou 103 843 50 968 52 875 75 620 37 388 38 232 2,85 13,4 Péhunco 78 217 39 147 39 070 55 082 27 546 27 536 3,15 10,1 Tanguiéta 74 675 36 431 38 244 54 719 27 120 27 599 2,79 9,7 Toucountouna 39 779 19 442 20 337 30 154 14 722 15 432 2,48 5,2 En 2013, le département de l’Atacora compte 772 262 habitants soit 7,7% de la Evolution de la structure par âge de la population de l'Atacora aux RGPH-1992, RGPH- population béninoise.
    [Show full text]
  • Benin• Floods Rapport De Situation #13 13 Au 30 Décembre 2010
    Benin• Floods Rapport de Situation #13 13 au 30 décembre 2010 Ce rapport a été publié par UNOCHA Bénin. Il couvre la période du 13 au 30 Décembre. I. Evénements clés Le PDNA Team a organisé un atelier de consolidation et de finalisation des rapports sectoriels Le Gouvernement de la République d’Israël a fait don d’un lot de médicaments aux sinistrés des inondations La révision des fiches de projets du EHAP a démarré dans tous les clusters L’Organisation Ouest Africaine de la Santé à fait don d’un chèque de 25 millions de Francs CFA pour venir en aide aux sinistrés des inondations au Bénin L’ONG béninoise ALCRER a fait don de 500.000 F CFA pour venir en aide aux sinistrés des inondations 4 nouveaux cas de choléra ont été détectés à Cotonou II. Contexte Les eaux se retirent de plus en plus et les populations sinistrés manifestent de moins en moins le besoin d’installation sur les sites de déplacés. Ceux qui retournent dans leurs maisons expriment des besoins de tentes individuelles à installer près de leurs habitations ; une demande appuyée par les autorités locales. La veille sanitaire post inondation se poursuit, mais elle est handicapée par la grève du personnel de santé et les lots de médicaments pré positionnés par le cluster Santé n’arrivent pas à atteindre les bénéficiaires. Des brigades sanitaires sont provisoirement mises en place pour faire face à cette situation. La révision des projets de l’EHAP est en cours dans les 8 clusters et le Post Disaster Needs Assessment Team est en train de finaliser les rapports sectoriels des missions d’évaluation sur le terrain dans le cadre de l’élaboration du plan de relèvement.
    [Show full text]
  • Laws of Attraction Northern Benin and Risk of Violent Extremist Spillover
    Laws of Attraction Northern Benin and risk of violent extremist spillover CRU Report Kars de Bruijne Laws of Attraction Northern Benin and risk of violent extremist spillover Kars de Bruijne CRU Report June 2021 This is a joint report produced by the Conflict Research Unit of Clingendael – the Netherlands Institute of International Relations in partnership with the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED). June 2021 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Cover photo: © Julien Gerard Unauthorized use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. Permission is required to use the logo of the Clingendael Institute. This can be obtained by contacting the Communication desk of the Clingendael Institute ([email protected]). The following web link activities are prohibited by the Clingendael Institute and may present trademark and copyright infringement issues: links that involve unauthorized use of our logo, framing, inline links, or metatags, as well as hyperlinks or a form of link disguising the URL. About the author Kars de Bruijne is a Senior Research Fellow with the Clingendael’s Conflict Research Unit and a former Senior Researcher at ACLED.
    [Show full text]
  • Benin CO Lassa Fever
    Benin CO Lassa Fever Update / 2012 / Djiwan Benin @UNICEF SITUATION IN NUMBERS Highlights UNICEF Benin is scaling up its emergency response to the ongoing Lassa Fever outbreak. As of 19 February 2016, there have been 72 cases (6 confirmed, 12 probable and 54 suspected cases), and 27 people have died (CFR 33%). As of 19 February, 479 case contacts have been identified and 478 are under 21- day surveillance. No new suspect cases were recorded and no new case contacts were reported on 19 February. One death was recorded at the CHUD-Borgou: a woman who gave birth to a healthy child the day she was admitted to the hospital on 14 February. Two suspected cases are cured and discharged from the CNHU-KM Cotonou. A car was put at disposal by Médecins du Monde to ensure the transportation of new samples from Parakou and Cotonou to Lagos reference laboratory. Daily coordination meetings at the departmental and national levels are ongoing. Continued monitoring of the contacts listed is ongoing. The 8 hospitalized cases are in good apparent clinical condition. UNICEF has provided supplies, including more than 100 hygiene kits, buckets, gloves, masks, soap, tarpaulins, water treatment units, and thermometers. UNICEF will set up an isolation and treatment center for Lassa Fever in Parakou. UNICEF leads the national Communication and Social Mobilization Commission with the production of a range of awareness raising, social mobilization and training activities, including: o community engagement and inter-personal communication (C4D) is implemented
    [Show full text]
  • République Du Bénin Ministère De L'eau Et Des Mines (MEM) Société Nationale Des Eaux Du Bénin (SONEB)
    République du Bénin Ministère de l'Eau et des Mines (MEM) Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB) Étude de collecte de données pour le développement des eaux souterraines et l’amélioration des systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau dans les départements de Couffo et Plateau en République du Bénin Rapport Final Avril 2018 Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale (JICA) Sanyu Consultants Inc. GE JR 18-047 Table des Matières Carte de localisation de la zone cible du Projet Table des Matières Liste des Tableaux et Figures/Abréviations/Taux de change CHAPTER 1 Présentation de l’Étude ............................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Contexte et objectifs de l’Étude ........................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Calendrier de l’étude .............................................................................................................. 1-1 CHAPTER 2 Présentation du secteur de l’eau Bénin .................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Plan de niveau supérieur dans le secteur de l’eau ............................................................ 2-1 2.2 Organisation du secteur de l’eau .......................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Orientations de la coopération financière du Japon ......................................................... 2-4 2.4 Projets des autres bailleurs de fonds et organismes de coopération ............................. 2-5 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]
  • Local Agro-Ecological Condition-Based Food Resources to Promote Infant Food Security: a Case Study from Benin
    Local agro-ecological condition-based food resources to promote infant food security: a case study from Benin Flora Josiane Chadare, Nadia Fanou Fogny, Yann Eméric Madode, Juvencio Odilon G. Ayosso, Sèwanou Hermann Honfo, Folachodé Pierre Polycarpe Food Security TheKayodé, Science, Sociology et and Economicsal. of Food Production and Access to Food ISSN 1876-4517 Food Sec. DOI 10.1007/s12571-018-0819-y 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Nature B.V. and International Society for Plant Pathology. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Food Security https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0819-y ORIGINAL PAPER Local agro-ecological condition-based food resources to promote infant food security: a case study from Benin Flora Josiane Chadare1,2 & Nadia Fanou Fogny1 & Yann Eméric Madode1 & Juvencio Odilon G. Ayosso1 & Sèwanou Hermann Honfo3 & Folachodé Pierre Polycarpe Kayodé1 & Anita Rachel Linnemann4 & Djidjoho Joseph Hounhouigan 1 Received: 7 July 2017 /Accepted: 19 June 2018 # Springer Nature B.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Laws of Attraction Northern Benin and Risk of Violent Extremist Spillover
    Laws of Attraction Northern Benin and risk of violent extremist spillover CRU Report Kars de Bruijne Laws of Attraction Northern Benin and risk of violent extremist spillover Kars de Bruijne CRU Report June 2021 This is a joint report produced by the Conflict Research Unit of Clingendael – the Netherlands Institute of International Relations in partnership with the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED). June 2021 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Cover photo: © Julien Gerard Unauthorized use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. Permission is required to use the logo of the Clingendael Institute. This can be obtained by contacting the Communication desk of the Clingendael Institute ([email protected]). The following web link activities are prohibited by the Clingendael Institute and may present trademark and copyright infringement issues: links that involve unauthorized use of our logo, framing, inline links, or metatags, as well as hyperlinks or a form of link disguising the URL. About the author Kars de Bruijne is a Senior Research Fellow with the Clingendael’s Conflict Research Unit and a former Senior Researcher at ACLED.
    [Show full text]
  • Benin Private Health Sector Census
    BENIN PRIVATE HEALTH SECTOR CENSUS December 2014 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Andrew Carmona, Sean Callahan, and Kathryn Banke for the Strengthening Health Outcomes through the Private Sector (SHOPS) project. Recommended Citation: Carmona, Andrew, Sean Callahan, and Kathryn Banke. 2014. Benin Private Health Sector Census. Bethesda, MD: Strengthening Health Outcomes through the Private Sector Project, Abt Associates Inc. Download copies of SHOPS publications at: www.shopsproject.org Cooperative Agreement: GPO-A-00-09-00007-00 Submitted to: Ricardo Missihoun Commodities and Logistics Specialist United States Agency for International Development/Benin Marguerite Farrell, AOR Bureau of Global Health Global Health/Population and Reproductive Health/Service Delivery Improvement United States Agency for International Development Abt Associates Inc. 4550 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 800 North Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel: 301.347.5000 Fax: 301.913.9061 www.abtassociates.com In collaboration with: Banyan Global Jhpiego Marie Stopes International Monitor Group O’Hanlon Health Consulting BENIN PRIVATE HEALTH SECTOR CENSUS DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements
    [Show full text]
  • Appel D'offre
    APPEL D’OFFRE NATURE Acquisition et installation de 25 lampadaires solaires fonctionnelles dans des localités de cinq communes du département de l’Atacora. LIEU D’EXECUTION DES Localités des communes de Boukombé, Cobly, Matéri, Tanguiéta, TRAVAUX Natitingou CONTEXTE GENERAL Créée en 1951, l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) est l’organisation intergouvernementale chef de file dans le domaine de la migration. Devenue l’agence des Nations Unies chargée des migrations en septembre 2016, l’OIM est attachée au principe selon lequel des migrations qui s’effectuent en bon ordre et dans le respect de la dignité humaine sont bénéfiques aux migrants et à la société. Elle œuvre de concert avec ses partenaires de la communauté internationale pour aider à relever les défis opérationnels croissants de la migration, améliorer la compréhension des questions migratoires, encourager le développement économique et social par la migration et préserver le bien-être et les droits humains des migrants. Présente au Bénin, l’OIM travaille de concert avec le Gouvernement afin d’assurer une meilleure réponse aux défis liés à la gestion des flux migratoires. En étroite collaboration avec les autorités béninoises, les partenaires locaux et internationaux et la société civile, l’action de l’OIM se matérialise à travers différents programmes concernant principalement la protection et l’assistance aux migrants en situation de vulnérabilité, l’assistance au retour volontaire et la réintégration socioéconomique des migrants de retour, le renforcement des capacités techniques et opérationnelles en matière de sécurité et de gestion des frontières, la cohésion sociale et la consolidation de la paix, les campagnes d’information et de sensibilisation sur les risques et les alternatives à la migration irrégulière, l’appui dans la formulation des politiques migratoires, la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains, la migration et le développement.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Paper Oct
    Afrique pouvoir et politique Normes, institutions et configurations politiques dans les réformes des filières cotonnières en Afrique de l’Ouest: Cas du Benin Analyse de 9 villages Borgui Yerima en collaboration avec Gansari Sanni, Kora Sero Yacoubou, Taouema Marie Brigitte, Adjahosssou Gilles Background Paper Oct. 2010 07 Copyright: Les auteurs Publié: Oct. 2010 Edité au nom du programme « Afrique: pouvoir et politique » par le Centre pour les Etudes Africaines (CAS) de l’Université de Floride en collaboration avec le Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherches sur les Dynamiques Sociales et le Développement local (LASDEL, Niamey, Niger), le Laboratoire d’Analyse Régionale et d’Expertise Sociale (LARES, Cotonou, Bénin) et l’Overseas Development Insitute à Londres. Cet essai est un des produits du groupe de recherche sur les « Réformes du secteur du coton» du programme APP (www.institutions-africa.org) qui comprend des études de recherche dans quatre pays africains: Bénin, Burkina Faso, Cameroun et Mali. Il recueille des résultats préliminaires obtenus à partir d études de recherche de terrain entreprises en 2009 et en 2010, dans la perspective de produire des rapports finaux en 2011. Afrique: pouvoir et politique est un programme de recherche dirigé par un consortium d’organisations. Le programme et financé par le Ministère britannique du développement international (DFID) et par Irish Aid pour le bénéfice des pays en voie de développement. Les opinions de ce document sont formulées sous la responsabilité de ses auteurs. Elles ne reflètent pas nécessairement le point de vue officiel de DFID, Irish Aid ou des institutions partenaires. Le présent rapport synthétise les informations recueillies auprès des acteurs de la filière coton et des autorités locales (chefs traditionnels, maires, notables, leaders d’opinion etc.).
    [Show full text]