Mouse Mrap2 Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mouse Mrap2 Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9) https://www.alphaknockout.com Mouse Mrap2 Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9) Objective: To create a Mrap2 knockout Mouse model (C57BL/6J) by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Strategy summary: The Mrap2 gene (NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_001177731 ; Ensembl: ENSMUSG00000042761 ) is located on Mouse chromosome 9. 5 exons are identified, with the ATG start codon in exon 3 and the TGA stop codon in exon 5 (Transcript: ENSMUST00000179313). Exon 3 will be selected as target site. Cas9 and gRNA will be co-injected into fertilized eggs for KO Mouse production. The pups will be genotyped by PCR followed by sequencing analysis. Note: Mice homozygous for a knock-out allele develop severe obesity at a young age. Obesity develops early during ad libitum feeding before the onset of hyperphagia, persists in mutant mice pair-fed to a normal dietary intake, and is abolished only by underfeeding. Exon 3 starts from the coding region. Exon 3 covers 21.42% of the coding region. The size of effective KO region: ~134 bp. The KO region does not have any other known gene. Page 1 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the Targeting Strategy Wildtype allele 5' gRNA region gRNA region 3' 1 3 5 Legends Exon of mouse Mrap2 Knockout region Page 2 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the Dot Plot (up) Window size: 15 bp Forward Reverse Complement Sequence 12 Note: The 2000 bp section upstream of Exon 3 is aligned with itself to determine if there are tandem repeats. No significant tandem repeat is found in the dot plot matrix. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Overview of the Dot Plot (down) Window size: 15 bp Forward Reverse Complement Sequence 12 Note: The 2000 bp section downstream of Exon 3 is aligned with itself to determine if there are tandem repeats. No significant tandem repeat is found in the dot plot matrix. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Page 3 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the GC Content Distribution (up) Window size: 300 bp Sequence 12 Summary: Full Length(2000bp) | A(24.6% 492) | C(23.35% 467) | T(28.6% 572) | G(23.45% 469) Note: The 2000 bp section upstream of Exon 3 is analyzed to determine the GC content. No significant high GC-content region is found. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Overview of the GC Content Distribution (down) Window size: 300 bp Sequence 12 Summary: Full Length(2000bp) | A(29.05% 581) | C(21.35% 427) | T(28.95% 579) | G(20.65% 413) Note: The 2000 bp section downstream of Exon 3 is analyzed to determine the GC content. No significant high GC-content region is found. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Page 4 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com BLAT Search Results (up) QUERY SCORE START END QSIZE IDENTITY CHROM STRAND START END SPAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- browser details YourSeq 2000 1 2000 2000 100.0% chr9 + 87167527 87169526 2000 browser details YourSeq 137 652 911 2000 88.8% chr3 - 31126780 31127061 282 browser details YourSeq 137 653 905 2000 89.1% chr4 + 46676004 46676260 257 browser details YourSeq 130 625 893 2000 86.5% chr17 + 74321155 74321457 303 browser details YourSeq 127 592 892 2000 90.0% chr13 + 46667406 46667719 314 browser details YourSeq 120 620 892 2000 89.3% chr12 + 80301912 80302184 273 browser details YourSeq 118 657 895 2000 83.1% chr2 + 122184081 122184307 227 browser details YourSeq 112 669 851 2000 82.9% chr17 + 93169621 93169788 168 browser details YourSeq 109 652 896 2000 81.3% chr11 - 76889575 76889805 231 browser details YourSeq 94 717 911 2000 79.2% chr2 - 70092069 70092233 165 browser details YourSeq 89 596 902 2000 91.0% chr12 + 39974819 39975131 313 browser details YourSeq 89 740 902 2000 87.3% chr1 + 171713291 171713459 169 browser details YourSeq 81 641 899 2000 80.6% chr14 - 21813833 21814084 252 browser details YourSeq 80 165 361 2000 90.1% chr8 + 117690677 118055716 365040 browser details YourSeq 77 706 898 2000 87.5% chr6 - 77102731 77103402 672 browser details YourSeq 74 692 899 2000 71.4% chr16 - 20977560 20977706 147 browser details YourSeq 74 640 839 2000 88.6% chr16 + 33640607 33640817 211 browser details YourSeq 72 652 889 2000 79.2% chr6 + 124943539 124943761 223 browser details YourSeq 71 652 903 2000 92.9% chr9 - 102389290 102389548 259 browser details YourSeq 71 561 758 2000 79.1% chr1 - 165761301 165761461 161 Note: The 2000 bp section upstream of Exon 3 is BLAT searched against the genome. No significant similarity is found. BLAT Search Results (down) QUERY SCORE START END QSIZE IDENTITY CHROM STRAND START END SPAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- browser details YourSeq 2000 1 2000 2000 100.0% chr9 + 87169660 87171659 2000 browser details YourSeq 170 346 846 2000 85.1% chr3 - 138128281 138128616 336 browser details YourSeq 124 372 514 2000 96.4% chr11 - 76181061 76181203 143 browser details YourSeq 120 345 504 2000 93.5% chr10 - 127115747 127115907 161 browser details YourSeq 118 782 1331 2000 93.9% chr1 - 7849733 8207655 357923 browser details YourSeq 118 346 485 2000 94.1% chrX + 103951486 103951626 141 browser details YourSeq 108 369 732 2000 77.4% chr8 - 106565854 106566080 227 browser details YourSeq 107 346 486 2000 94.3% chr5 - 27580400 27580542 143 browser details YourSeq 106 346 514 2000 85.1% chr1 - 4874525 4874677 153 browser details YourSeq 104 373 506 2000 94.9% chr2 - 19999318 19999466 149 browser details YourSeq 104 346 493 2000 93.3% chr11 + 57844185 57844333 149 browser details YourSeq 101 1176 1331 2000 99.1% chr1 - 70120453 70370178 249726 browser details YourSeq 100 369 506 2000 93.3% chr12 - 54846549 54846690 142 browser details YourSeq 99 346 485 2000 93.1% chr14 - 47697871 47698012 142 browser details YourSeq 98 378 738 2000 76.7% chr12 - 22750052 22750188 137 browser details YourSeq 98 346 496 2000 86.5% chr1 - 35900573 35900724 152 browser details YourSeq 97 1232 1350 2000 95.3% chr8 - 102078676 102078949 274 browser details YourSeq 97 1221 1329 2000 91.1% chr13 + 62341589 62341690 102 browser details YourSeq 96 1227 1332 2000 90.9% chr5 - 106241912 106242009 98 browser details YourSeq 96 1225 1331 2000 92.1% chr1 - 143253228 143253330 103 Note: The 2000 bp section downstream of Exon 3 is BLAT searched against the genome. No significant similarity is found. Page 5 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Gene and protein information: Mrap2 melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ] Gene ID: 244958, updated on 24-Oct-2019 Gene summary Official Symbol Mrap2 provided by MGI Official Full Name melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 provided by MGI Primary source MGI:MGI:3609239 See related Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000042761 Gene type protein coding RefSeq status VALIDATED Organism Mus musculus Lineage Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus Also known as BB633055 Expression Biased expression in cerebellum adult (RPKM 1.9), frontal lobe adult (RPKM 0.7) and 5 other tissues See more Orthologs human all Genomic context Location: 9; 9 E3.1 See Mrap2 in Genome Data Viewer Exon count: 9 Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location 108 current GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26) 9 NC_000075.6 (87144236..87184051) Build 37.2 previous assembly MGSCv37 (GCF_000001635.18) 9 NC_000075.5 (87039141..87078880) Chromosome 9 - NC_000075.6 Page 6 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Transcript information: This gene has 3 transcripts Gene: Mrap2 ENSMUSG00000042761 Description melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 [Source:MGI Symbol;Acc:MGI:3609239] Location Chromosome 9: 87,144,306-87,184,045 forward strand. GRCm38:CM001002.2 About this gene This gene has 3 transcripts (splice variants), 140 orthologues, is a member of 1 Ensembl protein family and is associated with 30 phenotypes. Transcripts Name Transcript ID bp Protein Translation ID Biotype CCDS UniProt Flags Mrap2-202 ENSMUST00000113149.7 2112 207aa ENSMUSP00000108774.1 Protein coding CCDS52878 D3Z1Q2 TSL:5 GENCODE basic APPRIS P1 Mrap2-203 ENSMUST00000179313.2 2039 207aa ENSMUSP00000135904.1 Protein coding CCDS52878 D3Z1Q2 TSL:2 GENCODE basic APPRIS P1 Mrap2-201 ENSMUST00000049457.13 1931 207aa ENSMUSP00000046271.7 Protein coding CCDS52878 D3Z1Q2 TSL:3 GENCODE basic APPRIS P1 59.74 kb Forward strand 87.14Mb 87.15Mb 87.16Mb 87.17Mb 87.18Mb 87.19Mb Genes (Comprehensive set... Mrap2-201 >protein coding Mrap2-202 >protein coding Mrap2-203 >protein coding Contigs AC168882.3 > AC125370.4 > Genes < Cep162-201protein coding (Comprehensive set... < Gm37012-201TEC Regulatory Build 87.14Mb 87.15Mb 87.16Mb 87.17Mb 87.18Mb 87.19Mb Reverse strand 59.74 kb Regulation Legend CTCF Open Chromatin Promoter Promoter Flank Gene Legend Protein Coding Ensembl protein coding merged Ensembl/Havana Non-Protein Coding processed transcript Page 7 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Transcript: ENSMUST00000179313 39.70 kb Forward strand Mrap2-203 >protein coding ENSMUSP00000135... Transmembrane heli... Pfam Melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein family PANTHER PTHR28675:SF1 Melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein family All sequence SNPs/i... Sequence variants (dbSNP and all other sources) Variant Legend missense variant synonymous variant Scale bar 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 207 We wish to acknowledge the following valuable scientific information resources: Ensembl, MGI, NCBI, UCSC. Page 8 of 8.
Recommended publications
  • Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México Plan De Estudios Combinados En Medicina Instituto Nacional De Medicina Genómica
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO PLAN DE ESTUDIOS COMBINADOS EN MEDICINA INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE MEDICINA GENÓMICA ESTUDIO POST-MORTEM DE LAS ALTERACIONES EN LA EXPRESIÓN DE RNA EN EL CEREBRO DE PACIENTES SUICIDAS TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE DOCTORA EN MEDICINA PRESENTA: BRENDA CABRERA MENDOZA DIRECTOR DE TESIS: DR. JOSÉ HUMBERTO NICOLINI SÁNCHEZ INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE MEDICINA GENÓMICA COMITÉ TUTOR: DRA. MARTHA PATRICIA OSTROSKY-SHEJET INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOMÉDICAS DR. DAVID COLIN GLAHN ESCUELA DE MEDICINA DE HARVARD Ciudad Universitaria, CD. MX., diciembre de 2020 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS Resumen ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Definición y epidemiología del suicidio ............................................................................................................ 3 Epidemiología global del suicidio ..................................................................................................................... 5 Epidemiología del suicidio en América ........................................................................................................... 8 Epidemiología del suicidio en México ............................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Potential Key Genes and Pathway Linked with Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Based on Integrated Bioinformatics Analyses
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.21.20248688; this version posted December 24, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Identification of potential key genes and pathway linked with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease based on integrated bioinformatics analyses Basavaraj Vastrad1, Chanabasayya Vastrad*2 , Iranna Kotturshetti 1. Department of Biochemistry, Basaveshwar College of Pharmacy, Gadag, Karnataka 582103, India. 2. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karanataka, India. 3. Department of Ayurveda, Rajiv Gandhi Education Society`s Ayurvedic Medical College, Ron, Karnataka 562209, India. * Chanabasayya Vastrad [email protected] Ph: +919480073398 Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001 , Karanataka, India NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.21.20248688; this version posted December 24, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is neurodegenerative disease also called prion disease linked with poor prognosis. The aim of the current study was to illuminate the underlying molecular mechanisms of sCJD. The mRNA microarray dataset GSE124571 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened.
    [Show full text]
  • The Melanocortin Receptors and Their Accessory Proteins. Ramachandrappa, S; Gorrigan, RJ; Clark, AJL; Chan, LF
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Queen Mary Research Online The melanocortin receptors and their accessory proteins. Ramachandrappa, S; Gorrigan, RJ; Clark, AJL; Chan, LF © 2013 Ramachandrappa, Gorrigan, Clark and Chan CC-BY For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/18559 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] REVIEW ARTICLE published: 08 February 2013 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00009 The melanocortin receptors and their accessory proteins Shwetha Ramachandrappa, Rebecca J. Gorrigan, Adrian J. L. Clark and Li F. Chan* Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK Edited by: The five melanocortin receptors (MCRs) named MC1R–MC5R have diverse physiological Jae Young Seong, Korea University, roles encompassing pigmentation, steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis and feeding South Korea behavior as well as exocrine function. Since their identification almost 20 years ago much Reviewed by: has been learnt about these receptors. As well as interacting with their endogenous Akiyoshi Takahashi, Kitasato University, Japan ligands the melanocortin peptides, there is now a growing list of important peptides Robert Dores, University of that can modulate the way these receptors signal, acting as agonists, antagonists, and Minnesota, USA inverse agonists. The discovery of melanocortin 2 receptor accessory proteins as a novel *Correspondence: accessory factor to the MCRs provides further insight into the regulation of these important Li F.Chan, Centre for Endocrinology, G protein-coupled receptor.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2015/006437 Al 15 January 2015 (15.01.2015) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2015/006437 Al 15 January 2015 (15.01.2015) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A01K 67/027 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/US2014/045934 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, July 2014 (09.07.2014) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (25) Filing Language: English OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (26) Publication Language: English SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (30) Priority Data: ZW. 61/844,666 10 July 2013 (10.07.2013) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (72) Inventors; and kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (71) Applicants : MAJZOUB, Joseph A. [US/US]; 1 Charles GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, St. South, Unit 9E, Boston, Massachusetts 021 16 (US).
    [Show full text]
  • Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Proteins in Adrenal Disease and Obesity
    MINI REVIEW published: 10 June 2015 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00213 Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins in adrenal disease and obesity David S. Jackson, Shwetha Ramachandrappa, Adrian J. Clark and Li F. Chan * Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) are regulators of the melanocortin receptor family. MRAP is an essential accessory factor for the functional expression of the MC2R/ACTH receptor. The importance of MRAP in adrenal gland physiology is demonstrated by the clinical condition familial glucocorticoid deficiency type 2. The role of its paralog melanocortin-2-receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2), which is Edited by: predominantly expressed in the hypothalamus including the paraventricular nucleus, has Olivier Kah, recently been linked to mammalian obesity. Whole body deletion and targeted brain Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 6026, France specific deletion of the Mrap2 gene result in severe obesity in mice. Interestingly, Mrap2 Reviewed by: complete knockout (KO) mice have increased body weight without detectable changes Rafael Vazquez-Martinez, to food intake or energy expenditure. Rare heterozygous variants of MRAP2 have been University of Cordoba, Spain found in humans with severe, early-onset obesity. In vitro data have shown that Mrap2 Andreas Stengel, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, interaction with the melanocortin-4-receptor (Mc4r) affects receptor signaling. However, Germany the mechanism by which Mrap2 regulates body weight in vivo is not fully understood *Correspondence: and differences between the phenotypes of Mrap2 and Mc4r KO mice may point toward Li F.
    [Show full text]
  • Inferring Edge Function in Protein-Protein Interaction Networks
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/321984; this version posted May 18, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Bioinformatics, YYYY, 0–0 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/xxxxx Advance Access Publication Date: DD Month YYYY Manuscript Category Systems Biology Inferring edge function in protein-protein interaction networks Daniel Esposito1, Joseph Cursons1,2, Melissa Davis1-3,* 1 Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia 2 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Associate Editor: XXXXXXX Received on XXXXX; revised on XXXXX; accepted on XXXXX Abstract Motivation: Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate many key cellular processes. Numerous studies have linked the topology of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to many biological phenomena such as key regulatory processes and disease. However, these methods fail to give insight in the functional nature of these interactions. On the other hand, pathways are commonly used to gain biological insight into the function of PPIs in the context of cascading interactions, sacrificing the coverage of networks for rich functional annotations on each PPI. We present a machine learning approach that uses Gene Ontology, InterPro and Pfam annotations to infer the edge functions in PPI networks, allowing us to combine the high coverage of networks with the information richness of pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • Content Based Search in Gene Expression Databases and a Meta-Analysis of Host Responses to Infection
    Content Based Search in Gene Expression Databases and a Meta-analysis of Host Responses to Infection A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Francis X. Bell in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2015 c Copyright 2015 Francis X. Bell. All Rights Reserved. ii Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge and thank my advisor, Dr. Ahmet Sacan. Without his advice, support, and patience I would not have been able to accomplish all that I have. I would also like to thank my committee members and the Biomed Faculty that have guided me. I would like to give a special thanks for the members of the bioinformatics lab, in particular the members of the Sacan lab: Rehman Qureshi, Daisy Heng Yang, April Chunyu Zhao, and Yiqian Zhou. Thank you for creating a pleasant and friendly environment in the lab. I give the members of my family my sincerest gratitude for all that they have done for me. I cannot begin to repay my parents for their sacrifices. I am eternally grateful for everything they have done. The support of my sisters and their encouragement gave me the strength to persevere to the end. iii Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................ xiv ABSTRACT ................................................................................ xvii 1. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GENE EXPRESSION............................. 1 1.1 Central Dogma of Molecular Biology........................................... 1 1.1.1 Basic Transfers .......................................................... 1 1.1.2 Uncommon Transfers ................................................... 3 1.2 Gene Expression ................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Estimating Gene Expression ............................................ 4 1.2.2 DNA Microarrays ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characterization of Mc3r and Evaluation of Its Potential Role As a Modifier of Lung Function in Cystic Fibrosis
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MC3R AND EVALUATION OF ITS POTENTIAL ROLE AS A MODIFIER OF LUNG FUNCTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS By Jeenah Park A dissertation submitted to The Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, MD March 2014 © Jeenah Park All rights Reserved Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder among Caucasians, affects approximately 30,000 individuals in the United States. CF is caused by loss of function mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Once the disease-causing gene for CF was identified, numerous studies attempted to correlate CFTR mutations with specific CF phenotypes because genotype-phenotype correlations can predict a course of the disease and lead to the design of a genotype- specific therapeutic strategy. Unfortunately, distilling correlation has been challenging for several reasons. First, CF is a multi-system disease that involves different organs and its phenotype is analyzed in context of its various clinical components. Second, patients exhibit a wide range of disease severity although CF is considered a classic Mendelian disorder. In fact, the degree of variability observed in 293 individuals with the identical CFTR mutations suggests that factors other than the CFTR genotype contribute to lung function variation. Given that obstructive lung disease is the cause of death in 90% of CF patients, there has been continued interest in determining these factors that influence the severity of pulmonary disease in CF patients. MC3R has been identified as a compelling candidate for modifying CF lung disease. Before exploring its role as a modifier, we aimed to understand the molecular organization of MC3R.
    [Show full text]
  • MRAP2 Interaction with Melanocortin-4 Receptor in Snakehead (Channa Argus)
    biomolecules Article MRAP2 Interaction with Melanocortin-4 Receptor in SnakeHead (Channa argus) Zheng-Yong Wen 1,2,3,*,† , Ting Liu 4,† , Chuan-Jie Qin 1,2, Yuan-Chao Zou 1,2, Jun Wang 1,2, Rui Li 1,2 and Ya-Xiong Tao 4,* 1 Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fish Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China; [email protected] (C.-J.Q.); [email protected] (Y.-C.Z.); [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (R.L.) 2 College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China 3 BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China 4 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.-Y.W.); [email protected] (Y.-X.T.); Tel.: +86-18582681220 (Z.-Y.W.); +1-3348445396 (Y.-X.T.) † These authors contributed equally. Abstract: The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) modulates trafficking, ligand binding, and signaling of MC4R. The Northern snakehead (Channa argus) is an economically important freshwater fish native to East Asia. To explore potential interaction between snakehead MC4R and MRAP2, herein we cloned snakehead mc4r and mrap2. The snakehead mc4r consisted of a 984 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 327 amino acids, while snakehead Citation: Wen, Z.-Y.; Liu, T.; Qin, mrap2 contained a 693 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 230 amino acids.
    [Show full text]
  • MRAP and MRAP2) in Physiology and Pathophysiology Berruien, N
    WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch Emerging roles of melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAP and MRAP2) in physiology and pathophysiology Berruien, N. and Smith, C.L. NOTICE: this is the authors’ version of a work that was accepted for publication in Gene. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Gene, Volume 757, 5 October 2020, 144949 757, 2020. The final definitive version in Gene is available online at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2020.144949 © 2020. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. 1 Emerging roles of melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAP and 2 MRAP2) in physiology and pathophysiology. 3 4 Abstract: 5 Melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) has an unusual dual topology and 6 influences the expression, localisation, signalling and internalisation of the 7 melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2); the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor. 8 Mutations in MRAP are associated with familial glucocorticoid deficiency type-2 and 9 evidence is emerging of the importance of MRAP in adrenal development and ACTH 10 signalling.
    [Show full text]
  • Amino Acid Residues Implicated in the Interaction of Melanocortin Ligands and Their Receptors: a Study of MC2R Selectivity
    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2009 Amino Acid Residues Implicated in the Interaction of Melanocortin Ligands and Their Receptors: A Study of MC2R Selectivity Kristopher D. Veo University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, and the Molecular Biology Commons Recommended Citation Veo, Kristopher D., "Amino Acid Residues Implicated in the Interaction of Melanocortin Ligands and Their Receptors: A Study of MC2R Selectivity" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 945. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/945 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Amino Acid Residues Implicated in the Interaction of Melanocortin Ligands and their Receptors: A Study of MC2R Selectivity __________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master’s of Science __________ by Kristopher D. Veo August 2009 Advisor: Dr. Robert M. Dores Author: Kristopher D. Veo Title: Amino acid residues implicated in the interaction of Melanocortin ligands and their receptors: A study of MC2R selectivity Advisor: Dr. Robert M. Dores Degree Date: August 2009 ABSTRACT Melanocortin receptor ligand selectivity has been a question not easily answered. The inability to functionally express melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) has inhibited the study of why MC2R is only stimulated by ACTH, a melanocortin hormone.
    [Show full text]
  • Container-Aided Integrative QTL and RNA-Seq Analysis
    Binenbaum et al. BMC Genomics (2020) 21:761 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-07173-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Container-aided integrative QTL and RNA- seq analysis of Collaborative Cross mice supports distinct sex-oriented molecular modes of response in obesity Ilona Binenbaum1,2†, Hanifa Abu-Toamih Atamni3†, Georgios Fotakis4,5, Georgia Kontogianni6, Theodoros Koutsandreas5,6, Eleftherios Pilalis5,6, Richard Mott7, Heinz Himmelbauer8,9, Fuad A. Iraqi3* and Aristotelis A. Chatziioannou5,6* Abstract Background: The Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population is a valuable resource to study the genetic basis of complex traits, such as obesity. Although the development of obesity is influenced by environmental factors, underlying genetic mechanisms play a crucial role in the response to these factors. The interplay between the genetic background and the gene expression pattern can provide further insight into this response, but we lack robust and easily reproducible workflows to integrate genomic and transcriptomic information in the CC mouse population. Results: We established an automated and reproducible integrative workflow to analyse complex traits in the CC mouse genetic reference panel at the genomic and transcriptomic levels. We implemented the analytical workflow to assess the underlying genetic mechanisms of host susceptibility to diet induced obesity and integrated these results with diet induced changes in the hepatic gene expression of susceptible and resistant mice. Hepatic gene expression differs significantly between obese and non-obese mice, with a significant sex effect, where male and female mice exhibit different responses and coping mechanisms. Conclusion: Integration of the data showed that different genes but similar pathways are involved in the genetic susceptibility and disturbed in diet induced obesity.
    [Show full text]