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Gamma Ray Bursts Maybe Not So Old After All Gamma Ray Bursts Maybe not so old after all Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz and William Lee The discovery of a short-lived gamma-ray burst at a surprisingly early epoch in the history of the Universe shows how much is still unknown about the evolution of the parent systems of such bursts. Early on the morning of 14 July formed, producing strong explosion of this type found so 2007, NASA’s Swift spacecraft emission lines in the galaxy’s far. Setting a new record as the observed a brief flash of very spectrum. The expansion of the farthest short GRB, together with high-energy photons, in an event Universe then shifts these lines a spectroscopic identification, known as a gamma-ay burst to longer, redder wavelengths: might seem noteworthy enough, (GRB). The spacecraft’s widefield by the time it reaches us, the but it is not its distance alone gamma-ray monitor established wavelength of light from an that makes GRB 070714B the position of the burst, dubbed object at redshift z has been interesting. GRB 070714B, and within stretched by a factor of 1+z. Has seconds had imaged it with its X- a spectral signature been In astronomy, distance and time ray telescope, finding a rapidly unambiguously identified for the are inseparable, and because fading source. Swift’s prompt host galaxy of GRB 070714B, to light travels at a finite speed, and highly accurate localization claim a redshift record? Graham objects are seen as they were in of the GRB allowed a tightly et al.1 detected one emission line the past. Distance, or choreographed sequence of at optical wavelengths, and, on equivalently, look-back time, is observations — performed using the basis of the colours of the generally denoted by the ground-based optical telescopes host galaxy, deduced that it redshift. GRB 070714B is around the World — to follow originated from ionized oxygen. detected at a redshift of z = the progressive dimming, or But the redshift measurement is 0.923, which means that it afterglow, of the source over the not of a quality that can be occurred when the Universe was next day. These observations uncritically accepted as decisive. about 40% of its present age, enabled Graham and colleagues, Traditionally, detection and shortly after the time when most who report1 their study of the identification of two spectral stars were being assembled in GRB in The Astrophysical Journal, features is preferred. That said, galaxies. to firmly identify the galaxy in Graham and colleagues’ result which the gamma-ray explosion seems quite robust. Swift was designed to answer took place: it is the most distant the mystery of the short GRBs, galaxy ever detected that Although each GRB is a unique which, despite being known for harbours a GRB event of the event, these bursts fall roughly more than 40 years, have thus short-lived kind. into one of two categories far not been linked to a specific according to the duration of progenitor, or associated with a Potentially distant (high- their emission at high energy: particular type of galaxy that redshift) galaxies can be events lasting less than about could be identified as a host. distinguished from their closer two seconds are termed short, Therefore, constraining models (lower redshift) counterparts whereas the rest — the majority for GRB formation through through differences in their — are called long. GRB 070714B information about their spectra. Ultraviolet light given falls into the short-burst environments has been off by hot, young stars in a far-off category, and being slightly more challenging. By contrast, long galaxy excites the surrounding than 8 billion light years away, GBRs have been rather firmly gas clouds from which they were turns out to be the most distant associated with the death of massive stars in relatively young short bursts are intrinsically less galaxies2,3. luminous than their long counterparts, they may be prone The most favoured models for to observational bias favouring short-GRB formation usually detection at smaller distances, at involved old systems, such as which old systems are found. highly evolved binary-star progenitors containing neutron In the years since Swift’s first stars and/or black holes, which GRB observations, evidence has would go through one final been steadily mounting for a cataclysm — hundreds to more diverse landscape of how thousands of millions of years this class of explosion occurs8. alter their formation — before Graham and colleagues’ quietly fading away4. And observation that GRB 070714B indeed, the first few short GRBs originated at an early epoch in detected by Swift after its launch the history of the Universe now in 2004 seemed to be in general strongly indicates that whereas agreement with this picture: the the simple picture most often host galaxies seemed to be old considered up to now — that rather than young, devoid of short GRBs originate in old much star formation, and Systems — may account for a generally in the declining phase fraction of the events, it surely of their cosmic evolution5,6. cannot explain them all. So what However, even at that early does this mean in terms of our stage of Swift’s observations, understanding of the events some diversity in host-galaxy themselves, their progenitors, type and cosmic epoch was and their hosts and already apparent7, and because environments? Figure 1. Possible evolutionary path to a short-lasting gamma- ray burst. a, b, In a binary-star system consisting of two high-mass, ‘main-sequence’ stars, the more massive member (primary) exhausts its hydrogen nuclear-fuel supply, becomes a bloated red giant and transfers large amounts of mass to its lighter companion (secondary). c, The primary explodes as a supernova, leaving behind a neutron star. d, The secondary becomes a giant. e, Its expansion leads to a common-envelope phase in which the neutron star ploughs through the giant’s outer layers, ejecting them from the system and leaving it in a tight orbit. f, The likely outcome is a neutron-star–helium-star binary. g, The helium star undergoes a supernova explosion. h, The resulting neutron-star pair is left in a short-period (about a day) orbit. i, With time, the system loses orbital energy and the stars merge, producing a gamma-ray burst; the time delay between the formation of the neutron-star binary and the burst occurrence is extremely sensitive to the separation of the stars after the common-envelope phase. The discovery1 of GRB 070714B suggests that smaller separations than previously anticipated are needed. (Diagrams and temporal axis not to scale.) For one thing, it clearly tells us interaction of compact stellar 5. Bloom, J. S. et al. Astrophys. J. that we have still much to learn remnants in very densely 638, 354–368 (2006). about stellar evolution, populated environments such as 6. Gehrels, N. et al. Nature 437, particularly in binary systems, stellar clusters. Whatever the 851–854 (2005). where stars live out their lives in mechanism, it is clear that 7. Prochaska, J. X. et al. very different ways from when singular events such as GRB Astrophys. J. 642, 989–994 they are travelling alone, like the 070714B present an exciting (2006). Sun. In such systems, the time opportunity to study new 8. Berger, E. et al. Astrophys. J. delay between progenitor regimes of stellar evolution at an 664, 1000–1010 (2007). formation and the onset of the epoch when galaxies were 9. Taam, R. E., Sandquist, E. L. burst, if one occurs, is extremely assembling most of their stars. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. sensitive to the interaction 38, 113–141 (2000). between the stars during what is Over the coming years, space- 10. Belczynski, K. et al. termed the common-envelope and groundbased observations Astrophys. J. 648, 1110–1116 phase9, when one star has should allow us to uncover the (2006). become a bloated red giant and detailed nature of these 11. Usov, V. V. Nature 357, 472– has essentially engulfed its remarkable beasts. Astronomers 474 (1992). ultradense, compact companion no longer speak of short GRBs as (Fig. 1). It has been suggested utter mysteries. But that does that this stage in the life of a not mean the puzzle is binary system can lead to both completely solved. short and long time delays10, thus producing GRBs at both high and low redshift, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz is in the respectively. Conversely, that the Department of Astronomy and delays can be so varied as to be Astrophysics, University of able to accommodate either California, Santa Cruz, California progenitor population is 95064, USA. indicative of how much remains to be discovered about binary William Lee is at the Instituto de stars. In this sense, identifying Astronomía, Universidad Na- the progenitor of an event such cional Autónoma de México, as GRB 070714B would be a way México DF 04510, México. of potentially probing different evolutionary pathways in the e-mails:[email protected]; lives of stars. [email protected] Graham and colleagues’ 1. Graham, J. F. et al. Astrophys. J. discovery also prompts us to 698, 1620–1629 (2009). consider other possible short- 2. Woosley, S. E., Bloom, J. S. GRB formation mechanisms that Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. may take place in both old and 44, 507–556 (2006). young galaxies. Among the 3. Fruchter, A. S. et al. Nature possible candidates are highly 441, 463–468 (2006). magnetizad neutron stars called 4. Lee, W. H., Ramirez-Ruiz, E. magnetars11, events involving New J. Phys. 9, 17 (2007). white dwarfs, and the .
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