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Radiation and Energy Budgets of Alpine Tundra, Scout Mountain

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Radiation and Energy Budgets of Alpine Tundra, Scout Mountain RADIATION AND ENERGY BUDGETS OF ALPINE TUNDRA, SCOUT MOUNTAIN, SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA Ian Robert Saunders B.Sc. (Hons), University of East Anglia, 1981 M.Sc., Simon Fraser University, 1985 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Geography @ Ian Robert Saunders 1990 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY June 1990 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Ian Robert Saunders Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: Radiation and energy budgets of alpine tundra, Scout Mountain, southern British Columbia,Canada Examining Committee: Chairman: R. Hayter Professor -- W.G. Bailey - Associate Professo~ Senior Supervisor - R.D. Moore Assistant Professor Dr. I. Hutchinson Associate Professor Department of Geography Simon Fraser University - W.R. Rouse 1 Professor External Examiner Department of Geography McMaster University Date Approved: June 11. 199Q PART IAL COPYRIGHT' L ICENSE I hereby grant to Slmon Fraser Unlverslty the rlght to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Slmon Fraser University Llbrary, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational Institutlon, on its own behalf or for one of Its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publlcatlon of this work for flnanclal gain shall not be allowed without my written permlsslon. T i t 1 e of Thes i s/Project/Extended Essay Radiation and energy budgets of alpine tundra, Scout Mountain, southern British Col umbia , Canada Author: (signature) Ian Saunders ABSTRACT Two seasons of radiation and energy budget measurements from October 1986 to July 1987 and April to May 1988 at Scout Mountain, southern British Columbia, Canada, encompassed a broad range of atmospheric and surface conditions. Snow cover exerted a strong influence on energy and mass transfers at all time scales considered. In winter and early spring, radiation transfers were strongly suppressed by the high albedo and limiting surface temperatures. In late spring and summer, atmospheric transmissivity generally governed the behaviour of the radiation budget. Atmospheric longwave radiation for cloudy and cloudless skies was modelled using several published equations. Two variants of the Stefan-Boltzmann equation gave reliable estimates of both atmospheric and terrestrial longwave radiation. Net radiation was modelled using flux-by-flux and empirical methods. Energy budgets displayed a wide range of regimes consequent on the surface energy and moisture availability. For all days with a snow-free surface, the mean Bowen ratio was about 1.00. Both energy- and moisture-limiting evaporation regimes, as defined by the McNaughton-Jarvis coupling coefficient, occurred at hourly and daily timescales. The tundra surface dessicated rapidly due to the efficient drainage, limited soil moisture storage capacity and the influence of quick-drying rock surfaces. Thus it was the frequency, and not the magnitude, of precipitation which was of greater importance to maintaining evaporation. Hourly surface resistances, derived by residual from the Penman-Monteith combination model, demonstrated the lack of efficiency in the transfer of subsurface moisture to the atmosphere during periods of dessication. Sensible and latent heat flux modelling included eddy correlation, Bowen ratio-energy budget (BREB), Ohm's Law, aerodynamic and Priestley-Taylor methods. The use of eddy correlation sensible heat measurements was found to be a superior determinant of the evaporative flux. From an operational perspective, the simpler methods demonstrated promising performances. In this respect, the Ohm's Law (for sensible heat) and Priestley-Taylor (for latent heat) models are worthy of further investigation. Future research needs to address the difficulty in surface parameterization in alpine environments, particularly moisture availability and temperature. iii For Brian ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank all members of my examining committee for their thoughts and comments so generously given. These fine people are: Bill Bailey, Dan Moore, Ian Hutchinson and Wayne Rouse. In particular, as my senior supervisor Bill provided superlative support throughout, and I will always be in his debt (which is just the way he likes it). The dedication to Brian Sagar reflects my gratitude to him for his inputs to my work, and I only wish I was able to offer my thanks in person. Field assistance par excellence was provided by Young Jimmy Bowers, with contributions from Susan Smythe and Catherine Boniface during the final shutdown. Susan also performed some useful plant identifications. A great deal of moral support came from Lesley Cerny, Elisabeth Rodewald and Betty Bernoth. A great deal of alimentary support came from the Smythe family, Achsah, Royle and Susan. Also, Ted Weick tells me that he was indispensable to my research. Permission to work in Catherdral Provincial Park was granted by the B.C. Ministry of Environment and Parks, with Harold Schmidt being especially helpful. Accommodation and transport within the park was arranged with Cathedral Lakes Resort, and in particular the assistance provided by Tom Fleet and John Murai is gratefully acknowledged. Financial assistance for the work was largely from NSERC Operating Grant A2614 (to W. G. Bailey). Further funding through Simon Fraser University scholarships and fellowships was invaluable. In particular, the Bert Henry Memorial Graduate Scholarship enabled a thorough search for a suitable field site to be undertaken, and the George and Ada Isabelle Steele Scholarship was instrumental in financing the second, 1988, fieldwork session. TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval ........................................................................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................................................iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ x List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................xi I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1 OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENT STUDY .......................................................................................3 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................3 Thesis Organization ........................................................................................................................... 4 The Field Site ...................................................................................................................................4 Weather Conditions During the Field Seasons ....................................................................9 I1 . REVIEW OF RADIATION BUDGET RESEARCH IN ALPINE ENVIRONMENTS .. 11 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................11 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................11 RADIATION MEASUREMENTS IN ALPINE ENVIRONMENTS ........................................ 13 Solar Radiation ............................................................................................................................... 14 Longwave Radiation .......................................................................................................................18 Net Radiation ...................................................................................................................................20 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................ 20 I11 . REVIEW OF ENERGY BUDGET RESEARCH IN ALPINE ENVIRONMENTS ......... 24 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................24 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................24 Net Radiation and Ground Heat Flux ................................................................................. 25 Turbulent Flux Densities .............................................................................................................26 Snowpack Heat Fluxes ..................................................................................................................29
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