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Spatial Epidemiology of Rabies in Iran
Aus dem Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut eingereicht über den Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Spatial Epidemiology of Rabies in Iran Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Veterinärmedizin an der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Rouzbeh Bashar Tierarzt aus Teheran, Iran Berlin 2019 Journal-Nr.: 4015 'ĞĚƌƵĐŬƚŵŝƚ'ĞŶĞŚŵŝŐƵŶŐĚĞƐ&ĂĐŚďĞƌĞŝĐŚƐsĞƚĞƌŝŶćƌŵĞĚŝnjŝŶ ĚĞƌ&ƌĞŝĞŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚćƚĞƌůŝŶ ĞŬĂŶ͗ hŶŝǀ͘ͲWƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘:ƺƌŐĞŶĞŶƚĞŬ ƌƐƚĞƌ'ƵƚĂĐŚƚĞƌ͗ WƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘&ƌĂŶnj:͘ŽŶƌĂƚŚƐ ǁĞŝƚĞƌ'ƵƚĂĐŚƚĞƌ͗ hŶŝǀ͘ͲWƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘DĂƌĐƵƐŽŚĞƌƌ ƌŝƚƚĞƌ'ƵƚĂĐŚƚĞƌ͗ Wƌ͘<ĞƌƐƚŝŶŽƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĞƐŬƌŝƉƚŽƌĞŶ;ŶĂĐŚͲdŚĞƐĂƵƌƵƐͿ͗ ZĂďŝĞƐ͕DĂŶ͕ŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ŽŐƐ͕ƉŝĚĞŵŝŽůŽŐLJ͕ƌĂŝŶ͕/ŵŵƵŶŽĨůƵŽƌĞƐĐĞŶĐĞ͕/ƌĂŶ dĂŐĚĞƌWƌŽŵŽƚŝŽŶ͗Ϯϴ͘Ϭϯ͘ϮϬϭϵ ŝďůŝŽŐƌĂĨŝƐĐŚĞ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĚĞƌĞƵƚƐĐŚĞŶEĂƚŝŽŶĂůďŝďůŝŽƚŚĞŬ ŝĞĞƵƚƐĐŚĞEĂƚŝŽŶĂůďŝďůŝŽƚŚĞŬǀĞƌnjĞŝĐŚŶĞƚĚŝĞƐĞWƵďůŝŬĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĚĞƌĞƵƚƐĐŚĞŶEĂƚŝŽŶĂůďŝͲ ďůŝŽŐƌĂĨŝĞ͖ ĚĞƚĂŝůůŝĞƌƚĞ ďŝďůŝŽŐƌĂĨŝƐĐŚĞ ĂƚĞŶ ƐŝŶĚ ŝŵ /ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ ƺďĞƌ фŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŶď͘ĚĞх ĂďƌƵĨďĂƌ͘ /^E͗ϵϳϴͲϯͲϴϲϯϴϳͲϵϳϮͲϯ ƵŐů͗͘ĞƌůŝŶ͕&ƌĞŝĞhŶŝǀ͕͘ŝƐƐ͕͘ϮϬϭϵ ŝƐƐĞƌƚĂƚŝŽŶ͕&ƌĞŝĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚćƚĞƌůŝŶ ϭϴϴ ŝĞƐĞƐtĞƌŬŝƐƚƵƌŚĞďĞƌƌĞĐŚƚůŝĐŚŐĞƐĐŚƺƚnjƚ͘ ůůĞ ZĞĐŚƚĞ͕ ĂƵĐŚ ĚŝĞ ĚĞƌ mďĞƌƐĞƚnjƵŶŐ͕ ĚĞƐ EĂĐŚĚƌƵĐŬĞƐ ƵŶĚ ĚĞƌ sĞƌǀŝĞůĨćůƚŝŐƵŶŐ ĚĞƐ ƵĐŚĞƐ͕ ŽĚĞƌ dĞŝůĞŶ ĚĂƌĂƵƐ͕ǀŽƌďĞŚĂůƚĞŶ͘<ĞŝŶdĞŝůĚĞƐtĞƌŬĞƐĚĂƌĨŽŚŶĞƐĐŚƌŝĨƚůŝĐŚĞ'ĞŶĞŚŵŝŐƵŶŐĚĞƐsĞƌůĂŐĞƐŝŶŝƌŐĞŶĚĞŝŶĞƌ&Žƌŵ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵnjŝĞƌƚŽĚĞƌƵŶƚĞƌsĞƌǁĞŶĚƵŶŐĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶŝƐĐŚĞƌ^LJƐƚĞŵĞǀĞƌĂƌďĞŝƚĞƚ͕ǀĞƌǀŝĞůĨćůƚŝŐƚŽĚĞƌǀĞƌďƌĞŝƚĞƚǁĞƌĚĞŶ͘ ŝĞ tŝĞĚĞƌŐĂďĞ ǀŽŶ 'ĞďƌĂƵĐŚƐŶĂŵĞŶ͕ tĂƌĞŶďĞnjĞŝĐŚŶƵŶŐĞŶ͕ ƵƐǁ͘ ŝŶ ĚŝĞƐĞŵ tĞƌŬ ďĞƌĞĐŚƚŝŐƚ ĂƵĐŚ ŽŚŶĞ ďĞƐŽŶĚĞƌĞ <ĞŶŶnjĞŝĐŚŶƵŶŐ ŶŝĐŚƚ njƵ ĚĞƌ ŶŶĂŚŵĞ͕ ĚĂƐƐ ƐŽůĐŚĞ EĂŵĞŶ ŝŵ ^ŝŶŶĞ ĚĞƌ tĂƌĞŶnjĞŝĐŚĞŶͲ -
1 Tehran Arrivals at Tehran, Meet and Assist at Airport and Then Transfer To
Day: 1 Tehran Arrivals at Tehran, meet and assist at airport and then transfer to Hotel, after check in, visit Sa'dabad Palace, Tajrish Bazaar, Lunch at local restaurant around north of Tehran, visit Niavaran Palace. O/N: Tehran. The Sa'dabad Complex is a complex built by the Qajar and Pahlavi monarchs, located in Shemiran, Greater Tehran, Iran. Today, the official residence of the President of Iran is located adjacent to the complex. The complex was first built and inhabited by Qajar monarchs in the 19th century. After an expansion of the compounds, Reza Shah of the Pahlavi Dynasty lived there in the 1920 s, and his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, moved there in the 1970 s. After the 1979 Revolution, the complex became a museum. Tajrish Market: The market on the one hand and Rehabilitation field, from the other competent shrine and the surrounding streets have access. Reliance Big Rehabilitation is one of the oldest accents located in Tehran in this market. Rehabilitation market a small sample of the Tehran bazaar is one of the oldest shopping centers Shamiran is the bridgehead and Rehabilitation connecting the two neighborhoods. The Niavaran Complex is a historical complex situated in Shemiran, Tehran (Greater Tehran), Iran.It consists of several buildings and monuments built in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. The complex traces its origin to a garden in Niavaran region, which was used as a summer residence by Fath-Ali Shah of the Qajar Dynasty. A pavilion was built in the garden by the order of Naser ed Din Shah of the same dynasty, which was originally referred to as Niavaran House, and was later renamed Saheb Qaranie House. -
Prevalence, Risk Factors and Symptoms Associated to Intestinal Parasite Infections Among Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Nahavand, Western Iran
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 2016;58:42 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946201658042 ORIGINAL ARTICLE PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS AND SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED TO INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN NAHAVAND, WESTERN IRAN Hamed KIANI(1,2), Ali HAGHIGHI(1), Ali ROSTAMI(1), Eznollah AZARGASHB(2,3), Seyyed Javad SEYYED TABAEI(1), Abbas SOLGI(4) & Nozhat ZEBARDAST(1) SUMMARY We studied the prevalence of intestinal parasites (IPs), their risk factors and associated symptoms among patients with gastrointestinal disorders. A total of 1,301 participants aged 22 days-90 years were enrolled in this study. We used a structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic and stool examination to investigate intestinal parasite infections. Data analysis was performed using SPSS16. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites (IPs) was 32.2% (419/1,301). Three hundred and fifty nine cases/1,301 (27.6%) were infected with a single parasite and 60/1,301 cases (4.6%) presented polyparasitism. The most common IP was Blastocystis sp. 350/1,301 (26.9%), followed by Entamoeba coli 38/1,301 (2.92%), Giardia lamblia 30/1,301 (2.3%) and Cryptosporidium spp. 17/1,301 (1.3%). Regarding the socio-demographic variables, educational status (p = 0.001), contact with domestic animals and soil (p = 0.02), age above 15 years (p = 0.001) and seasons (p = 0.001) were significantly associated to intestinal parasitic infections. Concerning clinical characteristics, the presence of IPs was significantly associated to diarrhea (OR = 1.57; CI 95% = 1.24-1.98; p < 0.001) and dysentery (OR = 1.94; CI 95% = 1.03-3.66; p < 0.04). -
HCRR Evaluation Report
EXPLORING THE HUMAN ENDEAVOR NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Humanities Collections and Reference Resources n{an evaluation 2000–2010}n Compiled and written by the Division of Preservation and Access, National Endowment for the Humanities Published June 2013 DIVISION OF PRESERVATION AND ACCESS Humanities Collections and Reference Resources EVALUATION RESEARCH GROUP Nadina Gardner, Director Ralph Canevali, Deputy Director Joel Wurl, Senior Program Officer Cathleen Tefft, Program Analyst ounded in 1965, the National Endowment for the Humanities is an F independent grant-making agency of the United States government, dedicated to supporting research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. Humanities Collections and Reference Resources: Evaluation 2000–2010 PREFACE The foundation for much of our country’s research, education, and public programming in the humanities lies in libraries, archives, and museums across the country. These repositories hold and preserve for posterity a substantial portion of the nation’s cultural heritage and intellectual legacy. Collections of books, serials, and manuscripts document historical and cultural developments over the centuries. Art works, historical objects, and archaeological materials create a window into our deepest past as well as shed light on the present. Sound recordings, photographs, and moving images provide key insights into the modern world. And now, digital resources represent the new tools for scholarship, teaching, and public engagement with the humanities. For more than two decades, the National Endowment for the Humanities, through the Division of Preservation and Access, has worked to preserve these significant and often fragile cultural collections and to help ensure that researchers and the public can more easily find and make use of collections important to their work or enjoyment. -
Mayors for Peace Member Cities 2021/10/01 平和首長会議 加盟都市リスト
Mayors for Peace Member Cities 2021/10/01 平和首長会議 加盟都市リスト ● Asia 4 Bangladesh 7 China アジア バングラデシュ 中国 1 Afghanistan 9 Khulna 6 Hangzhou アフガニスタン クルナ 杭州（ハンチォウ） 1 Herat 10 Kotwalipara 7 Wuhan ヘラート コタリパラ 武漢（ウハン） 2 Kabul 11 Meherpur 8 Cyprus カブール メヘルプール キプロス 3 Nili 12 Moulvibazar 1 Aglantzia ニリ モウロビバザール アグランツィア 2 Armenia 13 Narayanganj 2 Ammochostos (Famagusta) アルメニア ナラヤンガンジ アモコストス（ファマグスタ） 1 Yerevan 14 Narsingdi 3 Kyrenia エレバン ナールシンジ キレニア 3 Azerbaijan 15 Noapara 4 Kythrea アゼルバイジャン ノアパラ キシレア 1 Agdam 16 Patuakhali 5 Morphou アグダム（県） パトゥアカリ モルフー 2 Fuzuli 17 Rajshahi 9 Georgia フュズリ（県） ラージシャヒ ジョージア 3 Gubadli 18 Rangpur 1 Kutaisi クバドリ（県） ラングプール クタイシ 4 Jabrail Region 19 Swarupkati 2 Tbilisi ジャブライル（県） サルプカティ トビリシ 5 Kalbajar 20 Sylhet 10 India カルバジャル（県） シルヘット インド 6 Khocali 21 Tangail 1 Ahmedabad ホジャリ（県） タンガイル アーメダバード 7 Khojavend 22 Tongi 2 Bhopal ホジャヴェンド（県） トンギ ボパール 8 Lachin 5 Bhutan 3 Chandernagore ラチン（県） ブータン チャンダルナゴール 9 Shusha Region 1 Thimphu 4 Chandigarh シュシャ（県） ティンプー チャンディーガル 10 Zangilan Region 6 Cambodia 5 Chennai ザンギラン（県） カンボジア チェンナイ 4 Bangladesh 1 Ba Phnom 6 Cochin バングラデシュ バプノム コーチ（コーチン） 1 Bera 2 Phnom Penh 7 Delhi ベラ プノンペン デリー 2 Chapai Nawabganj 3 Siem Reap Province 8 Imphal チャパイ・ナワブガンジ シェムリアップ州 インパール 3 Chittagong 7 China 9 Kolkata チッタゴン 中国 コルカタ 4 Comilla 1 Beijing 10 Lucknow コミラ 北京（ペイチン） ラクノウ 5 Cox's Bazar 2 Chengdu 11 Mallappuzhassery コックスバザール 成都（チォントゥ） マラパザーサリー 6 Dhaka 3 Chongqing 12 Meerut ダッカ 重慶（チョンチン） メーラト 7 Gazipur 4 Dalian 13 Mumbai (Bombay) ガジプール 大連（タァリィェン） ムンバイ（旧ボンベイ） 8 Gopalpur 5 Fuzhou 14 Nagpur ゴパルプール 福州（フゥチォウ） ナーグプル 1/108 Pages -
Hôtel Des Ventes De Saint-Dié
Hôtel des Ventes de Saint-Dié SAMEDI 12 DECEMBRE 2020 à 14 HEURES VENTE AUX ENCHERES PUBLIQUES (SUR RESERVATION MAXI 30 PERSONNES EN SALLE) Maîtres Morel ESTAMPES DESSINS TABLEAUX, BRONZES et SCULPTURES, ETAINS du XVIIème, XVIIIème et XIXème siècles MEUBLES ET OBJETS D’ART XVIII, XIX et XXèmes s. ARTS DECORATIFS DU XXème siècle BIJOUX et MONTRE TAPIS Anne et Germain MOREL, 65, rue de la Prairie – 88100 SAINT-DIE DES- Commissaires-priseurs associés, VOSGES Successeurs de Maître Michel GUERIN Tél. : 03 29 56 13 34 - Fax : 03 29 56 99 9 e-mail : [email protected] Catalogue visible sur : www.interencheres.com 21,00 % TTC en sus des enchères (24,60 % TTC pour les acheteurs live) Dans le respect des mesures sanitaires. Modalités précisées en fonction de l’évolution sanitaire. Accès aux expositions et aux ventes soumis à conditions. Expositions publiques Vendredi 11 décembre de 14h à 17h Samedi 12 décembre de 10h à 12h Experts : Expert : Monsieur Jean-Claude COMMENCHAL pour les étains du n° 129 au n° 159 (Tél : 06 07 11 20 35 – [email protected]). Expert : Monsieur Patrice DUBOIS pour les dessins et tableaux anciens n°s 17B, 38, 180 à 186, 193, 196, 226 et 257. (Tél : 01 45 23 12 50 – [email protected]). Consultant : Monsieur Nicolas CONREUR, pour l’hélice POTEZ n° 85. (Tél : 06 19 57 51 19 - [email protected]). Expert : Cabinet LUCQIAUD pour la Grande Fine Champagne 1900 n° 71 (Tél : 05 56 44 64 65– [email protected]). ESTAMPES 1. BLOCH Marcel (1882-1966). -
Cultural Interactions Between Prehistoric Societies of the Central
Herausgeber*innenkollektiv, eds. 2021. Pearls, Politics and Pistachios. Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock’s 65th Birthday: 239–57. DOI: 10.11588/propylaeum.837.c10747. Cultural Interactions between Prehistoric Societies of the Central Iranian Plateau with Residents of the Central Zagros, Fars, and Southwestern Iran during the 5th Millennium BCE HASSAN FAZELI NASHLI,* PARISA NEKOUEI** & ROUHOLLAH YOUSEFI ZOSHK*** The North Central plateau and mountains in eastern Iran, and by the hot and Central Zagros regions during dry Dasht-e-Lut and Dasht-e-Kavir regions the 5th millennium BCE to the south (Badiei 1994, 93). This area, through the Shamshirbor Pass northeast of The North Central Iranian Plateau (see Bastam, includes all of the Gorgan plain, and Fig. 1) is a vast area, with an average some of the southern parts of Turkmenistan elevation of 1200 meters above sea level, and northeastern Iran (Malek-Shahmirzadi which was inhabited by modern humans from 2003, 317). Numerous plains are enclosed ca. 7200 BCE onwards. It is bounded to the by the southern limits of the Alborz, each of north by the Alborz Mountains, the Zagros which has its own cultural history; among the Mountains to the west, at its eastern limit by most important plains are the Tehran, Qazvin, Fig. 1. Map showing the locations of the most important 5th millennium BCE sites mentioned in the text. Map by the authors. * University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran) ** University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran) *** Islamic Azad University of Varamin, Varamin (Iran) Hassan Fazeli Nashli, Parisa Nekouei & Rouhollah Yousefi Zoshk Qom, and Kashan plains. -
THE SOCIETY for ASIAN ART PRESENTS Through the Pishtaq: Art, Architecture and Culture of Persia APRIL 22 - MAY 9, 2018
THE SOCIETY FOR ASIAN ART PRESENTS Through the Pishtaq: Art, Architecture and Culture of Persia APRIL 22 - MAY 9, 2018 More than five hundred years before Christ, Cyrus the Great founded one of the world’s first empires at Pasargadae. Over the centuries Persian civilization has been impacted by diverse cultural influences from invading Greeks, Arabs, Mongols and Turks. Join Dr. Keelan Overton on a journey through Iran where impressive monuments serve as vivid testament to the extraordinary history and culture of the country. The name Persia, used by the ancient Greeks, is derived from the southwesterly province of Pars which was the cradle of the Persian Empire. It was here that the Achaemenids became the first kings of a united country. They built capitals at Pasargadae and Persepolis and ruled over territory which stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Black Sea and from China in the east to the Mediterranean shores in the west. It is a welcoming and beautiful country of contrasts, of jagged mountains and golden deserts punctuated by slender wind towers, crumbling clay-baked caravansaries, and everywhere a horizon pierced by mosques and turquoise minarets. ----------------------------------Tour Highlights -------------------------------------- Tehran– 3 nights Visit Jameh Atigh, 9th c. Friday Mosque Visit the National Museum of Iran complex: Learn about tribal rugs at a nomadic gallery Museum of Ancient Iran (History and Archaeology) Yasuj - 1 night Museum of the Islamic Era Drive through the beautiful Zagros Mountains to Yasuj -
New Evidence on the Chronology of the “Anahita Temple”
Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLIV, 2009 doi: 10.2143/IA.44.0.2034383 NEW EVIDENCE ON THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE “ANAHITA TEMPLE” BY Massoud AZARNOUSH (Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Tehran) Abstract: Partly standing-partly excavated remains of a monument in Kangavar, a town in western Iran between Hamadan and Kermanshah, have been dated to the Seleucid and/or Parthian periods. In an article published in 1981, nevertheless, M. Azarnoush argues in favour of a late Sasanian date for this site. The discovery of a brick under the massive masonry of the western platform of the monument in the course of later excavations provided the possibility for thermoluminescence dating of this sample. The TL reading of the brick confi rms the Sasanian date of the monument. The present article intends to assess this and some other new information about the site. Keywords: W-Iran, Kangavar, Anahita Temple, Sasanian, chronology I- Introduction In an article published in 1981, I argued in favour of a late Sasanian date for the monument of Kangavar, frequently labelled the “Anahita Temple” (Azarnoush 1981: 69-94, Pl. 12-19). By that time I had completed two seasons of excavations on this site, following fi ve seasons of work headed by Seyfollâh-e Kâmbakhsh-e Fard, another Iranian archaeologist of whose expeditions I am certainly honoured to have been a member. Reasons backing the new chronology may be outlined in the following: – Isidor of Charax is the oldest author who mentions the presence of an Artemis Temple in Concobar, most probably the Greek pronunciation for the Iranian Kangavar. -
Rockfall Hazard Analysis in the Ganjnameh Tourist Area, West of Iran
Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, Vol.10, Issue 28, Summer 2021 Received: 2019-08-14 Final Revised: 2021-01-11 Accepted: 2021-02-03 Pages: 1 – 14 Research Article Rockfall hazard analysis in the Ganjnameh tourist area, west of Iran Aliakbar Momeni 1*, Mojtaba Heidari 2 1*. Assistant Professor of Engineering Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran. 2. Associate Professor of Engineering Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Abstract Ganjnameh area is considered an important historical-cultural and touristic place in the west of Iran, seriously threatened by rockfall problems. Attractions of this area yearly attract several thousand visitors from all over the world. Several rockfall events have occurred in the area in the past. Rockfalls occurrences will threaten the life safety of visitors during visiting and surveying of the place. The primary purpose of this research was a preliminary analysis of rockfall potential for the cultural heritage site. For this purpose, an investigation based on three phases was done, which are included: site investigation, laboratory testing, and rockfall simulation. Unstable blocks size, the geometry of slopes, weathering conditions, joint study, and sampling were measured and done during the site investigation phase. Physico-mechanical properties of granite were determined in the laboratory. Total kinetic energy, bounce height, and translational velocity of fallen blocks were determined as rockfall simulation outputs. Based on the obtained result, different mechanisms were found on the left side and right side of the study area. The rockfall problems on the right side could be related to jointing and freezing- thawing action, whereas on the left side, steep slope, weathering, and saturating are the main controlling factors. -
Culture and Tourism
IRAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 1391 17. CULTURE AND TOURISM organization called ''Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization", the related data have been Introduction provided by the new organization. Data on pilgrims include only those dispatched by Hajj and Pilgrimage Organization. Definitions and concepts his chapter presents statistical information Production of radio and television on radio and television programmes, programmes:is a process in which the contextual Tpress, books and public libraries, cinemas, (massage) and structural componentsof the museums, monuments, touristsarrived and massage are incorporated artistically and pilgrims. Following paragraphs summarize the technically using required resources in order to be history of data collection in these areas. broadcast on TV, radio and the Internet. Regular data compilation on radio and television Radio and television broadcasting: refers to a programmes and museums began in the years produced and broadcast programme which can be 1345 and 1347 respectively. received by people on radio, TV and the Internet. The earliest data on movies available in the SCI National production and broadcast of date back to the year 1348. They were produced programme: refers to the programme produced by the Culture and Art Ministry, renamed the and broadcast for people in the country. Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance after International production and broadcast of the victory of the Islamic Revolution. programme: refers to the programme produced Comprehensive data collection on the press was and broadcast for overseas people. first accomplished by the SCI under the title of Radio and television network: is an "Review of the country’s publications survey" in organizational structure responsible for activities the year 1349. -
Blood-Soaked Secrets Why Iran's 1988 Prison
BLOOD-SOAKED SECRETS WHY IRAN’S 1988 PRISON MASSACRES ARE ONGOING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: Collage of some of the victims of the mass prisoner killings of 1988 in Iran. (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. © Amnesty International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 13/9421/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS GLOSSARY 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 METHODOLOGY 18 2.1 FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE 18 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS 18 2.2.1 TESTIMONIES 20 2.2.2 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 22 2.2.3 AUDIOVISUAL EVIDENCE 23 2.2.4 COMMUNICATION WITH IRANIAN AUTHORITIES 24 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 BACKGROUND 26 3.1 PRE-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 26 3.2 POST-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 27 3.3 IRAN-IRAQ WAR 33 3.4 POLITICAL OPPOSITION GROUPS 33 3.4.1 PEOPLE’S MOJAHEDIN ORGANIZATION OF IRAN 33 3.4.2 FADAIYAN 34 3.4.3 TUDEH PARTY 35 3.4.4 KURDISH DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF IRAN 35 3.4.5 KOMALA 35 3.4.6 OTHER GROUPS 36 4.