Hydrocarbon Catalytic Nuclear Fusion by Using Quantum Spin Hall Effect

Proceedings of the 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2012 Power Conference ICONE20-POWER2012 July 30 - August 3, 2012, Anaheim, California, USA

ICONE20-POWER2012-54789

HYDROCARBON CATALYTIC NUCLEAR FUSION BY USING QUANTUM SPIN HALL EFFECT

Abul hasanat muhammad jahanur rahman Electrical and Chemical engineering department,

Texas A&M University at Qatar

Doha, Qatar

ABSTRACT situation. The end product of this can create most stable nuclei This idea introduces alternative clean utilization of like iron. This breakdown of energy can seriously collapse this hydrocarbon resources with more reservation for the future most stable nuclei because of mass loss into energy and it is energy. It is about a nanotech catalyst that controls low theoretical possible to go into quark disintegration. It can temperature fusion through phonon frequency and z-pinch hypothetically simulate supernova explosion of red giants. confined plasma by using piezo and pyrocrystal. It paves the way to utilize natural resources like oil and gas in more efficient This sequence of fission and fusion reaction is controlled way. Instead of just burning fuels, the exhaust gas or sync-gases by matrix of quantum well vortex inside quasicrystal nano- can be used for hydrogen fusion reaction. Later this can initiate catalyst. Factorial hexagon nanoparticle structure like carbon very high temperature carbon fusion reaction in this reactor. nanotube support can give its more endurance to stresses due to This promises energy for very long period by using very small hotspot or other thermal and pressure disturbance, which is big amount of hydrocarbon fuel. This reactor carries out two problem for current fixed bed catalyst reactors. This factorial reactions. First it carries out chemical reaction that synthesizes hexagon is a quasicrystalline, which collapse into homogeneous fuel from biomass or syngas through gasification and Fischer- honeycomb structure at critical pressure. It disperses stresses tropes catalytic reaction. Then it initiates fusion reaction once and increases yield strength instead of breaking down. critical temperature reached by the exothermic chemical reaction. This reactor is more energy conservative than ordinary fusion reactor because it uses proton tunneling catalyst support that bypass nuclear repulsion barrier at lower temperature and produce enough energy that can be stored into hydrocarbons through synthetic gasification and pyrolysis cracking of CO2. This can significantly decrease environmental pollution and greenhouse effect. The byproduct of this fusion reaction is heavy atoms, which can be used for radioactive medical purposes or initiate fission reaction in the reactor after fusion reaction. This gives it hybrid mode of carrying out fission and fusion reaction simultaneously until the lower potential element is reach, which can be iron or its neighbor atoms.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this invention is to use mostly available resource like hydrocarbon than rare earth metal like uranium for nuclear energy production. Also at later stage this invention is to introduce hybrid nuclear reactor that carries on both fission Figure 1: nuclear energy density varies with element mass and fusion reaction sequentially. If mass of byproduct is less than iron than it goes to fusion and fission for opposite

1 Copyright © 2012 by ASME and quantum tunneling membrane. By providing voltage difference across this catalyst, its conductivity can be changed. By using magnetic field, variable mass Dirac fermions (for example cooper electron-hole/phonon pairs) can be introduced with different conductive layers (heterogeneous topological layers or parallel quantum wells) due to quantum hall effect. This quantum well is quantized in energy along topological contour surrounded by potential barriers. Only dimensional plane that does not have barrier can be introduced to distortion and noise. Since topological quasicrystals obey super symmetric and time reversal, it is stable with ground state energy. After inputs of disturbance, it goes back to equilibrium stable position again by releasing out energy. Transfer function of this process depends on input, which can be electron pairs or plasma ions of syngas. Topological order or stages create, when spin frequency Figure 2: microphore and mesosphere of nanotube catalyst support of electron match with frequency of angular momentum of

nucleus or center of mass like resonance. This resonance gives impedance match and stability. This phenomenon is called spin- DESCRIPTION orbit coupling. This is control mechanism for the nuclear This catalytic reactor uses mesosphore of the quasicrystal process, which is carried out by using mesosphore as cathode (blue hexagon) support, which consists of pyroelectric and and microphore (red small hexagon structure) as anode. piezoelectric crystals. Pyroelectric converts the produce Electron beam or current either tunnel through the hexagon temperature into electricity. Piezoelectric controls the diameter nanotube at the surface area or flows parallel out of mesophore of porosity to determine diffusion and chemical reaction rate. into microphore creating a spiral magnetic field. Directed by its Also it produces resonance sound frequency equal to natural own magnetic field, the current twisted itself into thin sheath frequency of hydrogen in the mesophore cavity region to create hot filaments out of syngas called plasma. Figure of these preliminary bubble fusion due to cavity resonance plasma filaments is shown below. (Sonoluminescence effect) and allow cooper pair to form by matching the frequency of phonon with electrons frequency, which is proportional to electrons momentum inside the catalyst region. This creates electron spin lock with angular moment of nucleus.

Figure 4: At the central focus point of this spiral magnetic field the plasma filaments annihilate each other into a plasmoid which decays into two beams, each spiral around the filament like helical pattern.

Figure 3: Fusion chain reaction in sun. It cycles through Hydrogen-fusion, nitrogen-fusion, helium fusion, oxygen-fusion and carbon-fusion. In the center of microphore, magnetic fields produced by the current pinch and twist the plasma into a tiny confined Heavier nucleus decreases electron wavelength than lighter following helical orbit path, focus into a dense ball called a one. The active nano-catalyst inside the quasi-crystal support plasmoid due to Lorentz forces. This is known as z-pinch consist of nano carbon fiber with fullerenes covered by single confinement process inside the catalyst. This confinement field layer graphene with metamaterial Nano particle (potassium takes the shape of a toroid around microphore active region. atom) in the center of hexagonal graphene unit cell. It acts as The outer surface area has ‘elastic stress” or memory like topological insulator (which obeys symmetry and time reversal) property that stores the energy produce from the hybrid nuclear

2 Copyright © 2012 by ASME reaction at the center. This area of the field is surrounded by given input temperature and pressure. Zero mass Dirac fermions mesophore where diffusion rate of fluid dominates over its are very sensitive to applied field by piezoelectric crystal kinetic rate. Whether fluid can extract energy from this field supports and produces maximum charge carriers than other area depends on its average diffusion velocity. The inner surface layers where electron pairs have less mass. Massless fermion area surrounding the microphore at the center has plasticity topological layer act as high temperature superconductor with effect that disperses the produce energy homogenously towards magnetic vortex, which separates the hydrocarbon nucleus far the outer surface of the field. This section needs to have strong away by increasing electromagnetic (weak force) interaction. dielectric permittivity value. This decreases fusion probability in microphore. Also piezocrystal of microphore get ionized and accelerates the byproducts of hydrogen bubble fusion by vibration through microphore channels toward a center collision point, where higher concentration of catalyst nanoparticle exist. This vibration is in resonance with second sound wave of the superfluid carrier for amplifying acceleration of ionized fusion products and directs heat wave towards pyro crystal for more for electric field generation. Higher the momentum these ions get, higher the mass of Dirac fermions (electron) get. At the collision point, the catalytic layer which has Dirac fermion mass higher than effective electron mass (like mass of muon particle)

Figure 5: a) Twisted stripe model of circular polarized photon with open increases probability of fusion by weakening electron repulsion path in flat space whose plane is magnetic field (B) perpendicular to and increasing strong nuclear force along with tunneling effect electric field (E). b) Same photon with closed path in curved space whose due to increase in gravitational pull between higher masses. So E-field is radial and directed inward and B-field is directed vertical by controlling resonance phonon frequency and electric field towards the propagation direction of light. through piezoelectric crystal fusion reaction can easily be controlled at lower temperature due to this catalyst.

Figure 6: a) The cross sectional view of helical filament

This focal point plasma is the initial step in carrying out nuclear reaction. The size of this orbit, the gyro-radius, gets smaller for lower electron velocities or higher magnetic fields. But according to De-Broglie wave theory electron has a wavelength, which is inversely proportional to its velocity. So, there is a minimum electron velocity where the orbit radius of plasma and wavelength of electron is equal. Velocity greater than this is required (controlled by external magnetic field) for transporting energy from this focus nuclear reaction zone inside the microphore. Hydrocarbons or its burned products like palsma enter catalyst chamber inside microphore by carrier fluid which needs to be supercritical and superfluidic (required to control second sound wave) with momentum vortex at the (Moore)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper used the resources mentioned in references. I SUMMARY liked to thank them for their contribution. It suggested a This fixed bed reactor needs nanoparticle catalyst made out conceptual theory. It is never carried out practically in any of metamaterials (transition rare earth metals) in order to lower research, as the author is an undergraduate student. activation energy of focus nuclear fusion through quantum tunneling. Its plasmonic properties are used to confined cold plasma inside microphore along with electromagnetic confinement for controlling nuclear reaction. Quasicrystal structure and topological insulation of mesophore and NOMENCLATURE microphore gives the reactor more resilient during high Z-pinch or z-inertia fusion, bubble fusion, muon catalyst temperature and pressure. It also helps in controlling diffusion fusion, quantum spin hall effect, topological insulator, rate of syngas plasma, its solitons and phonons. The mesophore cavity, microphore cavity, quasicrystal, nanoparticle. disadvantage is that reactor needs to be operated at supercritical temperature and pressure, where carrier fluid (like mercury) of syngas exhibits super fluidic and superconductive properties. REFERENCES This can create fluctuation of hotspots. By creating differential layers using plates and feedback reflux system, this fluctuation [1] Moore, Joel E. "Topological Insulators." ieee spectrum. can be reduced. The momentum vortex created in the carrier IEEE,July2011.Web.9Nov2011.. This reduces the energy dissipation by dynamic vortex. Also self-refolding property of the quasicrystal hexagon structure can [2] "Lawrenceville Plasma Physics." n. pag. Focus Fusion. dissipates stresses of hotspots uniformly. The second sound Web. 9 Nov 2011. . wave of the carrier fluid is used to control sonic compression of the magnetically confined palsmoids in catalyst region. This [3] J. C. Cochrane et al., in Dense Z Pinches: Proceedings gives fusion reaction at lower energy. Syngas are converted into of the 3rd International Conference on Dense Z Pinches, edited palsmoids by momentum transfer from the arc of electrons by M. Haines and A. Knight, AIP Conf. Proc.No. 299 (AIP, moving along the helical magnetic field. Momentum transfer Melville, New York, 1994) occurs from faster particle to slower particle without the concern of which one has higher energy. The arc between [4] S. Murakami, N. Nagaosa, and S. Zhang, Science 301, mesophore (cathode) and microphore (anode) is kept above 1348 (2003). minimum velocity to heat up syngas into cold plasma. Also topological insulation property of microphore helps to control [5] B. Bernevig and S. Zhang, cond-mat/0411457 the mass and momentum of electron pairs (Dirac fermions) at the nucleus of cold plasma which helps to create similar [6] S. C. Zhang, H. Hansson, and S. Kivelson, Phys. Rev. condition of muon catalyst fusion reaction by decreasing Lett. 62, 82 (1989). repulsion between nucleons. So reactor carries out nuclear reaction whose process is a combination of z-pinch confined [7] Morrow, C. et al., “Roadmaps and Containment focus fusion, bubble fusion and muon catalyst fusion. There is Concepts for Early Z-Pinch Fusion Applications,” Sandia also possibility of nuclear fission from heavy nucleons created National Laboratories, To be published SAND report, by fusion due to high sonic compression in the catalytic region. SAND####(2006). This is what makes it hybrid nuclear fusion-fission reactor. Simultaneous fusion and fission reaction can make the nucleons [8] C.L. Olson, “Inertial Confinement Fusion: Z-Pinch,” very unstable that can lead to breakdown into subatomic Chapter 9 to be published. particle like quarks and more energy. So the end result is that inlet of hydrocarbons or syngas inside this reactor is converted [9] G. E. Rochau et al., “ZP3, A Power Plant Utilizing Z- into energy along with heavy elements or quark particles. The Pinch Fusion Technology,”Proceedings of the 2nd International biggest problem of this reactor is stability and control Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications mechanism by using nanoparticle and quasicrystal. (Sep.2001), Kyoto, Japan.

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[1] Muons carry a positive (μ+) or negative (μ-) charge, [5] In 3D space there are 4 Z2 topological invariants: (ν0 ; which spontaneously decay into a positron or electron and a ν1ν2ν3) characterizing the bulk material to determine how neutrino-antineutrino pair. surface states are connected.

[2] Sonoluminescence is a phenomenon in which light pulses are observed during ultrasonically-forced gas or vapor bubble implosions.

[3] Quantum Spin Hall Effect in HgTe quantum wells [6] Quantum Spin Hall Effect in Graphene has intrinsic spin orbit interaction with 10mK-1K energy gap

[7] Superconducting Proximity Effect is given by below equation;

[4] Quantum spin hall state is a topological property of the occupied states in Hilbert space.

[8] Z-pinch (zeta pinch) is a type of plasma confinement system that uses an electrical current in the plasma to generate a magnetic field for compression. In this system plasma acts as many current-carrying wires pulled toward each other by the Lorentz force. Z-pinch effect is inherently pulsed in nature.

[9] Superfluid with quantum Hall Effect is a novel state of matter with fractional charge and reversal time symmetry caused by an external magnetic field. It has degenerate quantum Landau levels created by the spin-orbit coupling in topological field structure.