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Review Article Phytochemical and Pharmacological Importance Of INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Review Article Phytochemical and Pharmacological Importance of Saraca indica Anil Kumar, Neelam Rajbhar and Ashok Kumar ,٭Aditya Mishra Pharmacy College, Itaura, Chandeshwar, Azamgarh- 276128, Uttar Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Ashoka is the most ancient tree of India, known as a Saraca asoca (Roxb.), De.wild or Saraca indica belonging family Caesalpinaceae. Saraca indica is reported to contain glycoside, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. It is used as spasmogenic, oxytocic, uterotonic, anti-bacterial, anti-tumour, anti- progestational, antiestrogenic activity against menorrhagia and anti-cancer. This review contains phytochemical constituent and pharmacological activity of various parts of plant. Keywords: Saraca indica, Phyto-chemistry, Pharmacology. INTRODUCTION pain, and uterine spasms. The Ashoka herb Herbal medicine has such an amazing benefits the endometrium and uterine muscles influence that various alternative medicine and this makes it effective as a uterine tonic therapies with herbal remedy, Unani and for irregular menstrual cycles and miscarriage. Ayurveda. Ashoka is one of the most It is also effectively used in Ayurveda for legendary and sacred trees of India. Ashoka clearing congestion from the Medas Dhatus tree, universally known by its binomial Latin and Mamsa, especially when there may be name Saraca asoca (Roxb.), De.wild or leucorrhoea, endometriosis, cysts, and fibroids Saraca indica belonging to family from excess kapha and ama in the Artava leguminaceae. In the Ramayana, one of the Srotas .The Ashoka herb also has a books of Hindu mythology, there is mention of nourishing effect on the circulatory system, Ashoka tree. Ashoka means “without Sorrow” thereby making it an effective remedy in a reference to this bark’s reputation for arrhythmia and cardiac weakness. The keeping healthy and youthful and Buddha was Ashoka herb also helps in encouraging urine said to be born under this tree. Saraca indica flow and thus helps in treating conditions that is grown all over India. It cultivated in many cause painful urination. The specific analgesic gardens for evergreen beautiful foliage. The properties present in Ashoka can used to calm Ashoka tree belongs to the family of legumes the nerves when they have been aggravated and is a part of the subfamily Caesalpinaceae. by the Vata. The Ashoka herb is also said to It was originally found mainly in the middle part improve the complexion of skin. This herb can of the Western Ghats in western India. This be used to obtain relief from burning tree has an important role in Indian cultural sensations on the skin. It also helps to get rid traditions. The Ashoka tree's dried bark of the toxins from the body. The Ashoka herb contains tannins, sterol, catechol, and other is also effective in purifying the blood naturally organic calcium compounds. The powered and in preventing skin allergies. bark of the tree also contains Aluminum, strontium, calcium, iron, magnesium, Vernacular name phosphate, potassium, sodium, and silica. In Kankeli (Sanskrit), Ashoka (Assamese), order to maintain the medicinal values and Ashoka (Bengali) , Ashoka (Gujrati), Ashoka physicochemical properties of the Ashoka (Hindi), Ashokadamara (Kannada) , Ashok herb. The Ashoka tree has many health (Kashmiri), Asokam (Malayalam), Ashok benefits and has long been used in traditional (Marathi), Ashoka (Oriya), Ashok (Punjabi), Indian medicine as a key ingredient in various Asogam (Tamil), therapies and cures. One of the uses of the Ashoka herb is in the treatment of menstrual Classification disorders associated with excessive bleeding, Kingdom: Plantae congestion, pain, dysmenorrhoea, abdominal Division: Magnoliophyta Vol. 2 (2) Apr-Jun 2013 www.ijpcsonline.com 1009 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Class: Mgnoliopsida asoca bark were screened against the enteric Order: Fabales pathogen isolates, namely, Escherichia coli, Family: Caesalpinaceae Shigella sonnei and Salmonella enteritis. All Genus: Saraca the extracts other than aqueous extract Species: indica showed antimicrobial activity with the methanol extract having the highest Phytochemistry percentage of activity. Methanol and water The Phytochemical study shows the presence extracts of Saraca asoca leaves exhibited of various chemical constituents of Ashoka good activity against Bacillus subtilis, plant. Bark- procyanidin, epicatechin, 11'- Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella deoxyprocyanidin B, catechin, typhimurium. Both extracts showed marked leucopelargonidin and leucocyanidin. Flower- activity against Alternania alternate, Oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids- colletotrichum gloesporioides and Drechlera sitosterol, quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin, specifera. Bark extracts of Saraca asoca apigenin- 7-0-p-D-glucoside, Pelargonidin- 3, (Roxb.) de Willde were investigated for in vitro 5- diglucoside, cyanidin-3, 5- diglucoside, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus palmitic, stearic, linolenic, leucocyanidin and aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas gallic acid. Seed and Pod contains oleic, aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus aureus linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids, catechol, (-) and Klebsiella pneumoniae at 4 mg/ml using epicatechol and leucocyanidin. Five lignan agar well diffusion method. The ethanol and glycosides, lyoniside, nudiposide, 5-methoxy- distilled water extracts showed significant 9-β-xylopyranosyl, isolariciresinol, and broad spectrum antibacterial activity. The schizandriside, and three flavonoids, crude extracts of leaves, flowers, and bark of epicatechin, epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin Saraca asoca were screened for larvicidal and procyanidin B2, together with β-sitosterol activity for 24-48 h at an initial concentration of glucoside, were isolated from dried bark. 1,000 ppm against early IV instar larvae of the vector mosquitoes viz., C. quinquefasciatus, A. Pharmalogical activity aegypti, and A. stephensi. The petroleum Antimicrobial activity ether extract of S. indica/asoca leaves and Saraca indica was subjected to antibacterial chloroform extract of the bark exhibited more activity (ethanol: water, 1:1) on agar plate with than 50% larval mortality against C. different organisms such as Bacillus subtilis, quinquefasciatus larvae at an exposure period Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa, of 48 h. Staphylococcus aureus, (plant pathogen). Agrobacterium tumefaciens showed negative Anticancer activity activity. Saraca indica dried flower buds tested The anticancer principle from Saraca indica against antibacterial activity of methanol flowers indicated 50 percent cytotoxicity (in extract on agar plate against Salmonella vitro) in Dalton's lymphoma ascites and viballerup, Shigella boydii, Escherichia coli, Sarcoma-180 tumour cells at a concentration Vibro cholera, Shigella flexneri and Shigella of 38 mug and 54 mug respectively, with no dyserteriae showed active . Saraca indica activity against normal lymphocytes but leaves tested against antibacterial activity of preferential activity for lymphocytes derived ethanol (95%) and water extract on agar plate from leukemia patients. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. Escherichia coli were found active whereas ANTIMENORRHAGIC ACTIVITY tested against Staphylococcus aureus gave Ashoka dried bark has been used for negative result. The methanolic extracts of menorrhagia in India. In India Saraca indica Saraca indica was assayed against Alternaria dried bark as well as flower is given as a tonic cajani, Helminthosporium sp., Bipolaris sp., to ladies in case of uterine disorders. Saraca Curvularia lunata and Fusarium sp. at different indica stem bark also used to treat all disorder concentrations (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and associated with the menstrual cycle. Ashoka 5000 μg/ml). The extracts exhibited good bark in Sri Lanka used for menstrual disorder inhibitory activity against A. cajani, while it and menorrhagia. Ashoka bark in India, used effective at lower concentrations against other as a uterine sedative and hot water extracts fungi also. Four different extract of Saraca administered to human adult female stimulates asoca bark tested antibacterial activity against the uterus similar to ergot, but without Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, producing tonic contraction. Also employed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus menorrhagia, as an emmenagogue, uterine aureus, Bacillus cereus, K. aerogenes, Sh. sedative, uterine affections as well as used in Boydis, P. vulgaris . Different extract of Saraca several preparations related to female Vol. 2 (2) Apr-Jun 2013 www.ijpcsonline.com 1010 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 troubles. Saraca indica bark, in Pakistan, endogenous gastric mucosal prostaglandin employed for uterine affection and synthesis. menorrhagia. Saraca indica, in India, dried bark, used as an astringent in menorrhagia, to Anti-inflammatory activity stop excessive uterine bleeding, also as a The ethanolic extract of Saraca indica leaves refrigent, demulcent, uterine disorders, regular find out the anti-inflammatory activity. The menstrual pain in abdomen, used for uterine leaves of Saraca indica determined the anti- problems. Aqueous extract of the bark is inflammatory activity against Carrageenan reported to contain active principles, one induce paw edema in animal is most suitable stimulating and the other relaxing the plain test procedure to screen anti-inflammatory muscle
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