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Hubungan Negara Dan Agama: Kajian Awal Kepercayaan Pemena Di Karo, Sumatera Utara Pada 1966-1979”

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Hubungan Negara Dan Agama: Kajian Awal Kepercayaan Pemena Di Karo, Sumatera Utara Pada 1966-1979” HUBUNGAN NEGARA DAN AGAMA: KAJIAN AWAL KEPERCAYAAN PEMENA DI KARO, SUMATERA UTARA PADA 1966-1979 TESIS Oleh: LESTARI DARA CINTA UTAMI GINTING 157050004 PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER (S2) ILMU SEJARAH FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA HUBUNGAN NEGARA DAN AGAMA: KAJIAN AWAL KEPERCAYAAN PEMENA DI KARO, SUMATERA UTARA PADA 1966-1979 TESIS Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk mendapatkan gelar Magister Humaniora (M. Hum) dalam Program Studi S2 Ilmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Oleh: LESTARI DARA CINTA UTAMI GINTING 157050004 PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER (S2) ILMU SEJARAH FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Tesis ini berjudul “Hubungan Negara dan Agama: Kajian Awal Kepercayaan Pemena di Karo, Sumatera Utara Pada 1966-1979”. Kajian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dalam proses penelitiannya. Pada proses pengumpulan sumber, digunakan sumber-sumber berupa arsip kolonial, laporan, buku, tesis dan studi lapangan berupa wawancara tentang kepercayaan Pemena pada masyarakat Karo. Setelah data terkumpul kemudian dilakukan verifikasi berupa kritik intern dan ekstern untuk menemukan fakta-fakta. Fakta yang telah melalui proses verifikasi masih terpisah dan untuk merangkainya dilakukan tahap ketiga yaitu interpretasi. Setelah fakta-fakta itu saling berkaitan, maka dilakukan tahap terakhir yaitu menjadikannya sebagai sebuah tulisan proses historiografi. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana kebijakan negara membuat para pemeluk kepercayaan Pemena mengalami penurunan umat saat itu. Untuk mendukung tujuan tersebut dijelaskan pula kondisi negara sebelum dan sesudah peristiwa gestapu yang menjadi alasan pemeluk kepercayaan Pemena menjadi menurun. Untuk mendukung penelitian ini, maka peneliti menggunakan konsep relasi kekuasaan dan pendekatan konflik. Sejak zaman dahulu, Masyarakat Karo telah memiliki kepercayaannya sendiri yang disebut dengan kepercayaan Pemena. Masyarakat Karo percaya bahwa ada jiwa yang hinggap di batu-batu besar, kayu-kayu besar, sungai, gunung ataupun tempat-tempat yang dianggap keramat lainnya. Namun sejak masuknya missil Injil Kristen dan Siar Islam ke Tanah Karo, kepercayaan Pemena mulai mengalami penurunan umat namun tidak dalam skala besar. Setelah peristiwa Gerakan 30 September 1965 dan dimulainya rezim orde baru, agama menjadi salah satu kunci legitimasi pemerintah pada saat itu. Demi menguatkan legitimasinya, pemerintah mengeluarkan PP No 1 tahun 1965 dan UU No 5 tahun 1969 tentang agama-agama yang diakui secara resmi oleh pemerintah. Tidak hanya itu, pemerintah juga mengeluarkan SK Menteri Dalam Negeri No 477/74054/1978 tentang pengisian kolom agama di KTP harus diisi dengan pilihan agama yang diakui oleh pemerintah. Pemena yang dianut masyarakat Karo tidak ada dalam pilihan yang ditawarkan pemerintah. Apabila masyarakat memutuskan untuk tidak mengisi maka dicap Komunis atau PKI. Kata Kunci: Pemena, Negara, Transisi kekuasaan. i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT The thesis entitled „The Relationship between State and Religion: Preliminary Studies of Pemena in Karo, North Sumatra in 1966-1979”. The methodological research applied in this research is historical method. The technique of collecting primary and secondary data are conducted through observation or direct survey to research object, for example through colonial archives, reports, books, theses, and direct interview to the Karonese people regarding Pemena. Criticism of the data, including the internal and external examination is employed after all data have been collected. The next step is presentation of facts in a readable form involving problems or organisation, composition, exposition, and interpretation. The final step conducted is by composing the facts into a complete historiographical transcription. This research aims to explain how the state policy has a major impact on the decreasing number of Pemena followers at that time. In order to support these objectives, it also explains the condition of the state before and after the gestapu event which is the main reason behind it. The researcher uses the concept of power relations and conflict approaches to support this research. Since a long time ago, Karo people have had its own traditional belief known as Pemena. They believe that there are souls live on large boulders, large woods, rivers, mountains or other sacred places. Ever since the entry of evangelism and Syiar Islam to the Karo Lands, the numbers of the followers were declining although not in a large scale. Following the Thirtieth of September Movement in 1965 and the beginning of the „new order‟ regime, religion became one of the keys of government legitimacy at that time. In order to strengthen its legitimacy, the government issued Presidential Decree No. 1 of 1965 and Law No. 5 of 1969 on the religions that were officially recognized by the government. The government also issued a Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 477/74054/1978 regarding the filling of religion columns in ID Card (KTP) that had to be filled with one of the official religions where Pemena was not one of them. Those who decided not to fill in the column would be labeled as Communists. Keywords: Pemena, State, Transition of Power. ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillahirabbil‟alaamiin saya panjatkan puji dan syukur kepada hadirat Allah SWT karena berkat rahmat dan rezeki-Nya yang tidak pernah lepas dari setiap titik kehidupan saya didunia yang tidak kekal ini, serta shalawat dan salam saya berikan kepada junjungan saya yaitu Rasullullah Muhammad SAW yang telah membawa umatnya kedunia yang penuh kebaikan dan kedamaian ini. Mungkin hanya Allah yang tahu betapa bahagianya penulis telah menyelesaikan rangkaian penelitian dan penulisan tesis untuk memperoleh gelar Master of Humaniora di Program Studi Magister Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. Adapun judul penulisan ini adalah Hubungan Negara dan Agama: Kajian Awal Kepercayaan Pemena di Karo, Sumatera Utara Pada 1966-1979. Dalam penyelesaian tesis ini, penulis merasakan banyak memperoleh bantuan serta bimbingan yang cukup berharga dari berbagai pihak, terutama bapak/ibu dosen di Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara serta rekan-rekan yang banyak membantu penyelesaian tesis ini. Penulis menyadari tesis ini jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu dengan kerendahan hati penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran bagi para pembaca untuk penyempurnaan tesis ini. Semoga tesis ini bermanfaat bagi para pembaca, khususnya bagi penulis sendiri. Aamiin Yaa Rabbal‟alaamiin. Medan, Januari 2018 Penulis Lestari Dara Cinta Utami Ginting iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Puji dan syukur penulis haturkan kepada Allah SWT yang telah memberikan karunia yang tak terkira sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tesis ini. Dikesempatan yang berbahagia ini penulis mengucapkan terima kasih atas perhatian, tenaga, pikiran serta segala bimbingan yang telah diberikan dalam menyelesaikan tesis ini kepada: 1. Bapak Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S, sebagai Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara sekaligus Ketua Komisi Pembimbing yang telah banyak memberikan masukan, kritikan, dorongan, nasehat dan motivasi kepada penulis selama perkuliahan maupun saat penulis mengerjakan penulisan tesis ini. 2. Bapak Dr. Suprayitno, M,Hum, sebagai Ketua Program Studi Magister Ilmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara sekaligus penguji yang telah memberikan banyak masukan dan kebaikan hati untuk membantu dan mempermudah penulis sehingga bisa menyelesaikan tesis ini. 3. Ibu Dra. Lila Pelita Hati, M.Si, sebagai Sekretaris Program Studi Magister Ilmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara sekaligus anggota tim penguji yang telah memberikan nasihat, saran dan berbaik hati mendengar curahan penulis tentang tesis ini. 4. Bapak Dr. Fikarwin Zuska, M.Ant, selaku anggota komisi pembimbing, terimakasih atas segala saran, masukkan, nasehat, kritik, arahan serta bimbingan dalam penulisan tesis ini. Segala hal pemikiran yang bapak berikan sangat berperan besar dalam menuntun penulis dalam mengerjakan tesis ini. iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5. Bapak Drs. Wara Sinuhaji, M.Hum, selaku anggota tim penguji yang banyak memberikan kritik, masukkan serta saran terhadap tesis ini. 6. Ibu Dra. Ratna, M.S yang bagi penulis bukan saja seorang dosen yang membantu mengarahkan penulis dalam menyelesaikan tesis ini namun juga seorang ibu bagi penulis. Terima kasih banyak atas semua perhatian ibu kepada penulis. Semoga kelak penulis dapat membalas semua kebaikan ibu. 7. Seluruh Bapak dan Ibu Dosen pada Program Studi Magister Ilmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara, semoga segala ilmu yang bapak dan ibu berikan kepada penulis dapat diamalkan dengan sebaik-baiknya. 8. Seluruh Bapak dan Ibu Dosen pada Program Studi Ilmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara yang selalu mengingatkan penulis agar segera menyelesaikan tesis ini. Berkat segala ilmu yang penulis dapatkan dari bapak dan ibu sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tesis ini sebaik mungkin. 9. Jajaran Staf Akademik dan Pegawai di Fakultas Ilmu Budaya maupun Program Studi Magister Ilmu Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara yang telah memberikan fasilitas, informasi dan kemudahan kepada penulis, terkhusus kepada Kak Lili dan Kak Tapi. 10. Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI),
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