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CONTENTS Book Notes x Chronology xi Section One: The Context Chapter One The Social and Political Background— 3 Confucianism—Mozi and Mohism (Moe-ds) and (Moe-ism)—Yang Zhu and Shen Dao (Ya-ahng, Jew)— Language and Logicians—Trends During the Warring States Era—Cultural Heroes and Concepts—Summary Section Two: Authors and Texts Chapter Two The Dao De Jing—Why Does the Dao De 27 Jing/Tao Te Ching/Laozi/Lao Tzu Have So Many Names?— Dao De Jing, The Author—Dao De Jing, the Text—The Dao De Jing, the Style of the Text—The Dao De Jing in the West— The ZhuangziCOPYRIGHTED, the Author—The Zhuangzi MATERIAL, the Text—The Zhuangzi, the Style of the Text—The Zhuangzi in the West—Issues in Translation—Summary Chapter Three The Dao? A Dao? Dao? daos? dao?—Images: 49 Water, Women, Baby, Root, and Others—What Is the vii Contents Problem?—Conventional Values: Pairs of Opposites— Being and Non-Being—Summary Chapter Four Illogical Statements?—Decoding—Not Acting, 70 Not Knowing, Not Desiring—Ziran, Self-So, Natural, Spontaneous—Language—Morality—Summary Chapter Five War—Government, Society, and the Sage- 90 Ruler—The Golden Age—Advice for Would-Be Sages—Losing dao—Summary Chapter Six What Is the Problem?—Anti-Confucians— 111 Anti-Mohists—Being Useless—Point of View—This and That—Knowing How—Knowing What—Summary Chapter Seven Language: Convention and Culture—This/ 132 That, True/False—Language Is OK, Up to a Point— How to Use Language—Clarity—Death— Transformation—Survival of Consciousness and an Afterlife—Immortality—Dao—Summary Chapter Eight Public Life—The Golden Age—What 156 Should We Do?—Mirror—Forgetting—Mind/Heart Fasting—Perfected People—The Relationship of the Dao De Jing and the Zhuangzi—Summary Section Three: Developing Dao Chapter Nine The School of Zhuangzi and Followers of 179 the Dao De Jing—The Han Feizi—The Guanzi—Huang- Lao—The Huainanzi—The Liezi—The Han Dynasty and Beyond—Summary Chapter Ten Organized Daoism—The Search for 202 Immortality—Organized Groups—The Cult of Laozi— Modern Organized Daoism—The Mystical Reading— viii Contents The Philosophical Reading—Modern Daoism—Dao Lite—A Lao-Zhuang Daoist—What Is Daoism and Other Problems Glossary of Technical Terms 232 Glossary of Pronunciation 235 Further Reading 237 Bibliography 239 Index 252 ix.

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DAOISM (TAOISM) From the point of view of literature, the Divine Com- ed. and tr. H. R. HUSE (New York 1954); ibid. ed. and tr. T. G. BER- edy was the ultimate expression of Gothic aesthetics, and GIN, 3 v. (pa. New York 1948–54); ibid. tr. D. L. SAYERS and B. REY- its very characteristics tend toward the multiplicity of ele- NOLDS, 3 v. (New York 1962, 1959–62); Purgatorio, tr. J. CIARDI (pa. New York 1961); Inferno, tr. J. CIARDI (New Brunswick, N.J. ments, the search for correspondences, elevation, difﬁ- 1954); ibid. tr. W. CHIPMAN (London 1961); Monarchy, tr. D. culty, subtlety, and extreme reﬁnement. Only two NICHOLL (New York 1955); ibid. tr. H. W. SCHNEIDER (2d ed. New decades later PETRARCH was to begin a completely new York 1957); Epistolae, ed. and tr. P. TOYNBEE (Oxford 1920); La style, the style of the RENAISSANCE. Vita nuova, tr. D. G. ROSSETTI, in The Early Italian Poets (London 1861) 223–309; ibid. tr. M. MUSA (New Brunswick, N.J. 1957); Bibliography: Opere: Testo critico della Società dantesca ibid. tr. R. W. EMERSON, and ed. J. C. MATHEWS (Chapel Hill 1960); italiana, ed. M. BARBI et al. (Florence 1921); La vita nuova, ed. M. The Vita nuova and Canzoniere, tr. T. OKEY and P. H. WICKSTEED BARBI (Florence 1932), v.1 of Edizione nazionale; Il convivio, ed. (London 1906; repr. 1911); Odes, tr. H. S. VERE–HODGE (Oxford M. BARBI (new ed. Florence 1934–37), v. 4–5 of Opere; Rime, ed. 1963). G. CONTINI (Turin 1939); Divina commedia, ed.
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