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Words to Live By: Castiglione's Il Libro Del Cortegiano and Four Men Of National Library Bibliothèque nationale !*lof Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ollawa ON K1A ON4 ORawaON KlAON4 Canada Canada Your hl0 Vorre rdlerence Our file NaIrire rdiérenca The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Licence non exclusive licence aiiowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraq of Canada to Bibiiothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfichelfilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in thls thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial exiracts fiom it Ni ta thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my husband, Bill, who dared me to translate my love of history into something more tangible. Abstract The English court in the first half of the sixteenth century was the focal point of power, influence, and advancement. A world al1 its own, the court had rules, both unwritten and written, that the wise courtier studied and mastered. As royal servants and royal intimates, Sir William Compton, Sir Nicholas Carew, Henry Norris, and Sir Francis Bryan moved in close orbits around the Sun of the court: King Henry VIII. Two of their stories ended happily; two did not. What made the difference? What was reqiiired for success at court? The second question has its answer in a contemporary Italian work by Baldassarc Castiglione, Il Libvo del Correeiono (The Book of the Courtier). The author outlines his ideal of courtlp behaviour: how to tak. how to act, how to behave towards one's prince. Through diligent practice of Castiglione's precepts, the courtier acquires the favour of bis ruIer, whicli lie uses for the public good. if The Courtier is the gold standard, measuring these four careers against its high ideals leads to interestinç, oflen surprising conclusions. Our two "failures" actually appear to have followed the Castiglione mode1 quite closely. The "survivors" seem to have applied only the surface gloss of The Coilrtier. These four stories emphasize a point that Castiglione did not: the ability to read, and adjust to, the political undercurrents of the court was necessary for success in that world. Acknowledgernents 1 wauld like to take this opportunity to thank my supervisor, Dr. Carl Ericson, for his help, encouragement, and endless supply of suggestions for source material. Grateful thanks go to Mrs. Jeaii Little, Assistant Microbiologist at the Dr, Everett Chalmers Regional Hospital, for her patience, understanding, and willingness to juggle work schedules. Special thanks are due to Dr. David Starkey for his permission to cite Iiis unpublislied Ph.D. thesis, and for subçequent assistance and encoiiragenlent. Always, 1 thank my niother for fostering niy love of reading, and for believing in me. Last but certainly not least, 1wish to thmk my husband Bill, for his willingness to step outside his nrea of expertise, for reading and rereading, and for being there. Table of Contents Page Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One: Why coine ye to court? ..........................................................................4 Notes .......................................................................................................................21 Chapter Two: Sir William Compton ........................................................................... 26 Notes ....................... ........................................................................................34 Chapter Three: Sir Nicholas Carew ..................................... .. ..............................37 Notes ........................... ... ......... ...........................................................................50 Chapter Four: Henry Nonis ...................................................................................... 55 Notes .................................................................................................................. 65 Cliapter Five: Sir Francis Bryan ..................................................................................68 Notes ....................................................................................................................... 76 Cliapter Six: "To shape in wordes a çood Courtier" ...................................................80 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 90 Chapter Seven: "This perfect trade of Courtiersliippe" .............................................. 94 Notes ....................................................................................................................107 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 110 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................113 Introduction In Henry VIII's England, al1 roads led to court: to the maelstrom of humanity, intrigue, risk, and reward that surrounded the King. Those privileged to serve Henry at close range had a unique opportuniîy to advance their fortunes, for they were not mere servants; in his boisterous youth, the new King had fllled his court with his Eends. FoIIowing an exploration of the court itself, this thesis will look at the careers of four such men, close fiiends and body servants of Henry VLII, viewing them through the Iens of an authority ofthe Italian Renaissance. In this way, hopefully, we will get a clearer picture of what was needed for a successful career at court, and what pitfalls were to be avoided. Our four courtiers, Sir William Compton, Sir Nichalas Carew, Henry Norris, and Sir Francis Bryan, were chosen because of their prominence in Henry's inner circle. A11 entered Henry's service fairly early in his kingship; they were well-known to contemporaries; their doings were important enough to be well-documented; and their fates were fairly well baIanced within the group. Of these four, two died in their beds, two on the block. The "yardstick" against which their deeds and misdeeds will be measured is II Libro del Corteeiano (The Book of the Courtier), an idealized picture of the ttalian court of Urbino. In this book, Baldassare Castiglione presents an image of the perfect courtier: his attributes, his virtues, and what he needs to achieve his goals. In making the Ieap from an 2 Italian court to that of early modem England, Castiglione's theoretical construct survives more or less intact: under Henry Vm, England could be argued to have taken her first taste of the European Renaissance1. ' Thanks to Dr. Gary Waite for suggesting this point. Chapter One: Why Corne Ye to Court?' Before considering the careers of our featured courtiers, we must examine the milieu in which they operated: the world of the court. This world had its awn unique character, its own rules, and its own atmosphere; it warrants a closer inspection, a look at its purpose, its pressures, and its everyday functioning. What was the court? The dictionary gives us several definitions: the residence of a sovereign (a place); the sovereign's family and retinue of courtiers (people); the sovereign and state officiais, the ruling power (an institution); and a formal assembly or reception by the sovereign (an event)'. In considering these aspects of the court - the place where it assenibled, the people wiio made it live and work. the political power it represented, and the costly show it displayed over many years, one common element reciirs: the central figure of the sovereign. The court revolved around the monarch; in fact, the court was constituted by his or her presence3. Its splendour had a practical purpose: to display and emphasize the wealth and power of the English Crown, and the man who personified that power. Within the framework of personal monarchy established by his father, Henry VIII held the reins of govemment and patronage firmly in his hands; he could make a man's career or destroy his hopes for himself and his famiIy. Sooner or later, the ambitious found their way to court. The English court was, at its most basic level, the King's home: the place where he carried out the duties and functions of his office, as well as those more private aspects of 5 his life. The court was in fact held in several homes, but its basic physical layout varied little fiom place to place. Reflecting the dichotomy of the King's public and private lives, the rooms in which the court finctioned were divided into the "outward" and "inward" chambers, each division representing not one but many rooms. Throughout the Middle Ages, the largest and most important of the outward chambers had been the great hall, serving as the communal living area for the court and dining-rooni for King and servants alike. From about the mid-fourteenth century onwards, however, a new trend had appeared: the King and his senior courtiers now began to dine in the relative comfort
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