ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS OF

THE ADELBERT MOUNTAINS,

NEW GUINEA

RESULTS OF THE 1959 GILLIARD EXPEDITION

E. THOMAS GILLIARD AND MARY -LECROY

A 1.

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 138 : ARTICLE 2 NEW YORK: 1967

ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS OF THE ADELBERT MOUNTAINS, NEW GUINEA

0 RESULTS OF THE 1959 GILLIARD EXPEDITION

E. THOMAS GILLIARD Late Curator, Department of Ornithology The American Museum of Natural History MARY LECROY Research Assistant, Department of Ornithology The American Museum of Natural History

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 138 :ARTICLE 2 NEW YORK: 1967 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 138, article 2, pages 51-82, text figure 1, plates 9-14 Issued November 10, 1967 Price: $2.50 a copy INTRODUCTION

THE BASIS OF THE PRESENT REPORT is a col- situated at its present spot on the coast. Evi- lection of 385 specimens of birds obtained by dently in the early days of Australian trustee- the late E. T. Gilliard and his wife in the ship the name "Madang" referred to a large Adelbert Mountains of northeastern New area of the coast surrounding the present Guinea in March and April, 1959. At the time village of Bogadjim (the early Australian of Gilliard's death in January, 1965, parts of government center and the former capital of this report already existed in manuscript Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Stephansort). Natives form. The junior author had been working in from Keku, Bom, Bogadjim, Jimjam, Bauak, the laboratory with Gilliard on this report, Belaiya, Bwai, and other villages who went and the present publication combines this to work in coastal plantations were referred manuscript and a short introduction written to as "Madang boys." After a few years the from field notes made by Gilliard. Australians left Bogadjim, and the name "Madang" was transferred to the village HISTORY which is now the town of Madang. It was im- The Adelbert Range is one of the isolated possible for Gilliard to determine which "Ma- mountain ranges that lie to the north of the dang" Beck had referred to on his labels, great lowland valleys of the Mamberamo, since the period when Beck was in the area Sepik, Ramu, and Markham rivers. It is sep- was about the time the transition took place, arated from the Bismarck and Schrader and there was only an incomplete itinerary Mountains to the south by the Ramu River available of Beck's travels. Beck did, how- valley and from the similarly isolated ranges ever, collect in the Finisterres, and it is pos- of the Huon Peninsula by the Gogol River sible that the Madang referred to by Beck and the lowlands around Astrolabe Bay. was the village now referred to as Bogadjim. In 1928 Rollo Beck collected in the area In 1956 Gilliard met a native, Winini, who and discovered a new species of bower bird, had been "shoot boy" for Beck. From him Sericulus bakeri. However, it proved impos- Gilliard learned that Mrs. Beck had accom- sible to tell from Beck's labels or notes ex- panied her husband on the 1928 trip. Upon actly where he had collected this new spe- his return to New York, he learned that Mrs. cies; and, despite careful searching for it by Beck was still living in California. Corre- several collectors in nearby areas, the Adel- spondence followed in which Mrs. Beck con- berts themselves had not been surveyed. It firmed that she and her husband had pene- remained for the expedition herein reported trated into the Adelberts, northwest of the to rediscover Sericulus bakeri and to fix its present-day Madang, and had indeed ob- type locality with certainty. tained the new bower bird in this region. In 1956 the senior author spent from June Therefore, in 1959, the senior author and 14 to July 11 attempting to trace Beck's his wife undertook an ornithological survey trail. Labels on Beck's specimens gave the of the southern, and highest, peak of the locality only as "behind Madang," and Gil- Adelberts, setting out from the present-day liard traversed the area around Madang Madang and following roads and trails in- (Agaru, Amele, Bafulu, Bauk, Kumaru, Ma- land to Utu Mission Station and from there wan, Alexishafen, Rempi, Muru, Bagidi, Ba- climbing to Maratambu and Memenga For- nab, Banik) and the Finisterre Mountain est on the summit. The long-searched-for region (Bom, Bogadjim, Bauak, Bwai, Gar- bower bird was rediscovered in these summit kobok, Aiyau, Keku, Mt. Tyo) on foot in forests, and several birds not present in order to seek reports on the whereabouts of Beck's collection were found. Sericulus bakeri. Being unable to find the bird in this area, he decided that it must have ROUTES AND COLLECTING LOCALITIES been obtained to the north in the Adelberts. From Madang (see fig. 1) there is a fairly The situation was further complicated by good road leading a short distance past Ma- the fact that "Madang" has not always been wan to Agogoli Hill. Thence there is a good 53 54 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138

ITINERARY OF ADELBERT MOUNTAIN EXPEDITION February 24, 1959 Arrivre Madang March 2 Madaang to Mawan March 3 Maw;an to Utu, Camp 1 March 4 Utu tto Oronga, Camp 2 March 5 Oroniga to Monasiri, Camp 3 March 6 Monaasiri to Maratambu, Camp 4 March 6-April 14 Mara.tambu (Base Camp) March 13 Maraitambu to Mt. Memenga, Camp 5 March 13-April 3 Mt. IMemenga camp March 31 Mara.tambu to Wama (native hunters), Camp 6 March 31-April 11 Wamia (native camp) April 14 Mara.tambu to Oronga, Camp 2 April 18 Oroniga to Utu, Camp 1 April 21 Utu tto Mawan April 22 Maw,an to Madang foot trail to Utu Catholic Mission, which is mat River, a meandering forest stream; and in charge of Father Bernard Johnson. This the expedition made nine crossings of it. was the site of Camp 1 (altitude 250 feet). Up to this point the trail had been to the Nearby is the new village of Waralup, con- northwest, just south of the outlying foot- sisting of about 30 houses and a "house kiap." hills of the Adelberts. Here the trail turned It is situated on the western side of the War- northward and left the floodplain to ascend alup River, a very cold and swift-running a narrow, curving ridge on which Oronga is stream about 12 feet wide. When Gilliard situated. The altitude of the village is 490 had visited Utu very briefly two days before feet. It consisted of about 10 men, and all setting up camp there, the Waralup River the inhabitants were friendly and helpful to had been 4 feet higher than at the time the the expedition; however, carriers for the next expedition reached it. A spring, which is the phase of the trip were difficult to obtain. main water supply of the village of Waralup, Many of the men had left the village and, of is a five-minute walk from the village on the those who remained, many were ill. trail to Oronga. Just north of Oronga is the Oronga River, On the trail between Waralup and Oronga a stream of cold rushing water which varies the first village encountered is Gunasin, con- from 10 to 60 feet in width. When the expe- sisting of about 14 houses. It is also called dition was there it was about 15 feet wide and Driwawa after a stream just west of the vil- 1 foot deep, but evidence from great tree lage. When the expedition passed, the stream trunks and fresh sandbars indicates that it was about 8 feet wide, shallow and swift, but had been 60 feet wide and 6 feet deep within with watermarks 4 feet high. It is part of the the preceding week. southern watershed drainage of the Adelbert The walk from Oronga to Monasiri took Mountains. slightly less than five hours. The trail led up From Gunasin, after about two hours of a steep slope to the northeast and then north walking through tall, fairly level and dry to a sharp ridge with a splendid view to the forest, the expedition reached the Ninam east and west. There were some stands of River. At the time it was crossed it was 60 bamboo on this ridge. It then dropped some feet wide and 2 feet deep, but recent silt de- 300 feet into a deep broad saddle where there posits indicated that only a few days before were numerous pandanus palms, some very it had been at least 150 feet wide. Father large trees, and patches of grass. Johnson of the Utu mission stated that the From here the trail led upward to Monasiri rains of the previous weekend had been the (2310 feet), situated in a bleak but spectac- worst in four years so that the 150-foot width ular spot on the edge of a crater-like valley is probably nearly a maximum. which seems once to have been rimmed all About 40 minutes from the Ninam River around. The village of eight houses, very old the trail began a braided course with the Yo- with aged coconuts around it, is "perched 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 55

FIG. 1. Northeastern coast of New Guinea, showing the locality of the Finisterre and Adelbert Mountains. Inset: Area surveyed by the 1959 expedition. 56 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 like a disheveled tree house" on a grassy, All have a peculiar kind of tree-leaf roofing rocky crag. All the forest has been removed first seen at Oronga. The village is rather like from the knoll, and from the village one can a "ghost village." Eight men and women see both the sea near Madang and the peaks have died there in the past year, and most of of Mt. Wilhelm. The houses are poorly con- the population has fled in fear of the "plague," structed, with the floors raised 2 to 4 feet off which is a kind of pneumonia usually follow- the ground and made of "pit pit" poles with ing severe malaria. wide cracks between. Because there is al- There is a good trail from Maratambu to ways a wind, the houses are often very cold, the upper flats of Mt. Memenga, where a and the people and their pets huddle miser- European had recently undertaken to grow ably around small fires. Sickness and failure coffee but had left and not returned. to reproduce have depleted the population to The range above the villages of Monasiri a serious extent-a most depressing village. and Maratambu is the highest of the Adel- The trail from Monasiri to Maratambu berts, but maps usually show it as higher than was very treacherous because of extensive it actually is (6560 feet on some maps, but landslides. Maratambu is almost due north its actual height is somewhat under 5000 across the crater-like valley from Monasiri feet). The range has the unmanageable name and at approximately the same altitude. It of Bawanagamunga in the language of the was very difficult to obtain carriers from the Kare people who inhabit these villages. But small and lethargic population of Monasiri, there are three high points on this boomer- and it was even necessary to employ some ang-shaped crest and they bear the follow- women. ing local names: to the west is Memenda, From Monasiri the trail mounts a grassy which is the lowest of the three; in the north knoll and then follows the top of a long, thin, middle is Memenga (the difference in names naked ridge eastward. It then curves north- is very slight, as indicated), which is the ward to a contoured trail which follows the highest peak in the Adelberts by about 500 inner slopes of the valley, going generally feet; and to the east is Enassa, the second from east to northwest. During this time the highest peak. All are heavily forested and trail dropped approximately 500 feet. At the abound in leeches and nettles. Enassa, in bottom of the valley it angled upward again particular, is a sharp peak covered with tall and into an area of landslides. The expedition original forest and connected to Memenga crossed six of these (one was about 50 yards by a high forested ridge. The sides of this wide and 2000 feet deep and another 75 ridge are dangerously steep and show scars of yards wide and 30 yards deep-a deep many slides. Enassa belongs to the people of groove). After passing this zone the trail be- Monasiri, whereas Memenga belongs to the gan its ascent to the village of Maratambu. people of Maratambu. Here the slopes were more gentle and the The Gilliards did not go to Camp No. 6 at masses of broken trees less numerous. Wama Village. Collecting there was done by The trail between these two villages was expedition hunters from Kanganaman Vil- very well engineered. It was made by Father lage on the Sepik River who had accompanied Novak in about 1925. (He was the same the Gilliards on numerous expeditions. In priest who pioneered trails to the Ramu addition, Father Johnson of Utu Mission River.) This trail made it possible to go back walked up to the village of Wama with the and forth from the headquarters of the Cath- hunters. The following information concern- olic missions on Sek Island, off the coast ing the trail is from information supplied by north of Madang, all the way to Maratambu Father Johnson. by horse. The landslides which made sec- Departing from the Memenga Forest camp, tions of the trail all but impassable had oc- Father Johnson reached the Sopa River in curred about six weeks previously and were one hour (elevation 1250 feet). From here he the worst in the memory of the local inhabi- crossed the Seira River and reached the vil- tants. lage of Samosa (1950 feet) in about two hours. Maratambu Village has about 25 houses A walk of about five and one-half hours from on the sides of a ridge surrounding a flat area. Samosa brought the party to Suoli over an 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 57 up-and-down trail that at one point reached led) of eight species (three bats, four mar- an altitude of 2200 feet. After passing Suoli, supials, and one rodent). they recrossed the Seira River at 1800 feet. Many photographs and films were made, About an hour farther on they reached old including photographs of a captive female of Wama village (2950 feet) and in another 45 Sericulus bakeri. minutes, new Wama (3650 feet). At the time All specimens collected by the expedition new Wama was in a freshly felled clearing in are deposited in the American Museum ex- the forest with trees lying all around it. It cept one specimen of each species of bird, was the highest village in the area, its new which has been deposited with the Depart- locality being some 450 feet higher than the ment of Agriculture, Stock, and Fisheries, village of Ukuriguma. The ridge upon which Port Moresby, in accordance with collecting the new village of Wama was situated was permits issued to the expedition by the De- called Nawawu. A nearby ridge was 4150 partment of Customs of Papua and the Ter- feet in altitude, and one to the north was ritory of New Guinea. probably some 400 feet higher. The return trip to the coast followed the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS same route as the entry except between Mar- Many courtesies were extended to the Gil- atambu and Oronga. The trail out was an ex- liards during their stay in the Adelberts. Spe- tremely difficult one going down nearly 1000 cial thanks are due to Mr. Les Williams, Dis- feet and back up to an altitude higher than trict Commissioner at Madang, and the nu- that of Maratambu and continuing this up- merous Madang residents who were helpful in and-down course until it finally descended to various ways and to Mr. and Mrs. Mick the Oronga River and Oronga village. Lane at Mawan. Father Bernard Johnson of Throughout the length of the trail there was the mission station at Utu accompanied the much grassland and second-growth forest, expedition in the field. His assistance in many indicating former extensive cultivation. In aspects of the work was much appreciated. It the draws, however, and on sharp jagged was he who accompanied native hunters to ridges the forest was thickly luxuriant and Wama Village and sent back notes on the original. The trail for much of the distance area to the expedition camp in Memenga was an old contoured trail which had been Forest. carefully engineered, but slides had in places Once again, as on several previous expe- made passage very difficult. In fact, the ditions, Rambur, Mava, Bowie, and Tesako, slides began at the contoured track, and it is native hunters from the village of Kangana- possible that cutting into the side of the man on the Sepik River, accompanied the mountain allows water to seep in and weaken Gilliards. Their hunting expertise, their abil- the ground below the cut. ity to converse with local natives, and their complete reliability made them invaluable to RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION the expedition. A total of 385 specimens of birds were ob- Financial assistance from the National tained, of some 130 species. A list of species Geographic Society, the Explorers Club, and represented by specimens in alcohol will be the American Museum of Natural History found in the Appendix. are gratefully acknowledged. In addition to the birds, small collections In the preparation of this manuscript for of mammals and reptiles were obtained and publication after Gilliard's death, Dr. Dean have been turned over to the appropriate de- Amadon has given generously of his time partments at the American Museum for and has made many very helpful suggestions. study. The mammals were collected by Mar- The junior author very much appreciates garet Gilliard, and in many cases the speci- his assistance. She is also grateful to Mrs. mens were accompanied by detailed draw- Gilliard for reading the Introduction and of- ings of the animal in the flesh. Hobart M. fering suggestions, and to Mr. Hobart M. Van Deusen, Assistant Curator, Archbold Van Deusen, Assistant Curator, Archbold Collections, informs us that 26 specimens Collections, for information he supplied con- were collected (either skin and skull or pick- cerning the mammals collected. Dr. Jared 58 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138

Diamond very generously shared his knowl- G. 0. Evans of the British Museum (Nat- edge of the New Guinea avifauna; Dr. G. ural History) supplied identifications of ec- Mauersberger, Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, toparasites from a cassowary chick. Thanks kindly sent information on specimens of Eu- are also due to Mrs. Margaret Hanson, who petes castanonotus in his institution; and Dr. prepared the manuscript for the editor. ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS VERNACULAR ENGLISH NAMES given for each a pinkish cast; feet and legs grayish white, species follow Rand and Gilliard (1967) in with blackish nails; cere and skin around eye most cases; native names follow after a semi- pale lead gray. colon. All measurements are in millimeters The only specimen that the expedition en- and weights are in grams. The names of spe- countered was collected as it perched alone cies observed but not collected are enclosed in the canopy of thick rain forest crowning a in brackets. A complete list of species for sharp ridge near a native garden clearing. which we have pickled specimens will be Earlier it had been observed perching on a found in the Appendix. thick midlimb of a large solitary tree grow- Plates 9 through 14 are paintings of birds ing in the native garden. Nearby on similar made in the flesh by Margaret Gilliard in the trees a large concentration of Artamus max- Adelbert Mountains. imus constantly perched and soared in and Casuarius unappendiculatus philipi Rothschild out. Gilliard had watched this Long-tailed Buzzard as it flew about in company with a SINGLE-WATTLED CASSOWARY Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus): "I no- Oronga. ticed this huge-tailed hawk first as it soared Only the head (with neck and single wat- half a mile distant and some 500 feet below tle), leg, and wings of this specimen were the ridge top on which I stood. It rose rapidly saved. Bill length from anterior edge of cas- without flapping of wings, and when at my que, 38; tarsus, 166. elevation, rapidly glided across the ridge in This large chick with a single neck wattle one long, straight glide. It soon returned to was collected while in company with a wild wheel in large circles and each time it came adult in the tropical rain forest near Oronga. around I was impressed with the deeply It had the spines of the wing filamented and 'fingered' rounded wings with their vivid the tip of the wing with a distinct hooked rows of spots, also the immensity and flexi- claw. The adult, according to Tesako, had bility of the tail, which is constantly tilted white, blue, and red on its head and a single in flight. The tilts are so acute, in fact, that wattle. Judged from the number of casso- at times the tail was set almost at right wary tracks to be seen in the forest and the angles to the wings. The head, which seemed prevalence of tame cassowaries living in na- relatively small, was constantly turned from tive villages, these ratites are common in the side to side in flight." Adelbert Mountain region. Ectoparasites were collected from this Haliastur indus girrenera (Vieillot) chick, and G. 0. Evans of the British Mu- BRAHMINY KITE; TUGUMALA seum (Natural History) informs us that two species are represented: Megninia sp. (Anal- Utu; Maratambu. gesidae, feather mites) and Eutrombicula sp. Weights: Females, 394 (subadult), 434, near hirsti (Sambon) (Trombiculidae, chig- 466. gers). Not uncommon, this species is occasion- ally found soaring alone, in pairs, or in com- Dendrocygna guttata Schlegel pany with other hawks over ridges and gorges SPOTTED TREE DUCK of the Adelbert region far from water. It is One specimen was obtained near Utu. also occasionally seen near native gardens, particularly during the fire season. The stom- Henicopernis longicauda longicauda (Garnot) ach of one contained remains of many long- LONG-TAILED BUZZARD legged insects. Memenga Forest. Wing: Male, 409. Accipiter novaehollandiae leucosomus (Sharpe) Iris golden amber; bill graysih white, the GRAY OR WHITE GOSHAWK maxilla more sooty gray, with the culmen Maratambu. and tip narrowly blackish, the mandible with Wing: Male, 220. Weight: 258. 59 60 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 The white phase of this fairly common spe- Megapodius freycinet affinis Meyer cies seems to be uncommon in the Adelbert COMMON SCRUB HEN; KINJOW Mountain region. This white specimen was Two eggs were found 14-16 inches down found perching in a tall breadfruit tree in a in the top of a low nest mound measuring native garden. Its stomach held two small about 18 by 20 feet, situated on nearly flat lizards. ground in tall original forest at the edge of Hieraaetus morphnoides weiskei (Reichenow) Utu Village. The mound, which was luke- LITTLE EAGLE warm to the touch, was 120 feet from a large forest stream. Maratambu. The following quotation from Gilliard's Wing: Male, 281. field notes is of interest concerning this spe- Iris dark amber brown; bill dark gray, with cies: blackish tips; cere blue-gray, with a greenish "From Kanari, the Luluai of Oronga Vill- cast; skin of lores and eye ring gray; feet age, I learned much regarding the importance pale gray, with a greenish wash. of megapodes in the economy of the villagers. Our only record is of this specimen which For centuries they have systematically was found under attack by crows as it cropped the wild population for eggs and perched 40 feet up in a large tree in a native young, and they have done it so carefully garden. that today in the Memenga forests as well as Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe all along the Sepik, this species is common to abundant, even in the very outskirts of the PEREGRINE FALCON villages. Memenga Forest. "Kanari, who owns the mound described Very uncommon in the Adelbert Mountain above, gave me the following history of it: region. The only Peregrine Falcon that was The mound is about 13 years old. Unlike encountered by the expedition was a female Talegalla jobiensis in which, he said, the which Gilliard watched for many minutes be- mound is always built and maintained by a fore he collected it. It was perched 60 feet up single pair of birds, the mounds of Megapod- on a thick, horizontal limb of a dead tree in ius freycinet are often occupied by a number the edge of a native forest garden. It held a of birds. However, the mound is always pigeon-sized green bird in its talons and suf- started by a single pair of birds. With the fered an attack from Falco severus (see that passing of years he said, some of the female species) as he watched. offspring of the original pair return to lay in the mound. Thus, often there will be two Falco severus papuanus Meyer and Wiglesworth pairs, sometimes three, rarely four, at a single ORIENTAL HOBBY; AGRIPICI mound. Kanari's mound is occupied by two Memenga Forest. pairs at the present time. Eggs are deposited Not uncommon, this species was chiefly at all periods of the year. Kanari claims to encountered in and around native gardens have cropped some 28 eggs and chicks in the where this specimen was observed perching year just past." for long periods on high dead limbs a few Talegalla jobiensis jobiensis Meyer hundred feet from a large concentration of wood swallows (Artamus maximus). Once BROWN-COLLARED BRUSH TURKEY; NYONGA Gilliard observed this small falcon as it dived Two eggs belonging to this species were ob- from behind at Falco peregrinus ernesti as the tained by the expedition. Egg 1 was found in latter perched 60 feet up feeding on a pigeon- a mound of vegetation situated on a sharp sized bird. As it passed within a yard or less ridge of Mt. Enassa under tall, thickly of the Peregrine Falcon, the latter flipped mossed rain forest. It weighted 186 grams open its wings and emitted an explosive and measured 93 by 59 mm. The embryo screech, but it did not leave its perch or drop that it contained was approximately 20 days its prey old and weighed 15 grams. 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 61 Egg 2 was taken from a mound on a hill Amaurornis olivaceus moluccanus Wallace near Oronga village. It weighed 205 grams RUFOUS-TAILED MOORHEN OR GALLINULE; and measured 97.5 by 61.5 mm. The embryo KIKOKIKO weighed 108 grams, had a well-developed Utu. egg tooth, and was nearly ready to hatch. It Although this species is regarded by Adel- moved strongly, shifting the head and mak- bert Mountain people as a fairly common res- ing slight leg movements, and had its eyes ident of swampy places (both in the grass- wide open, closing them when handled. lands and woodlands) it was never seen by According to Oronga village natives, this members of the expedition. Our one specimen species is fairly common. It is said to build a was shot by a native hunter in tall swampy nest mound on flat ground beneath tall grassland near a stream. The stomach con- rain-forest trees and to occupy the mound tents were shrimplike insects and a large cat- for from three to five years. The natives be- erpillar. lieve that each mound is owned by a single pair of birds, and that the pair usually visits Ptilinopus superbus superbus (Temminck) the mound to "straighten" it each morning SUPERB FRUIT DOVE throughout the year. The eggs, they believe, may be deposited in any month of the year, Our only record is of a male found feeding and the eggs are always placed on end. The in the ridge forest at Memenga. young hatch in from two and three "moons" Ptilinopus pulchellus decorus Madarisz time. After hatching, the chicks stay in the mounds, sometimes for several days, and are BEAUTIFUL FRUIT DOVE often found entrapped among the eggshells Our one specimen, a male, was obtained in by natives intent on cropping the mound for Memenga Forest. eggs or young. The adults, according to na- tive lore, call as they approach the mound. If Ptilinopus iozonus jobiensis Schlegel young are entrapped in it they answer with ORANGE-BELLIED FRUIT DOVE; MASAWAKI an "is-is-is-is" note in a rapid, hissing man- Oronga; Memenga Forest. ner. When this is heard, also according to Weights: Male, 115; female, 118. native informants, the adults immediately Iris yellow to orange, eye ring dark gray, cut a tunnel into the mound and liberate the cere olive. chick. In view of what is known of other megapodes, notably Leipoa, much of this Megaloprepria magnifica septentrionalis Meyer native lore is probably erroneous. MAGNIFICENT FRUIT DOVE This megapode is one of two species that Oronga. are economically important to the local na- Weight: 185. tives. All mounds, as soon as they are dis- This specimen had the ovary very much covered, are immediately marked with the enlarged. ownership symbol of the discoverer (usually by crossing saplings ringing the mound and Ducula pinon jobiensis (Schlegel) placing a tambu mark of crossed sticks on the PINON IMPERIAL PIGEON ground). Mound ownership is carefully hon- Maratambu. ored, and the mound owner then systemati- Testes cally takes eggs and young from this mound. enlarged. Adult birds are never killed. By careful ques- Ducula rufigaster uropygialis tioning of one mound owner, Gilliard esti- Stresemann and Paludan mated that he obtained a yield of about 15- PURPLE-TAILED IMPERIAL PIGEON 17 eggs and young from one mound in one Oronga. year. Weight: Male, 451. See Clark (1960, 1964a, 1964b) for infor- Iris red, with broad, wine-colored rim; eye mation on the ontogeny of this species. ring and skin near eye rose. 62 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 Ducula zoeae (Lesson) This species is fairly common. One which ZOE IMPERIAL PIGEON was flushed from the ground in the second Our only specimen was collected above growth of an abandoned garden flew a short Maratambu. distance to perch on a low tree limb. Gymnophaps albertisii albertisii Salvadori Otidiphaps nobilis cervicalis Ramsay MAGNIFICENT GROUND PIGEON; MOOMA MOUNTAIN PIGEON; WASWASA Memenga Forest. Maratambu; Memenga Forest. The Magnificent Ground Pigeon was Weights: Male, 273; female, 241. rather common in the Memenga forests but Iris mottled red-orange (male), red-orange, very shy and retiring. One of the two speci- with inner ring of pale yellow (female); go- mens collected by the expedition was a fe- nads much enlarged. male shot while on a nest containing one egg. This species is by no means common in the The egg was broken but measured approxi- forests surveyed by the expedition, but oc- mately 44 by 31 mm. The body of one speci- casionally flocks were encountered in steep, men was saved in formalin. tall, hill forest. One that Gilliard observed closely on March 11 consisted of about 10 Goura victoria beccarii Salvadori birds which kept together in a tight group in VICTORIA CROWNED PIGEON the topmost limbs. When one was shot, the Oronga. others moved only a short distance before According to native lore, this species is settling down, apparently to feed. still fairly common in the lowland swamp Macropygia amboinensis kerstingi Reichenow forests at the southern foot of the Adelbert Mountains. AMBOINA CUCKOO-DOVE; EMGUSA Maratambu. Pseudeos fuscata incondita (Meyer) Weights: Male, 146; female, 135. DUSKY-ORANGE LORY These specimens are slightly darker above Nawawu; Memenga Forest. than typical kerstingi. Weights: Males, 170, 181; female, 172. This is a common species of the mountain Iris bright red (males), orange (female); forest and forest edge where it is usually bill orange; feet, cere, and eye ring black; skin found solitary or in pairs perching in the mid- at base of bill orange. The subadult male dle limbs. The female was one of a pair found differs from the adults by having the iris pale perching 35 feet up in vines in the edge of a yellow and the bill dark brown speckled with native hill garden. It had an egg about ready deep gold. for laying. Trichoglossus haematodus intermedius Reinwardtoena reinwardtsi gniseotincta Hartert Rothschild and Hartert GREAT CUCKOO-DOVE RAINBOW LORY Our only specimen is preserved in alcohol. Memenga Forest. It was one of a flock of about 10 observed Weight: Male, 172. feeding in the forest crown above Mara- Charmosyna placentis subplacens (Sclater) tambu. YELLOW-FRONTED BLUE-EARED LORY Chalcophaps stephani stephani Pucheran Maratambu; Memenga Forest. STEPHAN'S GROUND DOVE Our specimen was one of a pair(?) that visited a flowering tree in the edge of a na- Memenga Forest. tive garden in company with several species Weights: Males, 122, 140. of Myzomela. Gallicolumba jobiensis jobiensis (Meyer) Micropsitta pusio beccarii (Salvadori) WHITE-BREASTED GROUND DOVE BUFFY-FACED PYGMY PARROT; NIMUKA Oronga; Maratambu; Memenga Forest. Maratambu. Weights: Male, 144; females, 132, 151. Uncommon. Our only specimen was one of 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 63 a small party found in the upper limbs of a Chalcites meyeri (Salvadori) forest-edge tree. MEYER'S BRONZE CUCKOO Probosciger aterrimus stenolophus (van Oort) Nawawu. PALM COCKATOO Weight: Male, 15. Plate 9 One bird was trapped on a nest of unknown identity built in the crotch of a tree and dec- Oronga; Nawawu. orated with living moss. This species is fairly common but thinly distributed. Sometimes it is remarkably con- Centropus menbeki menbeki Lesson fiding, as, for example, in the Astrolabe Bay GREATER COUCAL area near Bogadjim, where the senior author once encountered a lone adult as it perched Maratambu. quietly about 35 feet up in high rain forest Podargus papuensis Quoy and Gaimard pulling with its bill at a large woody object GREAT PAPUAN FROGMOUTH held handlike in its left foot. It was so busily engaged in eating that shouts only caused it Mawan. to turn its head briefly, revealing its long, Podargus ocellatus ocellatus Quoy and Gaimard stringy, blue-black crest. LITTLE PAPUAN FROGMOUTH [Cacatua galerita triton Temminck] Maratambu. SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOO Weight: Male, 150. The following observations are from Gilli- This specimen was shot at 10 P.M. in a na- ard's notes for March 7, above Monasiri: tive garden at the edge of second-growth hill "Very common. Usually occurs in flocks forest. It was perched on a dead banana but often is seen in pairs flying over the for- frond about 8 feet up. est, especially in morning and evening. One Hemiprocne mystacea mystacea (Lesson) flock of nine was observed at 3000 feet as it wheeled out from the forested slope, turned MOUSTACHED SWIFT and then split into two groups that landed in Below Suoli, Sopa River. naked canopies 100 yards apart. A single Weight: Female, 79. white bird was seen flying against a green wall Ceyx lepidus solitarius Temminck of foliage at least a mile away. "Cockatoos are abundant in the summit DWARF KINGFISHER forests. Certain trees seem to be their base of Maratambu. operations with the cockatoos screaming Weight: Male, 16. around them, diving at each other, circling This bird was discovered sitting quietly away after a shot and returning noisily. Ap- and alone about 25 feet up in the upperipart parently their cry rivals their crest, both be- of fairly thick old garden forest. ing [perhaps] designed to frighten predators." Dacelo gaudichaud Quoy and Gaimard Psittrichas fulgidus (Lesson) RUFOUS-BELLIED GIANT KINGFISHER VULTURINE PARROT Memenga Forest. Kulu. Weight: Male, 138. Larius roratus pectoralis (Muller) Halcyon torotoro torotoro (Lesson) RED-SIDED ECLECTUS PARROT; KALAGA LESSER YELLOW-BILLED KINGFISHER; Maratambu. YASASENGAVA Wing: Male, 253. Maratambu. A female was in breeding condition, with Geoffroyus geoffroyi minor Neumann several ova almost ready for laying. RED-CHEEKED PARROT Stomach contents consisted of the remains Utu. of insects and a large, leathery white egg Wing: Male, 163. Weight: 146. with the remains of a vertebrate within. 64 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 Halcyon nigrocyanea quadricolor (Oustalet) seem to have more black, with the feathers BLUE-BLACK KINGFISHER growing from the base of the mandible black. Birds from the Vogelkop invariably seem to Oronga. have the feathers growing from the base of Our two specimens, an adult and a sub- the mandible of the same color as the throat, adult male, were together about 6 feet up in except the two specimens mentioned in the the substage of dark semi-flooded forest, not preceding paragraph in which there is a near a stream. stripe of ochraceous feathers, starting at the Tanysiptera galatea meyeri Salvadori base of the mandible and separating the lighter tan of the throat from the black of the COMMON PARADISE KINGFISHER lores. Oronga. From the foregoing discussion it can be Weight: Female, 69. seen that there is much variation within the species Tanysiptera nympha, which is not Tanysiptera nympha Gray surprising considering its disjunct range. Ow- PINK-BREASTED PARADISE KINGFISHER; ing to the scant material available and the YA-SAY-TANGAWA probability of color changes with age, how- Maratambu. ever, it seems inadvisable to separate any Wing: Male, 93; female, 92. Weights: 57, subspecies at this time. This record consti- 57. tutes an extension westward, in the eastern These Maratambu birds are much more part of the range, from the Huon Peninsula reddish apricot on the chest, abdomen, and to the Adelbert Mountains. lower back than all specimens in the Ameri- Merops ornatus Latham can Museum except one collected by L. and S. Quate in the Kebar Valley, Vogelkop, in RAINBOw BEE-EATER 1962. This is an immature bird, molting into Oronga; Maratambu; Memenga Forest. adult plumage. It has the lower back as red Weights: 27-29.5. as in our specimens and splotches of the same red on the abdomen. One female from Sattel- Eurystomus orientalis pacificus (Latham) berg, collected in 1924, approaches our birds BROAD-BILLED ROLLER in abdomen color but is lighter on the lower Utu. back. Other specimens were all collected prior Weight: Females, 134, 134. to 1929 and have much less intense reddish [Aceros plicatus jungei (Mayr)] coloration (pinkish tan to pinkish apricot). Thus, it seems probable that this rare king- PAPUAN HORNBILL fisher fades considerably in collections, but Abundant. additional specimens are needed before in- Pitta erythrogaster habenichti Finsch dividual or seasonal variation can be ruled out. BLUE-BREASTED PITTA; OKATARI One bird, collected at Etna Bay in 1896, is Maratambu. lighter on the abdomen than all the others. Weight: Male, 82. The color is pinkish beige, with a well-marked Our specimen was captured on its nest on ochraceous band across the upper chest. An- the ground at the base of a tree in the forest. other specimen (locality, northwest New The nest and two eggs were also collected. Guinea) is only very slightly darker on the The nest itself was composed of dead leaves, abdomen and has traces of the same ochra- small dead vines and rootlets, and some dry ceous collar. It seems very unlikely that grass stems; about 10 dead sticks the size of these specimens have faded in this manner, a pencil (4 to 8 inches) were used as a founda- but just what their position is must await tion. A number of live green ferns and many further collection. skeletonized large leaves formed the awning There is also variation in the amount of and roof. The nest cavity was lined with a black on the side of the head. Birds from the mat of black, hairlike strands from the inner Huon Peninsula and the Adelbert Mountains surface of the limbum palm. 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 65 The eggs are a wide oval (one measured Weights: Males, 146, 148, 170; females, 22.8 by 28.2), whitish, with irregular blotches 132, 135. of vinaceous gray-brown, sparse on the One female had the ovary much enlarged, smaller, and becoming profuse on the larger, with several ova quite large; one male had en- end. larged testes. These birds are intermediate between stre- Pitta sordida novaeguineae Muller and Schlegel nua and adamsoni. The under wing coverts BLACK-HEADED PITTA and axillaries vary from pale to deep ochra- Maratambu. ceous, and the wing, though perhaps slightly Weight: Female, 70. closer to that of strenua, is intermediate in This species is seldom observed, but its call, size. a clear whistle of several phrases, is heard One specimen was shot from a small limb fairly frequently. in the upper middle tier of original forest; it Our single specimen was shot in the sub- was one of two seen together. The stomach stage of original mountain rain forest. It was filled with very hard amber and green flushed twice, flying each time a short dis- insect skeletons and long transparent wings, tance close over the ground. The second time all apparently the remains of one or two large it alighted, it ran on the ground in front of cicadas. the hunter, then mounted a log and was shot. It was silent and solitary. Crateroscelis murina munina (Sclater) LOWLAND MOUSE-BABBLER; SOLNANDA Hirundo tahitica frontalis Quoy and Gaimard PACIFIC SWALLOW Maratambu; Memenga Forest. Weights: Males, 15.5, 16.5; females, 14, 16. Utu. An immature specimen had the mandible, Weight: Male, 13. as well as the maxilla, black. Lalage atrovirens atrovirens (Gray) BLACK-BROWED TRILLER Eupetes castanonotus burgersi Mayr Utu. MID-MOUNTAIN EUPETES Weight: Male, 31.5. Plate 10 Coracina melaena melaena (Lesson) Memenga Forest: One male. Nawawu: BLACK GREYBIRD Two males, one female, one [male], one [fe- male]. Utu; Oronga. Wing: Males, 94, 95, 99; female, 91. Weight: 50. Weights: Males, 71, 72, 74; female, 66. The Oranga specimen was one of a small Our specimens are from the area between flock of greybirds that worked noisily through the ranges of burgersi (Sepik Mountains) and the lower and middle tier of the forest. par (Saruwaged Mountains). The American Coracina morio incerta (Meyer) Museum has no topotypical material of either MtLLER'S GREYBIRD subspecies, and Dr. G. Mauersberger of the Maratambu; Memenga Forest; Kulu. Zoologisches Museum in Berlin very kindly Weights: 57, 61, 67. compared female specimens of both par and A subadult specimen had a lead gray bill. burgersi with Eupetes c. castanonotus in the Berlin Museum collection. He found that par Coracina lineata axillaris (Salvadori) females are, as Mayr (1931, p. 690) said, a BARRED GREYBIRD brighter chestnut color on the upper back Maratambu; Memenga Forest. than the nominate race. Three females of Weights: Male, 75; females, 68, 72. burgersi at his disposal were intermediate be- tween par and castanonotus in color of the Coracina caeruleogrisea subsp.? upper back. Our females were compared with STOUT-BILLED GREYBIRD castanonotus and found to be somewhat Maratambu; Memenga Forest. brighter on the upper back. Wing: Males, 171-174; females, 162, 163. Meise (1930, p. 17) in his original descrip- 66 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 tion of par, wrote that the wing in par is The following description is taken from the longer than that in saturatus [which at that notes made by Gilliard from the fresh speci- time included Sepik specimens later named men: burgersi (Mayr, 1931, p. 691)]. He gave the "Upperparts brownish olive, becoming following wing measurements: saturatus (in- dark and rich chestnut on rump (the latter is cluding burgersi), males,.91, 93, 95, female, fluffy and underlaid with dark gray feather 91; par, males, 101, 101, females, 98, 99 bases); a superciliary of buffy brown over the (type). Mayr (1931) gave the following mea- eye from the lores to the nape (this is a nar- surements for par: males, 101, 102, females row stripe), and a broad, sharply marked 97, 97. mask of black from the lores to the middle of Our specimens are obviously smaller than the long (almost rail-like) neck; the throat to par, and, since the females are only slightly the middle of the long neck immaculate brighter than those of E. c. castanonotus, we white, contrasting vividly with the broad are including them in the subspecies burgersi. black mask and neck stripe; underparts from Specimens collected at Keku in the foothills the middle neck apparently all rich reddish of the western Finisterres by R. Beck in 1928 brown (the white of the neck and the brown agree quite well with our birds. There may of the underparts may be divided by a thin prove to be a cline of increasing wing length black band); tail above and below deep chest- and increasing brightness of the upper back nut brown and relatively short; wide wings in females from the Sepik Mountains through with the outer primaries (at least) sooty the Adelberts and Finisterres to the Saru- brown with olive outer edges." waged Mountains, but only additional ma- This description seems to fit the female of terial and direct comparisons of specimens of geislerorum exactly, but it would not be sur- all the populations involved will give a final prising to find differences between the iso- answer. lated population in the Adelberts and the This species was found moving about on Huon Peninsula birds when skins are avail- the ground or on fallen limbs in tall original able for comparison. moss forest. One of the natives in the village The native who shot this specimen said of new Wama was able to attract the birds by that two of these birds (he did not mention giving a plaintive, medium-pitched whistle any differences in color) flew up from the composed of notes that were long and drawn floor of very thick mountain forest when he out at first and then shorter and more rapid. fired at another bird. One flew to a vine 40 He heard the bird's call first and then dupli- feet away and the other landed on a vine 25 cated it. Quickly four birds appeared, run- feet away and 3 feet up, where it was shot at ning on the ground, but without calling again. close range. When two were shot, the other two ran on the The stomach contained a mash of insect ground to escape, but did not go far, for they matter, including what was probably shiny were easily recalled by the native whistle. black ant heads. Eupetes caerulescens geislerorum Meyer Pomatostomus isidori calidus (Rothschild) LOWLAND EUPETES RuFous BABBLER; SINAAWU This most interesting specimen was shot Oronga. at 4000 feet in Memenga Forest above Mara- Weight: Female, 76. tambu. Unfortunately it was so badly man- A native hunter shot our only specimen gled that it could only be preserved in alcohol. from a flock of eight to 10 of these peculiar It is definitely the Lowland Eupetes and, babblers. The birds were in a noisy group 8 even more unexpectedly, it is of the subspe- to 20 feet up in tall open forest of the flood- cies geislerorum, heretofore not known north plain. of the Huon Peninsula. The Lowland Eupetes In the Finisterre Mountains in 1956, Gilli- found around Astrolabe Bay is E. caerules- ard (1958) found a remarkable pensile nest cens neumanni, in which the male and female identified as belonging to this species. Native are similar. The race from the Huon Penin- informants reported at that time that the sula has the female mostly brown. nests were used as communal sleeping nests. PLATES 9-14

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/ Y 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 67, Corroboration of this report was provided in Sericornis arfakianus olivaceus Salvadori the Adelbert Mountains by the lululai of GRAY-GREEN SERICORNIS Oronga Village. When he saw a skin of this species, he volunteered the information that Nawawu. this bird builds a very long nest and that Weights: Males, 9-10.5. many birds sleep in it. Upon being questioned Gerygone chrysogaster chrysogaster Gray further, he stated that the nest is suspended YELLOW-BELLIED GERYGONE WARBLER from a single vine, some 12 to 20 feet up, in open forest. He added that four or five adults Oronga. use a nest and that eggs are sometimes found Weight: 7. in it. Our single example was observed moving rapidly among the small limbs of the middle Malurus alboscapulatus tappenbecki (Reichenow) tier of original forest. It was solitary and si- BLACK AND WHITE WREN WARBLER; KUNDAWA lent. Maratambu; Memenga Forest. Gerygone palpebrosa wahnesi (Meyer) Wing: Males, 46, 47.5; females, 45.5, 46. BLACK-HEADED GERYGONE WARBLER Tail: Males, 38, 43; females, 43, 45. Weights: Males, 8.5, 9; females, 8, 9. Memenga Forest. Our two males had much-enlarged testes. Weights: Male, 9.5; females, 6.5, 9. Our specimens agree with tappenbecki from Gerygone magnirostris affinis Meyer the Sepik River and differ from alboscapula- SWAMP GERYGONE WARBLER tus, in the female, by being darker above and having the wing feathers with more restricted Utu. light edging. They differ from mafulu and Weight: Male, 8. moretoni, in the female, by being white on the Peltops blainvillii (Lesson and Garnot) abdomen and sides of the body. This is a low- land race which extends up to 4000 feet in the LOWLAND PELTOPS FLYCATCHER Adelberts. Suoli. Wing: Male, 99; female, 96. Tail: Male,. Cisticola exilis diminuta Mathews 75; female, 73. Weights: Male, 35.5; female,, FANTAIL WARBLER 33. Utu. Peltops montanus Stresemann Weight: 8. MOUNTAIN PELTOPS FLYCATCHER Sericornis spilodera spilodera (Gray) Memenga Forest; Nawawu. PALE-BILLED SERICORNIS Male: Wing, 109; tail, 83. Weight: 36. Memenga Forest; Nawawu. Rhipidura threnothorax threnothorax Miller Weights: Males, 10.5, 12.5, 13; female, 10.5. SOOTY THICKET FANTAIL Iris tan to red-brown. Oronga. This species was found in pairs, working Weight: 15. along vines, small twigs, and leaves. It is This specimen was one of a pair 3 to 8 feet a common but not easily seen species of the up in vines in tall, dark forest. lower third of the forest, usually within 5 to Rhipidura leucothorax subsp.? 20 feet of the ground. WHITE-BREASTED THICKET FANTAIL Sericornis nouhuysi oorti Rothschild and Hartert Maratambu. LARGE MOUNTAIN SERICORNIS Specimens collected by Beck in the Ma- Nawawu. dang area are intermediate between leuco- Weight: Female, 14. thorax and episcopalis (Mayr and Rand, 1937, Ovary much enlarged. pp. 158-159). Since our specimen was sub- This bird was one of a pair shot from a low, adult, we were unable to determine with cer- bushy tree in which they were feeding. tainty its subspecies. It does, however, agree 68 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 very well with female specimens from Ma- Monarcha guttula (Garnot) dang found by Mayr and Rand to be closer SPOT-WING MONARCH FLYCATCHER to episcopalis. This bird was shot on a sharp, heavily for- Oronga; Memenga Forest. ested ridge leading to Mt. Memenga. The Weight: 17. native hunter stated that the bird was in a An adult female had the ovary enlarged. tangle of vines about 15 feet above the ground Monarcha chrysomela aurantiacus Meyer and was accompanied by several other small BLACK AND YELLOW MONARCH FLYCATCHER birds. This locality is in original forest in steep mountain country with no water or Oronga; Memenga Forest. swampland nearby. The Memenga Forest specimens were part of a noisy wave of mixed species, including Rhipidura hyperythra subsp.? the Pygmy Honeyeater (Oedistoma pygma- CHESTNUT-BELLIED FANTAIL eum) and the Black-headed Gerygone War- bler (Gerygone palpebrosa). Maratambu; Memenga Forest; Giloup. Weights: Males, 11.5-13; females, 11, 12. Arses telescophthalmus insularis (Meyer) These birds are intermediate between mul- FRILLED FLYCATCHER; MIANGORAVA leri from western New Guinea and castaneo- Plate 11 thorax from eastern New Guinea. Three of our specimens have the extent of white on the Oronga; Maratambu; Memenga Forest. outer web of the outer tail feathers falling One of these specimens was shot from a within the range of mulleri (our birds mea- mixed flock of small and medium-sized birds sured 10.5, 11, 12). Three have the more ex- in the lower and middle portions of original tensive white of castaneothorax (14.5, 19, forest at 2700 feet. Included in the flock were 20.5). There appears to be a cline with re- Tanysiptera galatea, Pachycephala simplex, spect to the amount of white present, with Myiolestes megarhynchus, and at least one Vogelkop birds averaging least and birds other species. The species was uncommon from northeastern New Guinea most. above 3000 feet. A male of this species was observed dis- Rhipidura rufiventris gularis Muller playing to a female on a vine 40 feet up in WHITE-THROATED FANTAIL forest. He frilled the broad chestnut collar so Memenga Forest. that it stood out from the neck and head like Weight: 16. a ruff, buzzed like an insect, and hopped and flitted around the female who, herself, Monarcha axillaris fallas (Ramsay) changed positions many times. BLACK MONARCH FLYCATCHER Tregellasia leucops melanogenys (Meyer) Nawawu; Kulu. WHITE-FACED FLYCATCHER 16.5-18. Weight: Males, Nawawu. Monarcha alecto chalybeocephalus (Garnot) Weights: Males, 19-22; female, 17.5. SHINING MONARCH FLYCATCHER Five of the seven males have enlarged go- nads. Oronga. Our specimens agree with topotypical me- Weight: Male, 24. lanogenys from Sattelberg. They differ from A fledgling, which is preserved in alcohol, nigriceps in having the crown and nape more was reported to have been with an all black suffused with olive and from wahgiensis in bird when shot. It was perhaps 10-15 days having the maxilla black. out of the nest. Poecilodryas hypoleuca hermani Madarisz Monarcha frater periophthalmicus Sharpe BLACK AND WHITE FLYCATCHER BLACK-WINGED MONARCH FLYCATCHER Oronga. Nawawu. Weight: 21. Weights: Males, 20-24; females, 22, 23. Our single example of this species was soli- 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 69 tary and sat on small limbs 30 feet up in the present in Keku birds, seem to be absent forest. from our specimens. The Gray-headed Whistler was found in Peneotheflo bimaculatus vicarius (De Vis): mixed flocks of small and medium-sized spe- WHITE-RUMPED THICKET-FLYCATCHER cies in the lower and middle part of moun- Memenga Forest. tain forest. Weight: 26. Myiolestes megarhynchus tappenbecki Some of the feathers on the abdomen of (Reichenow) this specimen are tipped with white, as are those of two other specimens of this race in BROWN SHRIKE-FLYCATCHER; MOWATAKA the Museum collection. However, there is no Maratambu, Memenga Forest. distinctly white abdomen as in bimaculatus. Weights: Males, 40-45.5; females, 39, The presence of this race in the Adelbert 43.5, 45. Mountains constitutes a westward extension Bill brownish gray to lead gray. Three of its range from the Huon Peninsula. specimens showed gonad enlargement. One specimen was a member of a mixed Pachycephalopsis poliosoma hypopolia Salvadori flock of small and medium-sized birds includ- WHITE-THROATED THICKET-FLYCATCHER ing Tanysiptera galatea, Pachycephala sim- Giloup; Nawawu; Kulu. plex, and Arses telescophthalmus. In addition Wing: Males, 96, 100, 104; female, 93. to the usual insect legs and wing covers, the Weights: Males, 38, 42, 42; female, 39. stomach of one specimen contained the skins One male had quite large testes. of two 1-inch caterpillars. Our specimens are closest to hypopolia. Pitohui kirhocephalus brunneicaudus (Meyer) They agree quite well with a specimen from Zakaheme in the Saruwaged Mountains. VARIABLE PITOHUI Specimens of hunsteini were not available for Maratambu; Memenga Forest. comparison. Our birds may be somewhat in- Weights: Males, 73, 79, 84; females, 81, termediate, since there is some variation in 91. the color of the under parts of our series, Iris dark brown, bill tannish gray (two some being very slightly darker than hypopo- streaked). lia, and since one male measures 104 mm. in One'specimen was shot in the upper middle wing length, and 107 mm. was given by Rand tier of open original forest where it was feed- and Gilliard (1967) as the typical wing ing in company with a flock of Myiolestes me- length in hunsteini. garhynchus. The stomach contents consisted of small black insects and small blue berries. Pachycephala soror llossi Ogilvie-Grant SCLATER'S WHISTLER Pitohui dichrous (Bonaparte) Nawawu. BLACK-HEADED PITOHUI; KORAI Our only specimen still has some of the Maratambu. brown immature plumage, but has the black Weight: 87. tail of klossi. This is apparently a very uncommon spe- Pitohui ferrugineus clarus (Meyer) cies in the Wama area, perhaps because of a RUSTY PITOHUI scarcity of forest-edge situations. Utu. Weight: 116. Pachycephala griseiceps jobiensis Meyer Native informants said this species nests GRAY-HEADED WHISTLER inside the forest edge, about 20 to 40 feet up. Oronga; Maratambu; Nawawu; Memenga Artamus maximus Meyer Forest. Weights: Males, 25, 26; females, 22, 23, GREATER WOOD SWALLOW; MATAPITAPI 24.5. Monasiri; Memenga Forest. These birds agree well with topotypical Weights: Male, 68; females, 64-69. jobiensis. Traces of hybridization with dubia, Gilliard observed and made extensive notes 70 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 1389 on a flock of approximately 16 Greater Wood to an upper limb of one of the tallest of the Swallows, excerpts from which are given be- clearing's dead trees and there it fed alone. low: Other wood swallows were in the clearing "The flock is very close-knit, with the but they did not follow the bird with the birds following each other from perch to perch food. It was somewhat remarkable that and periodically gathering in very close knots they did not because the wood swallows had to sit for varying periods of time, but not been observed to cluster in this same tree at often for longer than 10 minutes. About six this same height. I watched it through eight- dead trees and two open trees, one a casuarina power glasses for a good three minutes. Soon and one a small leaf tree with open limbs are after landing on the broom-sized horizontal used for perches, but the birds sally out on limb 50 feet up it transferred the insect to its occasion and gather in other trees for short feet, holding it first under one and apparently periods of time. The hunting area is usually under both feet as it pulled and ate parts of over the steep hillside gardens leading up to the insect. It worked away at the insect as it the small hilltop garden in which we are faced me and then it turned its back, trans- camped. One end of this garden is walled ferring the insect to the other side of the limb with original forest in which the calls of many and pulling at it with bent head. species can be frequently heard from the "Attitude while perching: Artamus is con- clearing. In the clearing itself there are very stantly fidgeting; when first landing it often few birds, aside from a skulking Brown opens the bill and cries, holding the bill open Shrike-flycatcher (Myiolestes megarhynchus). and up like a nestling begging to be fed. This Over the clearing three birds of prey have greeting (if that is what it is) is returned so been seen, the Oriental Hobby (Falco severus), that I often see several birds on the top of a Doria's Hawk (Megatriorchis doriae), and stump 30 or so feet tall all 'begging' toward once the Red-backed Kite (Haliastur indus each other. At the same time the new arrival girrenera). Of these only the Oriental Hobby on the perch (which at other times is a broad, would seem to present predatory danger to nearly horizontal limb but may be a thin the wood swallows. Other birds seen in the canted limb in the top of a casuarina) wags solitary trees of the clearing edge are the its tail furiously, mostly up and down (to the Mountain Pigeon (Gymnophaps albertisii), vertical position and a little more at times) the Purple-tailed Imperial Pigeon (Ducula but also crazily from side to side and some- rufigaster) and large numbers of the Coconut times even in a circular 'stirring' motion. Lory (Trichoglossus haematodus). Also it flips one wing at a time, partially "In this colorful setting it is a great plea- dropping and opening the wing and then sure to observe, particularly since the moun- tucking it in at the shoulder again. taintop falls away abruptly on 350 degrees "Attitude of the group on the perch: One of the horizon and a vast arc of lower moun- of the most engaging things about Artamus tains, all heavily forested, stretches out to- is its method of perching in knots. In the ward the south, east and north. Only to the Philippines (on Bataan) I noted that the northwest are there slightly higher ridges on birds not only habitually clustered in the the horizon, and only on the west is the clear- manner to be described but they sat so tightly ing walled by high forest for the width of a at night that in the beam of a torch they re- narrow forested ridge or keel leading out to sembled a folded bath towel draped over a the garden. high dead tree limb. I have also noted the "These are some impressions of Artamus clustering of wood swallows behind Port that I sketched briefly in my notebook. Feed- Moresby (the species, I believe, was A. leu- ing: One was observed to catch a large corhynchus). Here in Memenga forest clear- straight-flying black insect that lumbered ing I have been able to observe the clustering across the garden 30 feet up. It carried it in more closely than ever before. Often there the bill and the insect was so large that at will be two clusters, one breaking up and the some angles it looked as if the legs of the bird other forming. During the day the birds soar were hanging well down. After circling with out and then return to a communal perch, the wings flapping, the wood swallow flew up but some are apt to move to a new perch (one 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 71 of the eight or so favored positions about the watched for the first sign of wing motion. I clearing), there a few birds will gather within counted to 135 before the first flapping took inches of each other or tight against the place and then the bird, which had mounted shoulders of the other, and then the ones at ever higher in the sky, fluttered steeply up- the first perch will dive off that perch and ward for some unknown reason, certainly not swoop up to the new perch, there to crowd in just to gain more altitude. Probably an insect on the first arrivals. In perching on a thin was sighted. But the wood swallows generally limb the birds often face in both directions soar and flutter going down and through the while at the same time touching, but usually dead trunks and out over the valley in long most of the birds face in one direction. They static soars, gliding like a child's paper air- preen very often and so one sees the line plane, then breaking into flurries of wing which may consist of eight plump birds all motion, only to glide again. moving in different ways at the same instant. "In landing they usually come in low and Some have the neck elevated in a horseshoe dive up to the perch, but some come directly as they nibble at the upper breast feathers, at it and then back paddle with the wings. some are puffing out the feathers to make Often the birds change perches in the flock themselves almost as round as a ball, ap- when they land, as though recognizing that parently to distribute the powder of the they belonged in another position. Some of powder down feathers (these are the only the birds are reluctant, it seems to join in the passerine birds with such constantly growing group and these sit a few feet away. Others feathers), and others are preening the wings. are highly gregarious, and even when only I have often noted that in preening the wings two birds are together they have to sit tightly several birds will nibble at the under wings, against the next bird. at the same time causing the wings to be "Calls: One has only to listen for the con- draped over the neighboring birds on one stant chatter that is to be heard at all times side (only one wing is opened at a time) of the day to tell where the flock happens to while at the same time another on the other be regrouping. This chattering is very swal- side, perhaps two birds removed, has its low-like and continuous. The chattering I wings wide open and draped over the first have recorded as rapid and not very loud bird and a couple or so in between-a very "kakakakakakakakak"'s which are some- comical sight. Thus one gets the illusion of a thing like the squabbling notes of mice or bunch of plump, white-breasted, dark gray- swallows." backed birds sitting in a line hugging each other (the sort of thing one would expect at a Aplonis metallica metallica (Temminck) football game on a cold November day when METALLIC STARLING only a few of the spectators have their fur Utu. coats with them). It is this sort of lineup that 59. is constantly forming and reforming in the Weight: perches which average 40 feet apart but one Mino anais orientalis (Schlegel) is 80 feet away by itself. GOLDEN-BREASTED MYNA "Attitude in leaving perch, in flying, and in landing: Wood swallows may fly up and away Utu. from the perch, but they usually dive from it. Weights: 157, 179. They simply step off and fall nearly straight Mino dumonti dumonti Lesson down for 10 feet, then open the wings and level out in a long graceful swoop, nor do YELLOW-FACED MYNA; UGRAUWA they then flap the wings but usually continue Maratambu. to soar in fast, graceful arcs. They flutter the Weight: 281. wings in short bursts, often when it seems un- Our specimen had much-enlarged testes. necessary as in the following case: A bird dove Oriolus szalayi from a perch and then soared out over the (Madarisz) valley. Out of curiosity, I counted slowly BROWN ORIOLE (averaging a second to a number) and Nawawu. 72 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 Cracticus cassicus cassicus (Boddaert) another in pursuit, calling in the peculiar BLACK-HEADED BUTCHERBIRD way that I have called a whining caw. The flock is very loose-knit but apparently the Maratambu. birds never leave it at this season of the year. Wing: 158; tail: 122. Weight: 145. They move about through gardens in noisy Our specimen was one of a small flock fashion, not sneaking about as do the true found in the upper limbs of a kapiak tree crows. growing in the forest edge. "As they chased on occasion, rushing Cracticus quoyi quoyi (Lesson) downward over the steep forest crown (in BLACK BUTCHERBIRD places so steep the hillside had slid away) the air could be heard rushing through their Oronga. wings. I was able to note that the mouth is Weight: 174. open quite wide in flight as the birds call (one Chaetorhynchus papuensis Meyer opened the bill more than an inch as it MOUNTAIN DRONGO called in flight, making a strange, ungainly silhouette)." Nawawu; Memenga Forest. Weights: Males, 45, 49, 50. Manucodia chalybatus (Pennant) Gape white in subadult. GREEN-BREASTED MANUCODE One male had greatly enlarged testes. Maratambu; Memenga Forest. Gilliard found in the fresh specimens that Weights: Male, 262; female, 235. the normally concealed white in the wing is The adult male had the trachea greatly formed by a large patch of pure white fea- elongated, measuring more than 8 inches on thers that are a part of the innermost series its exposed portions, compared with a body of lesser wing coverts on the upper wing. and neck that are only 6' inches long. The These patches stand out prominently when trachea emerges from the thorax at the neck, the wing is extended and the scapulars are then bends downward over the center of the elevated or slimmed against the side of the breast for 31 inches. It then turns sharply body. At other times they are completely back on itself and, paralleling the downward concealed. elongation, leads upward to the point of Dicrurus hottentottus carbonarius Bonaparte initial emergence and then into the head along the slender neck. The body of this male SPANGLED DRONGO; KREAKRAZI was preserved in formalin. Maratambu. Stomach contents consisted of seeds and Weight: 86. the flesh of orange figs. Our specimen was one of a pair found in the forest edge within 6 feet of the ground. The Manucodia ater ater (Lesson) stomach contained a large mass of yellow- GLOSSY-MANTLED MANUCODE green insect matter and several black insect Maratambu; Memenga Forest. heads. One specimen, solitary in the edge of sec- Gymnocorvus trisfis (Lesson and Garnot) ond-growth forest, was being harassed by two drongos. GRAY CROW The stomach of one specimen contained Maratambu. hard oval seeds and a large pink berry. The following observations are extracted from the senior author's field notes: Phonygammus keraudrenii adelberti, "A flock of these birds has been occupying new subspecies the second growth and original hill forests TRUMPET BIRD behind the village of Maratambu for the last Plate 12 week. They keep together in crow-like man- TYPE: A.M.N.H. No. 791016; adult male; ner, but their chasing and diving are un- Nawawu, Adelbert Mountains, Mandated expected. Over and over again a bird will Territory of New Guinea; April 2, 1959; E. come peeling down the mountainside with Thomas Gilliard. 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 73 DIAGNOSIS: Near to keraudrenii andjamesi, quite accurate, said that he observed a Mag- but with the wing coverts, wings, and tail nificent Rifle Bird on its display tree. It was solid steel green, not largely purplish. Further on an exposed, nearly horizontal limb of a differing from jamesi by having the head and huge tree which towered over the forest and head tufts more bluish, less purplish. Very was heavily adorned with arboreal plants and different from neumanni in having the lower vines. The male, he said, opened the wings back, rump, wing, and tail greenish like the wide, held them open and shivered them upper back, neck, and head, not dark bluish (Rambur imitated it with his arms) and then violet contrasted with a greenish blue neck slowly retracted them, holding them up, to and head. Very different from purpureo- the body, then furled them very much as the violaceus and mayri in having the back steel Lesser Bird of Paradise does in display. green, not bright purplish violet. Very differ- chrysopterus Elliot ent from hunsteini in having the crown Diphyllodes magnificus plumes much shorter and the back steel MAGNIFICENT BIRD OF PARADISE green, not dark purplish violet. Memenga Forest. Additional specimens collected at Weights: Male, 119; females, 99, 113. Nawawu: Three males, one female, one fe- While skinning one of the females, the male? Kulu: Two males, one female. senior author saw a large orange yolk and Wing: Males, 158, 159, 164, 164,1 166, 167; much egg white emerge from the oviduct. females, 144, 156. Tail: Males, 122, 129, 131, The bird was dissected, but no eggshell was 131, 133,1 138; females, 121.5. Weights: found, only a white, leathery sac. The ovary Males, 166,1 168, 168, 172, 185, 188; females, was much enlarged, with one ovum about 135, 153. ready to be shed. The adult male had en- Four males had greatly enlarged testes; one larged testes. female had a somewhat enlarged ovary. Our male agrees best with the male of Our specimens were shot at various times chrysopterus, having the upper back darker, from groups of five to seven birds which had less crimson, than in hunsteini. The head is in gathered in the tops of trees, apparently to molt, but the few feathers present in the cen- feed. ter are of the duller brown color character- The range of this subspecies is the Adel- istic of chrysopterus. bert Mountains. The females and young males of chrysop- terus differ from those of hunsteini in having Craspedophora magnifica intercedens (Sharpe) the head and back darker, more greenish MAGNIFICENT RIFLE BIRD brown, less orange-brown, and in lacking the Nawawu; Memenga Forest. orange margins often present on the secon- Weights: Males, 183, 205; females, 140, daries in hunsteini. In these characters our 189. birds also agree with chrysopterus. This very elusive bird of paradise is prob- For a description of a bower of this bird ably fairly common, judging from the harsh observed by the senior author in the Adelbert calls of this species that are often heard. The Mountains, see Gilliard (in press). call is a rasping, growl-like cry, somewhat Cicinnurus regius similis Stresemann like the grating insect notes of Ailuroedus, but much louder and more explosive. The KING BIRD OF PARADISE bird itself is rarely seen, even when one is Oronga. standing beneath the tree in which the bird Weight: 63. is calling. It probably sits on a limb close to Paradisaea minor finschi Meyer the trunk in such a way that it is concealed LESSER BIRD OF PARADISE; ARAMBA (MALE),. in a fork. AVENGENGA (FEMALE) Rambur, an expedition native with much experience in watching displaying birds of Maratambu; Nawawu; Kulu; Memenga paradise and whose observations are usually Forest. Weights: Seven males, 264-291; females, Type. 183, 185. '74 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 Three males had enlarged testes. gone, the two white-breasted birds jumped The two females and particularly the two and darted from limb to limb, standing on the subadult males have a yellow wash on the worn areas of the main perching place and abdomen and flanks. This and the brilliant shaking their bodies as though trying to dis- golden yellow of the flank plumes and slightly play nonexistent plumes. The two white- darker breast of the adult males probably in- breasted birds stood within a foot of each dicate introgression of P. raggiana augustae- other at times and clearly appeared to be victoriae genes from the southeast. displaying with the wings partially opened The Lesser Bird of Paradise appears to be just as had the males in full plumage. Accom- very common in all areas surveyed by the panying their movements could be heard expedition. Males were displaying during characteristic display notes, and their calls March and April (the rainy season), but na- were curiously off pitch, the call being more tive informants said that the main display crow-like and less melodious. time is in July and August when certain an- "These birds, I take it, are young males cestral trees may be visited by large numbers displaying with the adult males part of the of males. time and on the dance perches after the males The main display tree in display area 2 leave." -was a wild mango, a "mangaro," 85 feet tall, with the main display limbs 70 feet up, just Sericulus bakeri (Chapin) under the canopy. At that point many limbs NEW GUINEA REGENT BOWERBIRD -were horizontal or sloped gently upward and Plate 13 radiated around the straight trunk like spokes. The trunk was about 22 feet in diam- Nawawu; Memenga Forest. eter 6 feet up and was one of the largest Wing: Males, 137, 138, 143; immature trees visible in the immediate area. It was on male, 140.5; females, 132, 136.5, 139, 139, -the north slope of an east-west ridge near 142. Tail: Males, 77, 78, 84; immature male, the summit of the ridge, in a position where 86; females, 88, 89, 92. Weights: Males, 178, the morning sun hit the display area at about 180, 183; immature male, 170; females, 164, 7:00 A.M. There were tree ferns and pandanus 165, 173, 177, 184. nearby, and about six small to medium-sized The high point of the expedition was the vines scaled the trunk of the display tree. The rediscovery of the elusive New Guinea Re- -floor of the forest was easily walked through, gent Bowerbird. Gilliard's notes, made upon but in places fallen quela trunks were ob- seeing the first two specimens are quoted be- -structions. There were, however, many net- low: tles and an abundance of black leeches. "March 15, Sunday. Sericulus bakeri was Gilliard (in press) will publish most of the collected last evening by both Bowie and extensive observations on the breeding be- Rambur in the vicinity of Camp 5. The birds havior of this species that he made in the were brought down to me this morning with Adelbert Mountains. The following obser- great ceremony. Rambur, who had shot an vations, however, on display by immature adult male in the top of the forest, wrapped males are of interest: it in a green leaf and placed the valuable bird March 28, Display Area No. 2: "At about in the bottom of a transparent bag. On top of 11:40 the adult males flew away and after a this he placed the female in such a way that minute or two of quiet I saw that two white- it was concealed by two catbird bowerbirds, -breasted birds were still in the tree. These which themselves were great rarities and birds had been moving about the edges of the new to my collection. Then on top of this display for the entire time and several times were packed the other new birds that had I had seen one of them on a branch near a been collected on the top of the mountain displaying male in full plumage. They would yesterday afternoon and today. As I un- stand on long legs and stretch, often looking packed the bag, I noted the catbirds and a down at me, and one climbed a vine after queer-looking bird which I thought just clinging to it like a giant grass warbler for sev- might be the female of S. bakeri. I did not eral seconds. Now that the adult males were rush things but examined each species with 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 75 care, remarking its identity and rarity, and Ailuroedus melanotis subsp.? then, lo! I got down to the female, and it was BLACK-EARED CATBIRD S. bakeri, the long lost species! After much jubilation and backslapping, I reached casu- Nawawu. ally into the sack and pulled out the leaf- Weight: 228. wrapped bird, expecting to find a fruit pig- Iris rust; bill whitish; skin on face dark eon or something of the sort but then saw the gray; feet silver-gray. Ovary enlarged. reddish gold of the nape of the male S. bakeri! Mayr and Jennings (1952, pp. 1-3) con- I have never had a bigger thrill except at sidered Ailuroedus crassirostris and A. mel- Mt. Hagen in 1950 when the new species, anotus to a conspecific. However, Gilliard (in Archboldia sanfordi, was brought into camp. press) believes that the differences between That time I got out a type label and used it the populations are too pronounced to be as a field label; this time I went for the cam- subspecific. His treatment of the three green era, and Margaret made pictures of Tesako catbirds (A. melanotis, A. crassirostris, and A. and me holding the two birds, the male and buccoides) as a superspecies is adopted here. female, against the painting in color of the This species was seen only once in 11 days. two that I have shown to so many thousands of hunting at and around Wama; it was not of natives in vain since 1956." (This photo- obtained by Beck in the Adelbert Mountains. graph has been published in Auk; see Ama- A study of the various populations from don and Murphy, 1966.) the mainland of New Guinea indicates that Gilliard (in press) will give a detailed ac- the Vogelkop population (arfakianus), the count of his long search for and subsequent northwest New Guinea population (jobien- rediscovery and observations of the New sis), and the Huon Peninsula population (as- Guinea Regent. It is a bird of the middle and tigmaticus) are well-marked races. Unex- upper stories of the forest above 3000 feet in pectedly, the population from the Adelbert- the Adelbert Range. Arduous efforts were Mountains just west of the mountains of the made to locate the bower of this species, and Huon Peninsula is very different from the- in addition local native woodsmen were offered Huon birds and nearest to the very dark large rewards for information concerning it. jobiensis. Adelbert birds differ, however, by Despite all efforts, no bower was found, and having the abdomen and flanks darker, more local natives had no knowledge of such a deep chestnut brown, less ochraceous, and the- bower or of visits to the ground by this spe- head with the spotting darker, more chestnut, cies. Gilliard (in press) was convinced that less amber. this bowerbird does not build a bower. On the other hand, the differences distin- Nevertheless it is now known that the other guishing the Snow Mountains population two species of Sericulus do, at least some- (facialis), the Hunsteinspitze population times, build bowers, and doubtless the same (guttaticollis), and the population of south- is true of S. bakeri. eastern New Guinea (melanocephalus) are The female of this species (pl. 13) was un- slight and difficult to evaluate. Comparing- known until it was collected by the Gilliards. topotypical facialis with a series of melano- Its plumage will be described in full by Gilli- cephalus, we find that the differences noted by ard (in press). Mayr (1936, p. 4) are virtually unrecogniz- The three males in adult plumage were in able in the females (except for the axillaries& heavy molt, all having most of the red and and under wing coverts which are clearly- gold of the head and back encased in short more whitish, less gray, infacialis). In a com- sheaths. Heavy molt was also present on parison of males, the best of a series of "thin" throat and upper breast, wings, and tail of characters (in addition to under wing colora-- each specimen. tion) is the spotting of the head and nape. In the present paper we follow Mayr and The spots are larger, more numerous, and Jennings (1952, pp. 7-8) and Gilliard (in darker in facialis. In certain skins of melano- press) in considering the New Guinea Regent cephalus, however, the head color and mark- Bowerbird congeneric with the Australian ings are nearly similar. species Sericulus chrysocephalus. Guttaticollis (cotype: Hunsteinspitze) ap- 76 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 pears nearest to facialis, since it has the Nectarinia sericeus sericeus (Lesson) darker, more brown, less amber head spot- BLACK SUNBIRD; KITSOWOO ting (but there is some overlap in this char- Maratambu. acter between facialis and melanocephalus) One individual, brought into field camp and the whiter lores. It differs distinctly with a damaged wing, was observed and pho- from both facialis and melanocephalus by tographed in life. Because of the iridescent having the chest more clear ochraceous feathers on the head, subsurface changes in brown and less heavily scalloped with black- shape were easy to see. While the bird was ish. The following measurements show that feeding, there was a constant play of light size cannot be used to separate these three across these feathers as the long, extensile similar races. Measurements, in millimeters, of the wing tongue flicked in and out. In particular, when of Ailuroedus melano- the tongue was retracted, the rear of the and tail, respectively, skull seemed to bulge at about the midline. tis are: facialis Glycichaera fallax sylvia Reichenow 2 males 153, 159; 114, 116 WHITE-EYED HONEYEATER 4 females 147-160; 105-113 guttaticollis Maratambu. 1 male 147; 114 Weights: Male, 10; female, 11. mnelanocephalus 5 males 142-159; 107-122 Oedistoma pygmaeum pygmaeum Salvadori 4 females 145-150; 112-116 PYGMY HONEYEATER Facialis and melanocephalus are valid but Maratambu; Memenga Forest. thinly differentiated races. Guttaticollis is a Weights: 5, 5. perfectly good race. The Adelbert Mountain A native hunter shot this small honeyeater specimen is different from but nearest to about 12 feet up in the leaves of second- jobiensis. Attention is here called to it so that growth garden forest. It was part of a wave additional material will be obtained and the of birds including also Monarcha chrysomela presumed new race can be formally recog- and Gerygone palpebrosa. nized. Myzomela eques pnrmitiva Ailuroedus buccoides geislerorum Meyer Stresemann and Paludan WHITE-EARED CATBIRD RED-SPOT MYZOMELA; ASINUNGU, PISSIKA Oronga; Maratambu; Memenga Forest. Maratambu. Weights: Males, 154, 159; females, 122, Weights: Males, 15.5, 16.5, 18, 18. 128, 132, 135. Three specimens had the testes enlarged. Two specimens had the ovary much en- larged; one had enlarged testes. Myzomela cruentata cruentata Meyer Observations on the defense of what was RED MYZOMELA apparently the courtship territory of a mem- Maratambu. ber of this little-known species was made by Weights: 8, 8.5, 9. the senior author in the Adelberts. For a The Red Myzomela was the first bird taken summary of these observations, see Gilliard by the expedition. Curiously, it was not ob- (in press). tained 30 years ago by Rollo Beck when he Nectarinia jugularis frenata (Muller) collected at Menganum, which is only a few YELLOW-BELLIED SUNBIRD miles from Maratambu on the same range. Oronga. Myzomela nigrita meyeri Salvadori Our only specimen was shot from a river- edge tree. It was moving in company with BLACK HONEYEATER another individual of the same species. The Maratambu. testes were enlarged. Weights: Males, 9, 10; females, 8.5, 9. 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 77 Toxorhamphus novaeguineae Since our sample size is quite small, we be- novaeguineae (Lesson) lieve that taxonomic determination must YELLOW-BELLIED LONGBILL await the collection of a larger series from several localities so that it can be deter- Oronga; Memenga Forest. mined whether the differences that have been Weights: Males, 12, 13, 14.5, 16. indicated are, in fact, only individual varia- Three specimens had enlarged gonads. tion. Toxorhamphus iliolophus iliolophus (Salvadori) Melilestes megarhynchus stresemanni Hartert GRAY-BELLIED LONGBILL LONG-BILLED HONEYEATER Maratambu; Memenga Forest. Maratambu; Memenga Forest; Kulu. Weights: 13.5, 14. Weights: Males, 50, 57; female, 48. According to native hunters, this species Iris variable, males red-orange or amber keeps to the lower third of the forest where it suffused with red, subadult male dark brown, is sometimes found in pairs. Its call is re- female light rust, sex? orange; one male had ported to be a soft, kisslike, sucking noise. enlarged testes. Our series from the Adelbert Mountains is Toxorhamphus poliopterus subspecies? closest to nearly topotypical stresemanni, but SLATY-CHINNED LONGBILL it averages somewhat more brownish on the back and abdomen, perhaps indicating that Nawawu. this population is not completely cut off from Wing: Male, 67.5; female, 60. Bill from gene flow from the southeast. base: Male, 32.5; female, 30. Wing-bill in- dex: Male, 48.1; female, 50. Weights: Male, Xanthotis chrysotis philemon Stresemann 11; female, 8. BROWN XANTHOTIS; AHSENONGO, ILIGOGO There are three thinly differentiated races of this species: poliopterus from southeastern Oronga; Maratambu; Nawawu; Memenga New Guinea, septentrionalis from the Huon Forest. Peninsula and the Wahgi region, and maxi- Weights: Eight males, 50-55; four females, mus from the Weyland Mountains. Although 45-49.5. our specimens are closest geographically to Five specimens had enlarged gonads. septentrionalis, they seem to agree best in These birds agree quite well with nearly size with southeastern New Guinea birds. topotypical philemon. They are darker on the Mayr and Gilliard (1954, p. 366) gave mea- back than madarassi and lack the olive wash surements for males of all three races. Our present in that race on the shoulders and male has the longer bill of poliopterus and is upper back. within the range of wing measurements given Xanthotis polygramma septentrionalis Mayr for this race (although some Wahgi birds are as small). We have compiled from various SPOTTED XANTHOTIS sources the following measurements for fe- Maratambu; Memenga Forest; Nawawu; males: poliopterus, wing 58-62 (8), bill 28- Kulu. 30 (8); septentrionalis, wing 62-64 (5), bill Weights: Male, 52; female, 45. 27.5, 27.5; maximus, wing 62, 65, bill 30, 31. Iris pale blue-gray (male), brown (female). Measurements of our female also agree with Skin on face behind eye flesh to rose; skin on those of poliopterus. Both specimens also face above and below eye yellow to orange; have the higher wing-bill index characteristic inside of mouth pale amber. of the southeastern New Guinea birds (see The testes were enlarged in one specimen. Mayr and Rand, 1935, p. 15); in fact, an in- These birds agree with septentrionalis in dex of 50 is higher than that of any given for having a reduced amount of yellow in the females of poliopterus. There is much overlap ear coverts and in having the olive green in crown color, and we could come to no tax- edging of the feathers on the back narrower, onomic decision on this basis. with white tips almost lacking. 78 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 138 Meliphaga aruensis sharpei tentatively assign our birds to the new sub- (Rothschild and Hartert) species connectens. PUFF-BACKED MELIPHAGA Pycnopygius ixoides proximus (Madarisz) Maratambu. BROWN HONEYEATER Weights: Male, 30; female, 37. The female had the ovary much enlarged Memenga Forest. with one egg ready for laying. Weight: 34. Meliphaga montana ?gretae Philemon meyeri Salvadori Gyldenstolpe and Gilliard MEYER'S FRIAR BIRD WHITE-EARED MOUNTAIN MELIPHAGA Maratambu; Nawawu; Kulu. Maratambu; Nawawu; Memenga Forest. Weights: Males, 53, 53, 58; female, 49. Wing: Five males, 88.5-94; nine females, One male had the testes greatly enlarged. 79.5-84. Tail: Five males, 72.5-80; nine fe- A subadult male had the upper chest males, 66-71.5. Weights: Five males, 29.5- washed with yellow. 34; nine females, 26-34.5. Philemon novaeguineae jobiensis (Meyer) Four specimens had enlarged gonads; one KOWA of these had an egg ready for laying. LEATHERHEAD; The specimens from the Adelbert Moun- Maratambu. tains appear quite green compared with M. Weight: 161. m. sepik from the mountains of the upper The average ceiling for this species in the Sepik River. They are closest to M. m. auga Adelberts appears to be about 3500 feet, but of southeastern New Guinea, but appear the birds are rather frequently found up to somewhat greener above and the wing and 4000 feet. tail average longer. Since these are the char- acters by which gretae was separated from Dicaeum geelvinlkianum rubrocoronatum Sharpe sepik and auga by Gilliard (in Gyldenstolpe, 1955), these birds are tentatively assigned to RED-CAPPED FLOWERPECKER that race, although no specimens of gretae Dawa; Maratambu. were seen. Wing: Male, 52.5; females, 49.5, 51. Weights: Male, 7; females, 7, 7.5. Meliphaga analoga connectens Salomonsen Two white seeds the size of large peas, MIMIC MELIPHAGA; SUAKILA each with some green at one end, were found Maratambu; Nawawu; Kulu. in the stomach. These were sticky and clung Wing: Males, 76, 77, 80, 81; females, 75, first to the walls of the digestive tract and 77. Weights: Males, 18, 20, 22.5, 25.5; fe- then to the side of the scalpel. males, 18.5, 23.5. A nest with two eggs was collected. Two One male had much enlarged testes. native carriers found the nest in a native Salomonsen (1966, p. 5) has named a new garden, slung from a near-vertical shaft of a subspecies, connectens, the type of which is a croton bush. It was penduline, with a side bird collected by Beck in the area around entrance so near the top that the opening Madang. The differences in color noted by was more like an opening in the uppermost Salomonsen are slight between series offlavida end of the pensile tube through which the and connectens, and there is considerable over- bird clambered down to reach the nest cavity, lap. The type of flavida from Japen is an ex- and measured 100 mm. long by 45 mm. wide, treme and shows more yellow than any other with the nest entrance opening 17 mm. wide. specimen available for comparison. It is pos- The construction was, like that of the well- sible that foxing accounts for some of the known nest of the Australian Dicaeum, a difference noted by Salomonsen, since our beautiful strong felting of animal silks, birds are slightly darker green than any. mostly gray, with reddish brown fern strip- However, pending publication of Salomon- ping intermixed, giving the structure a cam- sen's monograph on the Meliphagidae, we ouflaged color. It appeared warm, as tight as 1967 GILLIARD AND LECROY: BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA 79 woven wool, and it was probably nearly Huon Peninsula. They agree with minor in waterproof. having the forehead, head, and back all The eggs were pure white. One had the yellow green, but they have the broader yolk undeveloped, and one had a well-devel- white eye ring characteristic of gregaria. The oped embryo. Adelbert population might be named on the basis of these characters, but we believe that Melanocharis nigra unicolor Salvadori no useful purpose would be served by adding BLACK BERRYPECKER another name to the list of subspecies until Nawawu; Memenga Forest. further collecting and study are done. Weights: Four males, 11-11.5; females, 12, Three of our specimens were shot from a 14. group in ridge forest in a semi-open part of One specimen had enlarged testes. the canopy, approximately 30 feet up. Zosterops minor subsp.? Lonchura tristissima calainoros (Reichenow) BLACK-FRONTED WHITE-EYE STREAK-HEADED MANNIKIN; PISIKA Memenga Forest. Utu; Maratambu. Weights: Male, 11.5; females, 11, 12. Weight: 9. Two specimens had much enlarged gonads. One of our specimens was a member of a Our four specimens from Memenga Forest group of four that flew along the forest edge are intermediate between Z. m. minor, from and landed for a few moments in a mango tree Japen Island and the mountains of northern over the grass. It was shot from a perch 12 New Guinea, and Z. m. gregaria, from the feet up. APPENDIX LIST OF SPECIES REPRESENTED BY SPECIMENS IN ALCOHOL Dendrocygna guttatal Tregellasia leucops Ducula zoeae1 Peneothello bimaculatus Gymnophaps albertisii Dicrurus hottentottus Reinwardtoena reinwardtsil Chaetorhynchus papuensis Otidiphaps nobilis Gymnocorvus tristis Goura victoria (head only) Manucodia ater Trichoglossus haematodus Manucodia chalybatus Psittrichas fulgidus Phonygammus keraudrenii Larius roratus Diphyllodes magnificus Geoffroyus geoffroyi Cicinnurus regius Podargus ocellatus Paradisaea minor Dacelo gaudichaud Sericulus bakeri Lalage atrovirens Ailuroedus crassirostris Crateroscelis murina Ailuroedus buccoides Eupetes caerulescens' Nectarinia jugularis Cisticola exilis Oedistoma pygmaeum Sericornis arfakianus Myzomela nigrita Gerygone palpebrosa Toxorhamphus iliolophus Rhipidura rufiventris Xanthotis chrysotis Monarcha alecto Meliphaga montana Monarcha frater Philemon meyeri 1 No study skin. Lonchura tristissima

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