1976 Aug.Pdf
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...... ~ I. 11111 \ 1_....... - - RH OD E I SLAND HI STORY Published bv Issued Quarlt'rh a l Providerx e. Rhode lela nd. THt kIlOIiE. 1\1.""0 lIl'OTORICAL ~IET¥ Februarv . :\Iay, :\u~u'l. and Xovember. Second 52 POWFR HRFET. PRO\'lJ)t:SCf.• R IIODI:. I!ioU:>o'O eta, postage paid at Provideme. Rhode Island . 02906 and primed b~ a graeu of the ST ..\Tf. OJ' RItODf '''I.ASO "SO PRO\ "IDE>,;CE The Rhode tstand llutonca! SOflt'/\' Q Hllmt'.l no nASTATlO:lOS. Ph ilip W. Xoel. Gmernor. rt'.spon .llbIlItV for optrnons of contributors, Duncan II Unlt'1 vtaura n. prt'.lldnlt Gt-or~t' C. D,n i.., {' l et' prendenr Lawrence La npher, vue p resident Da vid W. Du mas, .\('(Htarv Denni.. E. Stark. a,ul,ltanl It'ot'tar)' Table of Con lt'nu G(''OIj.t(' H . Cicma. trt'4.wrn Le wis L.. Taylor. assistant t't'(uura Alben T. K1 l l>t"r l(. director The Revolution and the T own: Cli Hold P . :\1f1llahon, dsrectar emeritus Providence 1775-1783 by Na ncy fi.~h n ChudacoJl 71 Carl Bridenbaugh . Jt'tloU' oj lilt' Soc/t't)' P l:BU CA T I O S .~ COM~l l n u: Political Sacrific(' and Demi se Stua rt C. S herman . chairman J ohn Collins and Jonathan J . Hazard Henr y l.. P. Ber kwi th. Jr. 1786-1790 M r ~ . Ph ilip [)d \' i ~ by Jo hn P. KarnjT15JtI 9 1 \\'elHlt'lI Il Garrell Cha rles E. Ne ll Norma n W. Smit h Gordon S. W,MM! VOLU ME 35 N UM BER 3 AUG UST 1976 STAn :\'anq Fisher Ch udacoff. editor NOl'I P. Co n lon. manngrng editor ~I a r s h a Peters. PIt" tUTt' t'd/Ior Rh Dd,. lilarld I h.llory ( I!H2- Land lIS ptedecevsorv R hod" I Jlarld IIn lo .,. QI Sot"''''11 CoUn/""'.1 ( 19 UI·19~ I I and P r.b llt lllWrlJ H. hod,. IJla"d lIu lor'(/I1SOlin)' (11'19]· 190 11a 't" ,....ildhlt" in mit TOf",," from Xt"nJ" l · n i . t"r ~i l " :'o h ff olil m ~ . ~UO ~ nll h 7,,",b Roa d...'nn Arbor, :'oli,higan ~SI06_ ( ' UI 7 fi l · ~ 7 00 Plt"...... "'lit" In, compjere infor ma tion . n '" , and ,,,,~,iI"l"n had «'''''' 10 !'" "" d,.,(l'. l n a i)'mho/,( " I,.U' "f Ih,. "" \, d,.p, (/,.d In Ihu ro pv of a Ji7i pou'd,., nom "",p. b" d., du,. bu,ld'Il/{ J p,/,.d 0" to p 01 l'Q(h (Jlh,." (O<'trI." u'IIn III fo,t bn.I1"' fiI u,,'h " m llon and wQ, Jh,p .• In tnl' ha,bm . " 'a' ",'a.' n,,. P,,.Jl'.,, bid I" " u'o tt on , /....... w,....ft fflH\ I .......,. 71 The Revolution and the Town: Providence 1775 -1783 b)· Na1U')' Fishrr Chudacoff- For two hundred years h istorians o f th e Amer ican some of which co ntained living q uarters. Al Revolunou han" foc used on political events. mil i th ou gh a few bric k ma nsions had been built. tat v affairs, economic aspects and socia l str uc tu re, most of the houses and shops were of wood. 1 hUI Iew have auempred to as ...e...... the war's effect Sho ps a nd StOTt'S a long both sides of the 011 u rba n areas and inc nrutirms. Most gene ral his Provid en ce River co ntained a variety of businesses tories of individ ua l cities a nd eve n studies of wh ich ma de the town a diversi fied com mercial urban America conclude one cha pter with 1776 area. ch allengi ng New port by t77.') as the co m and begi n the next wirh 1783. co mpletely mercial ce nter of Rh ode Island. Its loc at ion a t the ignoring lilt' intervening yea rs when wa r betwee n head of Na rraganset t Bay made it a logical d istn Great Bri ta in and the United Stales severely dis bunon po int for a growing hinterland. So ru pted ur ban life. ciolog ist :\1a x Weher·... p hrase "r-onsumer city" Using co ntempora ry d iaries. correspondence, could de ...r ribe Providence in 1775. o ne in wh ich IH" ....-spapers. military, educatio na l, ch urc h, com "t he p u rc hasing power o f its larger co ns umers mercia l, [own and sla te records along wir h rests 0 11 th e retail for p rofi t of foreign products on secondary accou nts. I ha ve at te mpted to recon the local market .. , the foreign sale for profit of struct lite in Providence from 1775 to 1783. T he local p roducts OT gonds o btai ned from native pro ana lysis suggesls th at while the war di sturbed d ucers ... or the p urch ase of foreign prod ucts norma l aruv iues a nd created new pr oblem s or and the ir sale , .. outside."! enlarged old ones. it had virt ua lly no las ting Mo st of those eighreemh-ceruurv merc hants impact, The war probably had similar effec ts who helped make Providence a "cons umer city" upon o the r u rban areas whic h. like Providence, were well established in business by 1775. suffered no enemy occ u patio n or wartim e dam Nicholas Brown and Company, Joseph and Wil age. liam Ru ssell , and Clark and Nigh tinga le were AI the outbreak of war. the town ex tended the biggest firms :'ielling, bot h wholesale and north and south about a mile and a half along retail. n ative and imported merchandise. In addi both sides of the Providence Ri ver. th en east to tion 10 these big three there were at least 115 the Seekon k Ri ver and wes t to wha t is now 01her firms lar ge and small.' Johnston.A 1771 census en u merated 4,321 in Although the textile industr y had not yet habitants in Pro vidence a nd 655 families. A list o f brought fam e and fortune to Rh od e Islan d , Pro buildings made in 1779 indica tes about 370 vidence was already a bur geoning industria l houses in the tow n. Si nce virtually no new center. Within its boundaries were six di sutlenes buil ding was undertaken during the war years, and two spe rmaceti candle works sup ply ing both the fig ure was probably abou t rhe same in 1775. local and foreign market s. T wo tanneries. two T he 1779 list a lso shows 278 shops a nd stores. suga r houses. two chocola te houses. two gr ist- -Librarian of the Rhode Island Hi storical Sod... ty. Mrs. Chudaroff is a lso ed itor o f th is journal. 72 Rn'O U 'TI ON m ilh, a slaugh te r house . a potash works and a a nd in rhe ba ttle of Rhode leland." p'lpt'r m ill wi th clothier a nd fullinF; fac ilities Soon after Lexin gt on a nd Concord th e to w n se-rviced local needs. An iron wo rks, rhe Browns' nu"t'linK look SI('p" 10 prt'part' (or defe nse. On II OfX' Furn ace. was located just outside the town.' :'Il a ~ 10 six men w ere appoirued 10 ma ke a sun.e)' Some 1....·0 hundred tradespeo p le a nd artisans of avai lable me n a nd a rms, nOli nR those ..... ho reprev-nung over rbinv-five different trades oper could not afford a rms and ammunition. Sta listics at("(! local industries a nd supplied goods a nd art' nor recorded hom th e I77S COU III bUI a sim '>t' r"ict', for P ro vide nce a nd su rrounding a reas . ilar ..ur vev in 1776 she..... ed 726 men capable of Amo ng them ....'err houwwright-, and carpenter.., bea ring arms a nd -1 97 wea pons . On Ma v 15 the chai'tt, and vhav rnakerv, I oopers , s hipw r i ~ h l'>, mt't'l inll: requested a n imenlory of g u npo.....d er hlac bmirh,> . bu tr her v. lailor \, ha uerv, barber'> , and lead and ordered ca rtridge made a t the pe-wte-rers. silversmnhs a nd wat r h a nd ckx k town's {' x p(' n St'.~ makerv.! NC'xI , preparation began for Iunificauons and a Providence ..... as rJutlTi,>h in Jo: a'> 1775 began, wa rning system. On july 10 Ihe meeting ap l.ooki nF; back in 1778 afte r 111It"t' years of warti me proved erection of a bear-on on thr- " h ill lO the deprivations, citizt'IIs recalled th e prewar to w n: Ea stward of the Town 10 warn tilt' co u ntry in r-a se 11.\ tra de was o pe n to alm m t all parts of the of an En emy's approach ." TIlt' beacon stood OIl world. ItJ 'lali lgatlo" t'xtnl.Hllt' and prosp ero us, il.~ the hi ll:llt'sl point o n Prosl)('( t Hill near the pres ,~ h o tH and u.arrhuuses crcn oded with all so rts of em imersecuon of Prospect a nd xteeung Sneer s.