The Indo-Aryan

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ňƜĄ 2005/09/19

8ȹǆɖ ˓9 ŃΣ ŭ ˄ Ǥ ÂG˄ ˩ Λ GǺʪ ˄ ŷ Ĺ G˄ ǉ ĴGŭ ̚ ɞ ̬ ŊǵǆʟǚǺy˄ Ã Λɡ ɥ ķ ƈ ϗ ĈšΆ˃ ,Ń-ƝʉÓ ϟ Yʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟʾ ǵǆʟϟ Ȗṧ Ǽ ζ ɲ Ƨ ,Ŋ-ǵǆ< Ɍ šʯ ɿŷ ʰ ,ŗ-ǵǆʓ Λɡ Ǡʪ ŗΛɡ Ś šǵǆɗ ƍ Ɨ ,Ń-ǵǆζ ǵǆRƔ šō ũ Λ ,Ŋ-Ȳ Ò ǵǆƿ ƫ š ͵ ,ŗ-ǵǆǆĴƝΛɡ Ǻʆ ,Ȝ-ǵǆĿ RƝΛɡ ɧ Ʊ ,Ǝ-ǵǆʝ Ȑ ʯ ǰ ,Ɯ-Λɡ Ś šǵǆɗ ƍšΧ ¾ ŬÔ Ȝǵǆ̍RʟǚǺy˄ Ã Λɡ ɥ ķ ƈ ϗ ĈšΆ˃ ƎΛɡ Ś šʉț દ Ξ RƔ ζ ʉț Ǻ ,Ń-ʉț ͳ Ǻɖ ,Ŋ-ǵǆદ Ξ RƔ Øʉț Ǻšō ũ Λ ,ŗ-ǵǆદ Ξ RƔ Øʉț ǺšΕ ʕ ɗ ϡδ ,Ȝ-ǵǆE £ RƔ ʑ ǀšɗ ϡδ ,Ǝ-ʉț ǺˎŒ šΛɡ ΢ Ǻ ƜΛɡ Ś šǵǆ̍Rɗ ƍ Ɨ ,Ń-ǵǆ̍RŹ Ơ šō ũ ΛØÂʔ Λ̴ ,Ŋ-ǵǆ̍RŹ Ơ šŭǰ ɗ ϡδ ,ŗ-ǵǆ̍Rƥ ǈ ʟĜ ̶ Ł šŭǰ ɗ ϡδ ƛ ,Ȝ-ǵǆ̍Rƥ ǈ ʟǺʴ Ȫ ̬ šʼ Œ ̐ ØǸ Ő Ǥ ƛ ,Ǝ-ǵǆ̍Rʟ ɓ ǈ ʟȜΓ šΛ ,Ɯ-ǵǆ̍R ȹζ ʯ Ⱦ ,ņ-Λɡ Ś šǵǆ̍Rɗ ƍšΧ ¾ ŬÔ ņH ŭ ζ Φ ǰ

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ŭ ǆŃÒ ƕ ̳˜Ńƍ Ǹ ɼ ğ ̎ è ǨΚ ΅ ɱ ɋ šɼ ʫ ǉ Ʊ Ńʾ Σ ŭ ͑é ̫ ¾ ō œ Ĺ Ȗ ğ ŭ ǆˎȡ Ύ ˚ ϥ Ąšè ɖ 9 Ϳ ǐ £ ʑD˄ Ǥ ÂED˄ ˩ Λ E DǺʪ ˄ ŷ Ĺ ED˄ ǉ ĴEDŭ ̚ ɞ ̬ E

4˄ Ǥ Â5 ȹǆǤ ̎ ʟŃ̇ ̍ǚ˄ ų ̤ ǚǺų šɝ ̹ Ć ˹ƽ Ɩ Λɡ Ś šǵǆζ ǵǆ̍Rɗ ƍ ȍ ͑ ŋ < Ɍ šǶ ɽ Ɗ ǨƗɷ yà ŭ

ƽ Ɩ Ɲ3 ̍ǚ˄ ƸQɒ ˄ ŭʉț Ŗ š̍ǚȠ Ŕ û ̫ ý̪ Ńš̍Rϟ Š Ƅƴ ʴ ̈ ɉ ͏ ̪ Ń¢ʄ ƈ ϥ Ȍ Ü Ư Ƅŭ ŀ ʟΆ˃ Ǻʴ ́ ƫ šŷ ɋ ϡ ĭ Øų Ɨ ̊ Φ Ò Ź Ơ šƾ à ˧ ˎȰ ̎ ʥ Ʒ 3 Z ʥ ƙ š̍Rϟ ǨƯ Ƅʍ ϟ Ü Ý ɩ šʼ Œ ǆ ƈ

ʟʥ ƙ š̍Rϟ ƽ ƅ Ψ Q̎ ų ǽɄǵǆƻ̫ ϟǆ͇ϟȹǆź Κ * û ʟǵǆ˙ ƍ ʞ ʟɚ ʥ ϟ Ü Ý ɩ š̍ǚǆƈƽ ƅ ȹǆǤ ̎ ã ƅ ʟǵǆ̍R ̯˹ǵǆζ ǵǆ̍Rō ǃ š͆ ƗØ΅ ɰ = ʥ ǽɄ ƕ Ǹ Ő Ǥ Ǹ ŪǆŒ ǨƯ ľ ζ ʼ Œ šŨ 3 Ÿ ͕̚ ˄ à Ůˎ̩ ý˔ȹǆź q ̩ ʟΛɡ ɗ ƍĆ ˹Λɡ ɗ ƍƝ ɗ ϡδ šʽ ˄ ų Ȝ ɝ ų ΢ Ǹ ų Øɒ ƝŃ» šT Ƕ ų šɝ ̹ Ǹ ' ȕ ̎ ć Ģ Ǽ Ũ ˧ ȉ' ˮʑȉʰ šØƿ î ̩ šŭ ̚ ͑˔ˮŭ ȹǆǎ g šɝ ̹ ǨƯ ɏ˔Ģ Ǹ š ƗǤ ̎ ʟư ɐ Ń̇ ̍ǚ˄ ų ̤ ǚǺų šŒ Ƣ ζ Ƕ ɽ

4˄ ˩ Λ 5 ȹǆš˄ ˩ Λ Š ͑ɒ ˩ ȥ ǅ ® yǊ ķ šȂ ɱ Ǥ ̎ ȉơ ˃ ʭ Ř Ȝè ɫ Ń¿ ǫ ʥ ʻǨ@ ʟ̍Rϟ y̍ǚǆƈš˅ ˄ é ̠ Ϥ Ǯ â ɼ ź ƫ Ɲ ƕ Ǹ Ő Ǥ ̔ Φ Yʝ ů ɗ ϡδ 0Ǣ Ư ýΛɡ ɗ ƍɫ Ŋş ýÒ ˃DǵǆEǨƯ ζ D̍ ǚǆƈEʼ Œ šŨ 3 Ƅû Ł Ɨɷ ̍ǚǆƈˮǢ ƿ ˙ ͑͑ ̩ š̍ǚRƔ Φ Ò Ź Ơ š ˄ ɀ ζ à ŭ Ɲˮȷ ' ǚǺʼ Ɵ š˃ Đ ɫ ŗ˹ǵǆØǵǆ̍Rʼ Œ šǺʆ ǚǺ Ø˄ E ̩ ʟΛɡ ɗ ƍšϡ ĭ g ƛ < Ɍ ØΧ ¾ ; ǟ ˎÜ íƈɫ ȜĢ ʑʻ ț Ź Â˄ ̐ š˥ơ è ɖ 1

4Ǻʪ ˄ ŷ Ĺ 5 ˎŒ Ǻʪ ˄ ŷ Ĺ ȉȖ Ƀ ˃ ʭ Ř ŗ* ɫ ŃǺʪ ʟ ʟ ɓ ɓ ˎʟĆ ˹ú ɵ Øƽ Ǯ šǵǆƈ Ǻ¾ ́ Ǻʴ Ȗʛ ȍ šŸ ̚˕ 4 ʛ ȍ Ÿ ̚ ˎ̯ ýΆ ˃ Ɠ ι ŷ ɋ šϡ ĭ Ǖ ŭ˧ ȕ ǃ ̫ ʟ ƕ Ǹ Ő Ǥ š˥ơ 2 ɫ Ŋ˹ Κ ɛ ɸû ʟΛɡ Ś š̍Ǻɗ ƍČ ˴ˎɸ Ń4 ʼ Œ š Ɨȕ ɒ ʟΛɡ Ǌ ťǌɎ šϤ Ǯ ˕ 4 ƗƄû ˎ

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7q? Fr^ 2001 323-336; Akira Yuyama, A Select Bibliography on the Sanskrit Language for the Use of Students in Buddhist Philology, revised edition, Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1992; Akira Yuyama, “An Appraisal of the History of Buddhist Sanskrit Studies in East Asia,” Studies on Buddhism: In Honour of Professor A. K. Warder, edited by N. K. Wagle and F. Watanabe, Toronto: University of Toronto, 1993, pp. 194-203. 2 ȡ Ƚ ǫ Ϋ ťˮǢ Š ˎȰ ̎ ΅ ų Ĝ ̶ 3 ɫ ŗʟȽ ǫ Ϋ ťǉ ̯?ʭ D5 ɺ ˄ Ǻ ŮE,Association for Asian Studies (AAS): http://www.aasianst.org/- 2005 ʻšʻŮ͑ ˎĻ̹ ǨDŀ Ȟ ˇ Ĉ ζ Ŧ ɯ ˸ - 5 ɺ ̍ǚ˄ š¿ ̇ ɗ ϡƈ < Ɍ E,Windfalls and Pitfalls: The Use of Digitized Source Material in the Study of Asian Buddhism-ʑǤ Âšų ɼ à ŭ ŮĐŉ Ɨ̐ Ƙ š¾ Φ ƫ ΆŠ ˎ˹ Ž ' ŋ ȩ ʺ šʀ 4 ʟ΅ ų Ĝ ̶ ǉ ̯?ʭ Λɡ Ś šƻ̫ ɗ ƍ̳i Y̩ ζ à ŭ 5 ǨŚ ŗ* ɹ ɚ ƽ Ɩ Λɡ Ś šǵǆζ ǵǆ̍ Rɗ ƍƄû ˎȡ ̩ ˮǢ ϣ ˎȠ ŭšà ŭ ŬÔ

4˄ ǉ Ĵ5 ȹǆ0ƪ û ǿ Λɡ Ŝ ͐ ƿ ̧ Ȫ ͑˽ƈ ̚˹ Đ ʭ ˔˕ Ńğ ǆ˽ ȉǨϥ ͱ ɼ ϊ Ƒ N ̚yƱ ɀ šȰ ̎ ş ýƟ ΢ < Ɍ Λɡ ɗ ƍʰ ˸ Λɡ ɗ ƍʟǺʪ š ɮ Ɍ Ǣ ʟi ͩ ʥ ƈ ਲ ̚ų ɥȨ ɋ Ͱ η Ϋ ƈ Œ ź ŃŹ ƈ Ƕ ɽ ʰ ˸ yŃ Ĵí ƈO Λɡ ɗ ƍyƝ3 ̍ǚ˄ šǺʪ

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ɏýΛɡ Ǡʪ ʟƿ ƫ šϤ ͒ = Ś ̗ | Ʊ ̼ ˽· Ϟ š̼ Ǽ ƍ ˎɨ ė 3 ț š˗ Ȫ yʟ Γ šÔ ž ʚ ˔ʟ˕ Ńǯ ̸ ɻ Ǩϟ Ȗʑq ɛ * ƍ Ǹ ǵǆṧ Ǽ ζ ɲ ƧQ ˓Λ ̎ ƥ Ĵ ǵǆʟ< Ɍ šʯ ɿ̽ ɲ šƫ Ά ǨΆ˃ Ȗ ɿšŷ ʰ ζ Ȳ ˗ ʃ Ø î ȕ ƈ ɼ šϡ ĭ ˷Ʒ ʟʓ Ǻʴ ƈ Ơ ɒ Ƞ Ȱ ̎ šŃ͡

ϥ é ̛ ȿ ɋ ʡ é { ̩ Ƌ Ĕ ȿ Ğ U& ÿ ȿ ɚ v Ω ŧ \ Ȗ Ò

Ό ʞ @ ϥ ǵǆɒ Ƞ Ȋˬ šϟ ʟϟ š̬ ˃ Ś ǨŴ yત ɺ q ΀ Qϟ Ü Ý ɩ yƔ ɲ šŵ Q͌ ý¢ǚͳ ǺyǆǺš̵ j

͑ϟ Ȗˮ ǵǆΫ ˈ ƍ˶ ʉÓ ϟ ,Indo-European linguistic family-7 ʉÓ ϟ šŃǅ ʑʉț ɪϟ,Indo-Iranian languages-ǽɄɪϟ šϟ ,Iranian languages-yʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟ,Indo-Aryan languages-8 ɏá ̫ ʴ ŋ ,Aryans-ƍ ō ŭ ʉț Ŗ šʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟ˗ ƌ Ⱥ ƣ ȭ Ȗš¾ Φ ơ ˃ ȊǮ ƅ ΢ yƘ Ǯ ŗ͑ Ø ɴ Ȋ Ǯ ʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟ,Old Indo-Aryan languages-ŭ˚ ɏƞ ƙ ǋ 1500 ʻ˷ƞ ƙ ǋ 400 ʻ ˮŭ˰ ½ £ ƅ ΢ ʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟ,Middle Indo-Aryan languages-ŭ˚ ɏƞ ƙ ǋ 600 ʻ ˷ƞ ƙ 1000 ʻʑQɼ ́ ΢ ÔƘ Ǯ ʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟ,New (or Modern) Indo-Aryan languages-ŭ˚ ɏƞ ƙ 1000 ʻǨ̮ ˷ýƖ Ǌ

ȊǮ ʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟŖȉ¾ Ńι ơ ˃ ɨ ˈ šy1 ǩ šϤ ΢ ɨ ˈ šȊǮ ʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟ˗ ƌ ΀ ʑ͊ Ƣ ϟ,Vedic-ɥ̳Þ ɩ <͊ Ƣ =,Veda-šϟ 1 ǩ šȊǮ ʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟ˗ ƌ ΀ ʑȊRǵǆ,Classical Sanskrit-q ΀ ǵǆ,Sanskrit-ɀ ʔ ΀ ʯ ̯šŀ Ȩ ƈ Ńʑͱ S š,saDskLta / perfected-ɏ˔ǹ ɹ šŀ Ȥ ʑė ț šΆʼ Ƨζ É Ɨ Ƨ,formalized and standardized-ȊRǵǆŚ É Ɨ Ƨšɡ ˤ ˎŗ̇ ̐ i ʻ ɖ šǆ ĴǺΞ ɫ Ń̇ ŭ˚ ƞ ƙ ǋ Ǝ˷ȜǠ˗ šƻʀ ȥ ,P;Hini-ͱ ˃ <ƻʀ ȥ Ƕ =,P;Hini -sOtra-ǨȖ ˥ɏŎ ˽Ü ̬ ˃ Ɋ Ŗ΀ <Ŏ ˽=,AMN;dhy;yC-ɫ Ŋ̇ ŭ˚ ƞ ƙ ǋ ŗǠ˗ š̛ Z ¿ ' ,K;ty;yana-͕ ̑ Ν ̪ rȶ yĩ ƹ <Ŏ ˽=Ɲˮ˃ ʑ <ƹ ȶ =,V;rtika (on P;Hini's AMN;dhy;yC)-ɫ ŗ̇ ŭ˚ ƞ ƙ ǋ ŊǠ˗ š¶ ̛ ̫ ,Patañjali-Ý ƙ <Ŏ ˽=<ƹ ȶ =0Ǣ ¾ Ńι Ģ Ǹ à ŭ ζ ĩ ɏ Ɲˮ˃ ʑ<,ǆ

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7 b¤"Ê

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Ç6È¨É Benjamin W. Fortson, Indo-European Language and Culture: A¨"#´Ó®¨Ô´Õ

An Introduction, Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2004; Ò¯ Anatolian, Greek, Indo-iranian, Italic,

Celtic, Germanic, Armenian, Tocharian, Balto-slavic, Albanian. © Anna Giacalone Ramat, Paolo Ramat (eds.), The A¤"¦#Ó¦®¤ÔÕ

Indo-European Languages, London: Routledge, 1998; Ò¦¯ Sanskrit, Iranian languages, Tocharian, Anatolian languages, Armenian, Greek, Latin, Italic languages, Celtic languages, Germanic languages, Slavic, Baltic languages, Albanian.

8 "Ê¨A"¨#¤Ô¦Õ Ö¦× Persian, Avestan, Parthian, Sogdian, Khotanese, Kurdish, Baluchi, Ossetic, Gilaki, Mazanderani,

Talishi, Tati, Pashto.

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@Ë365¢Ì¨Í¨Î 7 Ç6È¨É George Cardona, Dhanesh Jain (eds.), The Indo-Aryan

Languages, London: Routledge, 2003; Colin P. Masica, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University

Ï¢Ü¨Ý¨Õ¦ 7 Press, 1991. Ú¤Û£@Ë365 Benjamin W. Fortson, “Chapter 10: Indo-Iranian I > Indic,” Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2004, pp. 180-202; Asko Parpola, “The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European,” Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, Languages and Texts, edited by Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs, London: Routledge, 1999, pp. 180-207. 4 Ĵ-ŭɏ =,(Vy;karaHa-)Mah;-bh;Mya-ˠ ɸ ˕ ŗ̇ ǆĴǺΞ š̰ Œ ǵǆǆĴ̳Ȗ ͑ £ Ř @ Q£ ǰ Ƨšƛ΢ ƈ ȥ šǺų Ń̩ ŖŃ̩ ź Ƙ Ńŧ ɵ šĩ Ⱦ ̘ ɒ ş ȹŚ ɾ Š ϊ Ƒ N ̩ ŭšΧ ɲ Ǩ! ýƖ 9

ƅ ΢ ʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟyĢ ʑá ϟšǵǆʼ ˹ɵ ΀ ʑƻ ϟ,Pr;krits; Pr;krit languages-Ɍ ǨÞ ɩ ɠ « ŭϤ ŬšɎ Ś ǆƈƸQɒ ƣ Ǟ ,AQoka (272-231 BC ?)- Ϥ Ǯ šə U & ǆ̍ǚšƻ̫ ϟ,P;li-RƔ ' ǚ,Jainism-šȂ ¨ · Ƣ ϟ ,Ardha-M;gadhC-RƔ 10 ƅ ΢ ʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟ0ƪ Ť ƿ Ǽ ƍýǵǆØ͊ Ƣ ϟˮɒ ȉ ʛ Ɖ Yy͊ Ƣ ϟʍ ÄȊˬ Ǣ ζ ƈ ȫ ́ šÜ ʧ ͊ Ƣ ƻ ϟ,Vedic Pr;krits-ƈ ú ɵ 11 ˷ý Ƙ Ǯ ʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟŃŤ YƖ Ǌ ʟʉț ƻş Ζ ,Pakistan- ǻ Þ ,Bangladesh- ȥ ł ͟ ˌ Ǯ ĕ ͟ ʞ Ƴ ,Maldive Islands-ʑʥ ¿ ŋ ũ < Ɍ šϟ QȌ ̯ɥ = ȉʰ 12

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Bombay: Bombay Central Press, 1951.

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21 365t7 Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat, “Chapter 3: The Users of Sanskrit,” The Sanskrit Language: An Overview: History and Structure, Linguistic and Philosophical Representations, Uses and Users, translated from the French by T. K. Gopalan, Varanasi: Indica Books, 2000, pp. 67-102. 22 0¦1sF365t7 Thomas Egenes, Introduction to Sanskrit, part I, 3rd revised edition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2003; part II, 2000; Walter Harding Maurer, The Sanskrit Language: An Introductory Grammar and Reader, 2 volumes, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995. 23 0¦1sF365t7 Michael Coulson, (Teach Yourself) Sanskrit: An Introduction to the Classical Language, 2nd edition,

Lincolnwood: NTC Publishing Group, 1992; Teach Yourself Sanskrit Complete Course, The McGraw-Hill Companies,

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0¦1sF365t7 Robert P. Goldman and Sally J. Sutherland, Devav;HCpraveQik;: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language,

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0¦1] Bruce Cameron Hall, Sanskrit Pronunciation: Booklet and Cassette, Pasadena: Theosophical University Press,

/| F 1992; Vyaas Houston, Sanskrit by Cassette, Warwick: The American Sanskrit Institute, 1991; r£¨ S. S. Janaki, 8 ʭ Đ 1 ǻ Ȩ ǨŚ Ü ΄ ƕ Ǹ Ő Ǥ y Ȼ ǚί šϗ ĈƄŔ ʾ Ǹ QE ˽ʟýʥ ƙ ō ǃ ΅ ɰ šȲ Ò ǨƯ ͔ ˟ ˹< Ɍ ų Ʈ S š,user-friendly-͡ ˜˕ 0Ƅɒ ϥ ú ɵ šũ ǌ ú Ý Øƽ Ǯ šŨ Š ľ ζ ź ͱ ɼ ʷg Ǯ Ǻʫ ǵǆØʧ ˷ત ˄ ǵǆʟú ɵ Ś ȉǨƄ Ȱ ͇ Ɍ ત ǀ˃̐ š ƕ Ǹ Ő Ǥ Ø Ȼ ǚί ʟƽ Ǯ ȕ ̎ ʼ Œ Ȃ ɱ ă ʕ ƽ Š ȉǨɌ Ƞ ú ɵ šʼ Ĵ@ Ģ ˮʟɋ ʂ šʒ ǉ ̯ƽ ʥ ƙ šō ǃ ΅ ɰ ź Ƕ Ł ʑ̵ # ˮǢ ˹ < Ɍ ų Ʈ S š͡ ˜ź Ƕ Ƅɾ ɒ ƴ ɸ ť D š̎ λ Yǵǆǉ ̯΍ < ƣ ÄǨú ɵ šũ ǌ ú Ý Øƽ Ǯ šŨ Š ľ ζ ʑ̐ Ǥ ̎ š΅ ɰ ŭŷ Š Ƞ Ŕ ŃŤ ýØΔ ä ʟ ƕ Ǹ Ő Ǥ Ȼ ǚί Øʧ ˷Λɡ Ǡʪ šϗ Ĉq ˴ ƈ ɸɒ ƄȈ Δ ä Øŭɋ ¾ ̌ Ń ˧ ɹ ƛ ƴ + ŵ Š Ŕ ˎŭ ͵ šɌ Φ ɠ ŵ šĢ ĴƄû ź Ȼ ǚί Λɡ Ǡʪ ʟƛšʥ ƙ ō ǃ ΅ ɰ Ͱ Æ ō ǚǺy˄ š ɵ Ǣ ̠ ' Έ Ü ° ˹ʥ ƙ šō ǃ ΅ ɰ Ƕ ƌ ΢ Ƚ ζ Ϥ ͏ ¾ šϡ ĭ ਤ ˃ ̏ Ǖ Ƅţ Ɲšɛ ɸζ Ⱦ ȉ° šɉ ɾ Ť Ą ƫ Ĺ ʥ Ʒ ʛ ੥ Yʥ ƙ šō ǃ ΅ ɰ Ør¾ ˹< Ɍ ų Ʈ S šǵǆ͡ ˜

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Λɡ Ǡʪ Ńǉ ̯< ŋ Ś ǆĄŵ P ȭ Ȗšǵǆú ɵ ʟƽ Ǯ Μ YQƅ šŃȂ Ǹ ɡ Ȕ Ńǉ ̯ǎ΄> ǵǆʟǚǺy˄ ȉɗ ō ǃ Øɮ Ɍ šŃȂ ΅ ɰ

Λɡ Ś šǵǆɗ ƍƽ 0ƪ Ʋ Ś ǆ Ř @ ØɄ ˃ ͑ˎšď ̃ˮɒ H ʕ ɚ ʥ Ȃ ɱ ć š¡ Ɓ ˎš˃ Đ ʼ ˹ýƅ ǆ˾ ǆØĴǆ; ʑƽ Ǯ ɚ ʥ ŋ ͊ ʟǊ ƌ Ü < Ɍ š ϟǆǵǆȉǨϥ ̨Ơ ŉ ˂ ʥ ˮǢ QΛɡ ɗ ƍ˹ Ɍ ų ͽ ŭͽ @ ǒ ̭ ʞ Ά΢ ŭŷ ϣ ϥ ƛ ˗ Ǜ ΅ ʭ ˔Λɡ Ś šǵǆɗ ƍƕ ˎƄƷ Ǩ΀ ɰ ƈ ʨ ƿ Ř @ Ɨ ̊ ǨƜ͑ ų ǯ ɋ Ģ Ɨ,1-ǵǆζ ǵǆRƔ šō ũ Λ,2-Ȳ Ò ǵǆƿ ƫ š ͵ ,3- ǵǆǆĴƝΛɡ Ǻʆ ,4-ǵǆĿ RƝΛɡ ɧ Ʊ ,5-ǵǆʝ Ȑ ʯ ǰ ,6-Λɡ Ś šǵǆɗ ƍšΧ ¾ ŬÔƽ ˕ Ɯ͑ è ɖ ͱ ɼ Ƅ Ǩę Ͱ Λɡ ɗ ƍšƛ΢ ̘ ɒ ʑŉ ǹ ɹ ƽ ƅ š˹ Ž ̯ʓ ʟǶ ɸ ɤ ˉ šȖ Ƀ ζ ʕ Æ ƈ ȥ ̳τ £ Ǩʭ ˔šè ɖ y˓Ϳ @ ́ ǆ

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ƄƷ ŋ ʟΛɡ Μ ď ̃ȉ° ʆ ̍ ɏŜ ͐ ƿ ̧ Øō ũ Λō ǃ Ŝ ͐ ƿ ̧ ƈ Ü Λĕ Ã Ã ƴ ɸ ȟ · Ŕ Ǩͱ ɼ ˹Ɨ Ǻʴ š9 ̎ ʫ šō ũ Λʫ ʽ ˥ ˌ ƞ ȑ šƠ ̯ȉ ǨȲ Ò ˩ ƫ Ư ɼ 0Ǣ ˂ ȉʥ Äšʿ ȏ ˹ ɒ ʀ ʑ ʫ šō ũ Λɸ Ńɴ Ϥ Ô ̳͆ ƛ ɾ ț * Ʊ ʚ ʑɃ ̠ Ƚ ǫ ʟĊ Ϋ ʼ Œ ɗ ƍζ ƍ > ʼ Œ ɗ ã â ɼ 1 ľ ȉƮ šɒ

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³ÞÈ ¨Ë=3J5 7 Ú=Û Yoga Posture Pronunciation, by Sacred Sound Institute: (http://www.sacredsoundinstitute.org/sanskrit.htm#b) ("Yoga Posture Pronunciation" is a spoken audio guide to 180 yoga postures from more than three major styles of yoga practice. Each posture is pronounced in Sanskrit, a translation of the words is provided, along with a comprehensive explanation of pronunciation, and each posture is then repeated three times for deep integration. A written guide is included.) 9 ǵǆζ ǵǆRƔ šō ũ ΛˎŃŭȂ ź Ƕ Ƞ Ş ϊ ɾ Ϋ ťǨ˷ýQʼ Œ Λ̴ š¬ ˙ H Ƅɾ ˎϟ ˹T Ƕ ų ˮ ʼ ƽ ) ¤ Ϥ ÔǢ Ā ˟ ˃ ͒ ; ¹ ʫ ǨŘ Ü ʀ šō ũ Λ ˷Ʒ ˧ ϣ ˎʟΫ ť˙ H šΛ̴ ƛ΢ Š ˧ P ˎŃ£ šǺʴ Ǥ ž

Sanskrit Documents Site: (http://sanskrit.gde.to/) or (http://www.alkhemy.com/sanskrit/) ˕ ͑ Λšƛ΢ ʼ ƽ ͌ Ɩ ʕ ̄ ɻ Ɗ ǨǊ Qƛ΢ ǽɄǵǆĿ RǵǆRƔ ǵǆ ʼ Œ šϟ ǵǆǺʆ Ÿ P ǨƯ ʝ Ȑ Ś ʨ Ƀ ǵǆš˔ ɿyʯ ǰ

Sanskrit Library: (http://sanskritlibrary.org/) ˕ ͑ ΛƖ ū ȹ ΐ ͑ɒ ǵǆ˙ੂ šƱ Ƕ ȋ ƛ΢ Ƅû ͌ ˮǢ Ƞ ʥ š˃̐ ȉĢ ƍ ķ ʼ šǺʆ ǵǆǉ ̯Đŉ ȊRš ǆĴϣ ˎ˂ ʥ ɀ ȹyŸ P Ǥ ž ત Ƞ ǉ Ʊ ϟ Ś šǺʆ y˅ ˄

Languages and Scripts of India: Indian Languages Sites: (http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/scripts.html) ˕ ͑ Λ̴ ˙ǆ0˺ ɹ ɚ ʉț ɏɸ Ȉ Y Ʉ ʟšϟ ζ ʯ ɿšơ Ȫ ƫ Ά0Ǣ Ư ýʉț ú ɵ šRƔ y ȹ

South Asia Resource Access on the Internet (SARAI) : (http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/southasia/cuvl/index.html) ɏϟ šǺʆ yRƔ š ˄ ɀ Ɨ ̊ ʓ Ǻʴ ˄ šθ ȘȉT Ƕ ˔ŃΛ Ǩƿ Ś Ɲ3 ǔ 5 ˄ šǺʴ ˃Ȃ ʝ ů ΢ Ǻ ʝ ů ľ ˭Ÿ P ɖ ɗ ƍ˙ੂ ΛN ; ʼ ƽ Ȱ ̎ šȸ ̊

̚ U& Ω ɡ Ǖ

ǵǆƝ@ Ƅû ǏýΖ ʴ ̯šď ̃Κ ǵǆ΃ ˃ ʫ ʽ ȕ ɒ ˕ Ę Ę šǆĴʽ ą̌ ɿ ɿ šʯ ɲ ƧƔ Þ Ƅͱ š̪ ʯ ǨƯ Ȫ ǻ ʼ šϟșȾ ě ŭŷ ˎŃŭȂ ȉL ʚ ýǎ Ò šɛ ʪ Ɲɜ Ϳ ŀ j @ ϥ Ȏ ˰ ʟʭ ˔ȕ ̬ šΖ ʴ ̯Ƅû Λ Ȉ ǵǆšɋ Ȫ ˙ ƍ ʞ Š < ǵǆŒ Μ šʉț ǺØ̍ǺƄYͼ M Ȉ ͑˔ˮŭ ȭ ȖŚ Ǻʪ Ś Ǩ Ư Λɡ Ś ǵǆÜ Ý ɩ šQ˴ŃŤ ʟÒ ǜ ɚ ʥ š7 ũ ŃŃ˗ Ã ϟ ¢ǚͳ Ǻ ǆǺĜ ʴ ; Ǝƈ Ŏ Ơ šǠʪ

Κ ƿ ƫ ǵǆš ͵ Ȳ Ò Q̩ ̎ Ô ɾ ȫ N Ɩ ū Š Ƅʑɸ ĥ Ǹ ǵǆ˕ Ńƕ ɣ ȉǨȲ ˟ ǺŊ ƈ ɰ Ǌ ķ ¢ǚĜ ʴ Øɋ ~ ƈ Ò Φ ƿ ˗ ŉ Λɡ Đŉ T Ƕ ō ũ Λ ǨƯ ʥ ǻ V ŀ ʉț દ Ξ RƔ ʉț Ǻyǵǆ̍R; ɗ ƍϣ ȉ˭ Κ ƫ Ã ϟ ǺØ ǆƧŭ ̚ ¿ ̔ P ɿ@ ɀ ˳ ˠ ɸ ʭ Ř ΛØΛ̴ ˹ýǺʪ ʟ¾ ́ šǵǆšǚǺζ ˄ ǨƯ Κ ǵǆĢ ˃ ʉț Ǻšş e ˃ ɵ ˷Ʒ ̠ ȉΆ˃ ŷ ɋ šϡ ĭ

International Association of Sanskrit Studies (IASS ŗ 6 ǵ ǆ ˄ Ǻ Ů ): (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/iass/) ɼ Ǡʪ ˎŒ ǵǆ˄ ͛ ǧ ̐ ̩ ̎ šŃ͑ Ǻʴ ˘ ɿ˃ ɝ ý 1972 ʻŭ˚ κ ŗʻΨ ʼ Ń˓DǠʪ ǵǆ˄ à ŮE,World Sanskrit Conference-(http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/iass/conferences.html) ̐ Ƙ šŃ˓ʑ 2003 ʻšɫ Ŕ Ŋ« ɫ Ŕ ŗ« ź ý 2006 ʻΨ ʼ T Ƕ ɸ ̐ Ƙ Ŋ« šƬ 3 ź ȉ˹ǵǆ˄ šï Ơ Ƭ ÂˎÜ ϡ ĭ

10 Sanskrit Knowledge-Systems on the Eve of Colonialism: (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/sanskrit/papers/index.html) ˕ ͑ Λ̴ ΄> ʟD5 ɺ ˄ ǺŮE ,Association for Asian Studies-Ɲ 2001 ˷ 2004 ˙ ǫ Ȝʻšų ɼ à ŭ ŮšƬ 3 ǆ ˽ǨƯ ' Ɣ ʟʼ Œ Ǻ̼ šŭ ǆšɼ ǆɗ ϡˠ ɸ ˕ ͑ Λ̴ ȉΎ ˚ ϡ ĭ ƽ Ǯ ʟǵǆš ǚǺØ˄ ʼ ƽ ʂ Ǽ šǺų Ü ʟ̪ ̇ ˙ N ǉ ʼ ɽ ʍ Œ Ƣ šǵǆƬ ÂǨƯ à ŭ Ø ʨ Ƀ Ƭ Âšʰ *

Middle Indo-Aryan Studies Home Page: (http://www.sendai-ct.ac.jp/~ousaka/EngH.html) ˕ ͑ Λ š Ǥ ̎ ˄ ŋ ͹ ʑ Yumi Ousaka, Moriichi Yamazaki, Masahiro Miyao, ̐ Ǥ ̎ šE ˽ʟýĆ ˹̍ǚy ' ǚ ,Jainism-Ǩʉț ƅ ΢ á ̫ ʴ ϟ šɚ ʥ RƔ ̸ ɻ Ɍ ĕ ĕ ʯ ɿ@ ,transliterating the Devanagari texts into Roman script-Q˓¾ ́ ǆĴơ ě ř ȣ ơ ě ,metrical analysis-Ǩ3 ʼ ˶ ķ ī ϙ ƿ ̐ ȥ ǎ¾ ́ ǆƈĬ ơ Ś ,genealogical classification- š˄ Ɲ˕ ͑ ΛT Ƕ ų Ƅû ȉʾ YƄƷ RƔ ˮǢ Š ź ˹ʝ Ȑ yΛɡ ˍ Ζ ʟÒ ' ̍ǚ˄ šǆʯ Ǻζ ǆƈǺǉ ĴšŸ P ʥ Ʒ V Ř Ńť˰ ɖ šʉ

Indian lexicon: (http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/indlexmain.htm) ˔ŃΛ̴ ̇ ý Sarasvati Sindhu Civilization: (http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/nsindex.htm) Λƈ ƛ˰ Œ ýʉț દ ϟ š ļ ˄ ƸQɒ ļ ̎ šϟŀ ơ ě ɾ ų ˔ŃΛ̴ Ⱥ ƣ ķ šŔ ͑ Ś ̩ ź ŭ˚ 2200 ͑ ķ ʯ ơ ̩ ƍ ō ΄> ˾ ǆšŀ Ȩ Č ˴ɒ Ƞ ź ¦ šŸ P ˔Ȟ ϣ ˇ ˍ William D. Whitney, The Roots, Verb-forms and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language: A Supplement to his Sanskrit Grammar, 1885, reprinted in 1963, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ˕ ɒ ŃȹȠ ˴Ɍ šǵǆŸ P ȉɌ ǨČ ϡ ƌ Ɍ ķ šɲ Ƨƫ Ά˕ 4 ̶ ǨƯ ɚ ʥ š ļ ɗ ϡδ ˧ ȉŘ ɩ Š ȉĭ Ś ̸

ƥ ƍ Ń΄ ɏŜ ͐ ƿ ̧ ȉǨȠ Ύ ʾ Yɼ Ǡʪ ˎ˂ ʥ Ȫ ̬ ʟ΄> ǵǆŨ ,Sanskrit classes-ʟǚί ǚǺ̩ * ǉ ʼ ʂ ķ Ũ 3 ̎ λ ; ˧ ȉʚ ˔ç Φ Ń4 ɛ ʪ Đ ŉ ˠ ɸ Ŝ ͐ ƿ ̧ ϣ ȉ˭ ɏʭ Ř ō ũ Λq ǃ WannaLearn.com > Academic Subjects > World Languages > Sanskrit: (http://www.wannalearn.com/Academic_Subjects/ World_Languages/Sanskrit/)

U& & ͼ ϥ ǻ Á Z æ

ǵǆǆĴČ ˴ˎȠ ŭ˥ơ ȉƝΛɡ Ǻƛ ˕ ʥ Ʒ ɒ ʯ ť" šǶ ɽ Ń» š ƕ Ǹ Ő Ǥ ʫ ʽ Ų ŪŲ ƞ QǆĴω ϥ ü ʓ ýX ˚ Ø/ & & šɨ Ǧ ʛ Ƣ ł Λɡ Ǡʪ ǎ ɨ ğ ͗ š̫ [ Š ƄȰ ǃ ̫ ʟ͛ ǧ ȕ ° દ ǆʯ Ńˤ ˹ ɒ Ź Ơ Ć ˹Λɡ Ǡʪ @ ̿ Ʉ šǵǆǆĴŭȉƄȰ ȍ ğ ͗ Ť Yω ৺ ű ʑǏŠ ȉͰ Æ < Ɍ દ ʭ ɀ ̔ ̎ Ȅ ˙ ǚ̳ ʧ ˷ʓ ˿ Ƶ Ǹ 3 ʼ κ Ǌ Ńș˧ O ʄ Ś Ɍ ̹ ʚ ˔Ńǉ ̯ʭ Đ Ń» šǵǆ ǆĴʾ ƄŘ Ȉ Øɀ ƛ ˎŃ* ˇ ̀ ŉ Ȝ Ƭ Ś Λͬ ͬ Ȕ Ńǉ ̯ʭ Đ Ƚ ʟƝ3 ǵǆš ǚǺØ˄ ʭ Ř Λ˹ýǚǺǉ ʼ ØĢ ʑ ̯ ǚί ̠ ɀ ˧ ˎ Ǩǜ ' ͇ ń Ø ľ ˭šU ͆

11 Sanskrit & Sánscrito: (http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/) ˕ ͑ ΛɏȜ̇ ƣ ΂ ŋ ɼ ˃ š˄ ˘ × Ü Ƕ ͔ QŹ Ɵ ʑǵǆy̜ Ƒ ˧ ͟ ʞ ļ šƄŊ; ɉ ʄ ,Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir-ǵǆš˥ơ ʟϟ yǆĴš ̯˧ ˎȩ ō ȕ Ǹ šƗɷ 0 Ǣ ƥ ˎˍ̳ ̶ϣ ȉʟΛ̴ ɹ ɚ Ʋ Ǵ ʯ ɿȉǨʾ Ǹ ɀ ˄ ˘ × šŹ Ű ˴Œ yƄ@ ǲ ˴ Λƛ΢ šɌ ǀˠ ɸ ϟ šȾ ϥ T Ƕ ų ź ȉ˹ǵǆʟʉț á ̫ ʴ ϟṧ Ǽ ǨƯ ʟ¢ ǚyŧ Ůš< Ɍ ̯Ά˃ Ń£ šϡ ĭ ˠ ɸ ǆĴŔ @ Ũ šƍ > T Ƕ ų Š ȉƝǵǆš ʛ Ƣ yȂ Ƀ ƽ ƅ ͌ ō ; ˜ʟǵǆǺʆ ƈ ਲ ɏɀ Λ΄> šʉț ¢ǚǆƈǨƯ ʼ Œ ǘ ʨ šȾ ě Ƅû < ƛ ǵǆš3 Z Ϋ Ò ʛ ʂ ϣ ȉł i QÜ ʟ¢ǚǆƧy¢ǚǀʛ šǼ ķ ˕ ɒ Ń͑ ȉǨʓ T Ƕ ų ω Ǹ ʼ ˎ ƈ šΛDΛɡ Ǡʪ g ʫ E

Ukindia > Learn to Read > Sanskrit Lesson: (http://www.ukindia.com/zip/zsan01.htm) ɖ ǋ ɹ ɚ ƎŨ šƛ΢ ǋ ȜŨ ȉĥ ʆ ɀ ϝ ǵǆϟșy| Ưɫ ƎŨ ΄> Ń4 ƌ Ɍ ̪ ʯ ˔ŃΛϣ ΄> ʉț ƽ Ǯ ɚ ʥ ϟ šǺʆ ί ϡ

ʭ Ř Λ ΄ > ǵ ǆ ǆ Ĵ ĭ Ś ƍ ķ ʼ š ĥ ʆ Ƹ Q ɒ ʔ Ś š ʯ ͸ ɲ Ƨ ,declensions-ǨƯ ķ Ś šʯ ĸ ζ ʯ ͸ ɲ Ƨ,conjugations-˕ ɒ Ò ' ʝ Ȑ ØΛɡ Ǽ ° šŃè ˋ ɂ ˠ ɸ ƍ ķ ʼ šĥ ʆ Ø͑ ̩ ǚǺĐŉ ˎƂ šŃ̯Ø˂ ȉǨƿ ' ŀ Ń Ƅ YšǺʆ ϟ Đ ,1-Sanskrit Academy and Integrated Technology Solutions > Sanskrit Tutor (Educational software for learning Sanskrit): (http://www.samskrtam.org/tutor/tutor.html),; 2- Gérard Huet's Sanskrit Site: (http://pauillac.inria.fr/~huet/SKT/sanskrit.html)

William D. Whitney ˎŒ ƌ Ɍ ķ šɲ Ƨƫ ΆšŸ P ȉǨʟʭ Ř Λ̴ ɏʹ ō ʯ ¾ ́ ĭ Ś ̸ Whitney's Sanskrit Roots: (http://sanskritlibrary.org/whitney/) ˷ýʔ Ś šɲ Ƨƫ Άǎȉʟʭ Ř Λ̴ ɏʹ ō ʯ ş ¾ ́ ĭ Ś ̸ Sanskrit Nominal Morphology: (http://sanskritlibrary.org/morph/)

ʟǵǆǆĴǺYʼ ƽ 3 ț ƈ ȥ ȉɂ q Ʊ ɀ ƻʀ ȥ ,P;Hini-š<Ŏ ˽=,AMN;dhy;yC- ǨƯ ʉț ú ɵ šş ȹǆƈǽɄƲ Ǵ ʯ ɿŐ yĕ ĕ ʯ ɿŐ ˧ ȉƝΛɡ Ř ɩ ?ʭ Cultural & Intellectual Texts of India: (http://bangla.name/citi/)

|U& · ʚ ϥ ǻ Á Ç

͛ ǧ Ü ˎϣ ʟ< Ɍ šǤ ̎ ϟ šĿ R˧ ȉƝΛɡ ɧ Ʊ ǵǆƽ Š Ƅ?Ȟ 28 ǵ ǆĿ RšΛɡ ɗ ƍȉơ ˃ ȜŚ ,1-ǵǆĿ Ršō ũ Λ,2-ǵǆĿ Rš͑ ̩ Λ ,3-ǵǆõ ƿ Ŀ R,4-Ε ʕ š̍ǚĿ RˮƯ ýǵǆ ļ

1. ǵǆĿ Ršō ũ Λź ŭʥ ¿ šǵǆĿ Rˇ ʟ̪ ŃΛ΄> ¬ ˙ H ̶ Ř ɩ ĭ Ś ̸ ǨƯ ʼ Œ šȾ ϥ Ƞ ǉ Ʊ < Ɍ

Online Sanskrit Dictionary: (http://www.alkhemy.com/sanskrit/dict/)

28 365t7 Omniglot > A Guide to Written Language: (http://www.omniglot.com/) 12 Digital Dictionaries of South Asia: (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/index.html)

2. ǵǆĿ Rš͑ ̩ Λ

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, at Indica-et-Buddhica.org > R.B. Mahoney homepages: (http://indica-et-buddhica.org/homepages/mw_dict/) ˕ ͑ Λ̴ ΄> š ǵ˾ Ŀ Rȉʟĭ Ś ̸ Š ȉȖ ͑ Ř ɩ ǽɄƱ ɀ Ŀ Rš˔ ɿQί ϡ@ ƍʑ Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with special reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1899.

Apte Sanskrit Dictionary Search: (http://www3.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/sktdic/index.html) or (http://aa2411s.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/sktdic/) ˕ ͑ Λ ̴ û ΄ > ĭ Ś ̸ Q ί ϡ @ ƍ ʑ Vaman Shivram Apte, The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary.

Sanskrit, Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries: (http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/) ˕ ͑ Λ ̴ û ΄> ĭ Ś ̸ ȉ̸ šǵ˾ Ŀ RǽɄ Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon (from Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary), Ǩ Ư Capeller's 1891 Sanskrit-English Dictionary.

3. ǵǆõ ƿ Ŀ R,Reverse Dictionary of Sanskrit-

Sanskritweb: (http://www.sanskritweb.net/) ˕ ͑ Λ ˎ ͑ ǟ ̇ ,http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs/-΄> ǵǆõ ƿ Ŀ Ryƻ̫ ϟõ ƿ Ŀ Rš pdf ̶˗ ƌ šé ƿ Ŀ RȺ ƣ ʯ ̸ ʯ Ⱦ šé Ϳ ʟī ǐ ʼ ˹ʞ õ ƿ Ŀ Rź ʯ ͸ ̳ ǯ ʼ ʍ š ̪ ʯ ØŜ ʕ ,?ʭ ʍ Äɒ Ǩ -a Ø -mat H ͸ -ɼ ˥û ʟŃî ̬ ˃ Ń ʀ ʯ ͸ ̳ ǯ ʼ ʍ šȂ ɖ ǨƱ ýǹ ɹ ˸ ʾ yǒ ɨ ʯ ͸ ̳ ǯ

4. Ε ʕ š̍ǚĿ RˮƯ ýǵǆ ļ Dʝ ů ̍ǚĿ REDigital Dictionary of Buddhism: (http://www.acmuller.net/ddb/) (Chief Editor: Charles Muller) Ƚ ǫ ʟ9 Φ yΫ ťʟǺʪ ˎȠ Ƅˉ šũ Ǟ

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* The British Library / University of Washington Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project > Fonts & Keyboard

Templates: (http://depts.washington.edu/ebmp/software.php) ´µ¶·¸º¹¼»¾½ G;ndh;rC Unicode, KharoMNhC, Devan;garC Unicode, Tibetan Unicode.

* South Asia Language Resource Center (SALRC) > Unicode Fonts for South Asian Languages: (http://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/main.html)

* Digital Dictionaries of South Asia > Browsers and Fonts: (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/fonts.html)

* David McCreedy's Gallery of Unicode Fonts > Devanagari Unicode Fonts: (http://www.travelphrases.info/gallery/Fonts_Devanagari.html)

* Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library > Unicode Diacritic Fonts: (http://iris.lib.virginia.edu/tibet/tools/diafonts.html)

* Alan Wood’s Unicode Resources > Unicode fonts for Macintosh OS X computers: (http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/fonts_macosx.html)

* Transliteration and Devanagari Fonts for Sanskrit: (http://www.sanskritweb.net/fonts/) (Fonts for Classical and Vedic Sanskrit and other languages of India TrueType, PostScript Type 1, Unicode and OpenType Fonts.)

ƥ ƍ Ń΄Ʋ Ǵ ʯ ɿĭ Ś ƍ ķ ʼ šĥ ʆ ȉɏʭ Ř Λ̴ ō ǃ Hindi Script Tutor > Learning Devanagari Script: (http://www.avashy.com/hindiscripttutor.htm)

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31 A¢+¨ @Ë365t7 Ì¨Í Paul Harrison, “Canon,” Encyclopedia of Buddhism, edited by Robert E. Buswell, Jr., New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004, pp. 111-115. 16 ǚØ̍Ǻˎŭŭų ų Œ ƿ šȪ ̬ ʟ˕ Ńǉ ̯̎ Ƅɒ Ȗ ͑ ǩ ƈ µ ʭ ͑ɒ ȕ ˎʟ Ǘ š ˇ QȜǺʆ ǵǆšȉ° ˎŃŭȂ ȕ Ǻʆ ǵǆǆĴǺɸ ǆĴšȉ° ˎŃŭȂ ͑ǆ ʟǆĴšŖ Ŗ Ǹ Ƅ@ Ό ƈ ǺY° Ɍ ƛ Ś ǵǆ̍Ršû ̖ ʼ ˹Ʒ ¿ H Đ ǵǆ̍Rš9 λ Æ ˴6 0ƄŮŭYͼ M Ȉ QƎʟƷ ¿ ŮɌ ƛ Ś ǵǆ̍RšǺʴ ŋ ũ ƽ ƅ ȉ° ˎŃŭȂ ʟQȖ ͑ Ǻʴ ɋ ș ȕ ̎ ˅ ˄ Ʒ ¿ ͛ ˥Øʧ ˷Qƅ šŃ˥˹ýQ Ȥ šƄȈ Ʊ ɀ ƄĢ 3 Z Š Ƅʟǧ ƣ ÄȉǨĢ ˄ y' Ɣ ŭ ǆ˕ ɒ Ǻʴ Ź Ơ ƧšŃͿ Ɣ Ʉ ˹ ɒ Ł ʑ̵ # ƽ Ů< ʼ Œ šˇ yɮ Ɍ Ğ V ʟȠ ͑ ̩ Øʟ Ǘ š ƫ Ĺ ʟǨŚ Ǝ͑ ˃ ʚ ͡ ͡ ʼ ˄ šȸ ķ Ř ǵǆ̍Rŭʽ Ëšɼ ˗ yʨ Ƀ ŭ˰ ͑ȕ ° Ǩǜ ι Ƨšǉ ʼ ʟɥ ķ

΍ < ǵǆ̍Ršˇ ɼ ˗ ʨ Ƀ yɮ Ɍ šƫ Ĺ Ńʭ Ś ̚ Ɲ3 ̍ǚ˄ Ƹ QǨ̍ǚ˄ ʑȹ šŹ Ű > ř Ø} ΋ Ü ʟǕ ƄȰ ʚ ˔ƚ ͑Øi [ ý˕ Äšƫ Ĺ Q ˴ȉǨΨ Ǹ Ƞ ʥ Ƀ ɏϥ Ąʑ̎ ˎȰ ̎ ˹ǵǆ̍RȲ Ò Ł š3 Z Øϡ ĭ ?ʭ Q Ńş ý˹̍RšŒ Ƣ ˶ ŮŃ ť ɰ ǵǆ̍Rɖ ǋ šŘ ȕ QŊ˹̍Rƽ ƅ šǵǆ ̍RΆ˃ ŷ Ʉšϡ ĭ ''ǽɄ̬ ˃ ˥ơ ˃ ɝ ˩ Λ ʒ ͑ ˥ơ ζ ʒ ͑ Ś ̩ šE ˽ú Ư ȖɄ ʰ šƫ Ά''Ƀ ̠ ˃ ʑ̍Ǻšş ȹ ਤ ƈ ŃQŗ˄ šĜ ̶ ʭ Đ ɒ ʉț ̍ǚ Øɒ ʉț ̍ǚ˹| ƙ ʞ ļ šȌ ˮǢ ˄ š¾ ́ Ǥ ̎ ͇ ̩ ɖ ˍǺȖϡǺØǆƈȖ Ǻšǉ Ĵǎ Ł 3 Z ǵǆ̍R̳˃ ʑ˄ Ÿ ̚ɒ ̹ ° Ǩɼ ɂ šǺʴ ʽ @ ɮ ̚ŵ Q Œ šơ ˩ ƈ ŃQȜǨ̍ǺʑŹ Ű ˄ šĜ ̶ ʭ Đ ɒ ʉț ̍ǚˮǢ ˄ š¾ ́ Ǥ ̎ ɒ ʟƾ à Ȩ Ń ͳ ǺȀ Ƀ ͕ Ǻ' N Ⱥ ƣ Ń£ š˓Ϳ Ń˥ŖŃ˥š̍Rǽ Ʉǵǆ̍R˷Ʒ ʟǶ Rš˥ơ ʧ ˷Ư ýŭ Rš˥ơ Ƅȕ ɒ Ł Ł ʞ 3 Z ˮɒ Ń͑ ʯ ƿ Ń͑ ʯ ȉ Ƅ͎ ȟ ʞ Ʊ ɀ ɸ Ȉ Ŕ ɰ Ƅɒ Ź Ű ਤ ˃ Ƞ ş ȹš̎ λ Ø΢ ˂

Ƅŭ ʾ Ś Ƒ N ÄšɃ ɏŃȷ Ɨ ̊ Ł ϡ ĭ 3 Z Ø˄ ɀ ǵǆ̍RY½ ɀ Ɲ Ƒ N ʞ ǉ Ř ǃ ˕ Øų ȉƝǆƈŷ ʰ ō ǃ ƈ ǋ ' Ɣ š@ʋ ͟ ʋ E ,Gilgit-ǵǆ̍R ȹšǸ Ūζ ̍ǚ˄ A̳ʑŃ?32 Øų ȉƝǆƈǺŷ ʰ ō ǃ ̐ Ƙ ' Ɣ š@ǆƈ Ǻǉ ĴƯ Qʟ̍ǚ˄ š˹ Ž ˃ Đ ζ ư Ȩ A̳ʑŃ?33 i ̫ ýğ ͗ ǨƯ ϡ ̥ yź

' Ɣ ɸ šƛ΢ ƴ ʥ ̩ Ŝ ƿ Ř @ û Λ ̎ ƍ Ǹ ʭ Ř Ŏ Ś šɖ ÑÓÒyÔÖÕØ×yÙÛÚÛÜÛÝÓÞßáàÛâyãáäyåæÛÝÛçéè¨êÖÕìëÛíÛîÛïÛðÓñyÝÛçóò Edward Conze, Buddhist Scriptures: A Bibliography, edited and revised by Lewis Lancaster, New York: Garland Publishing, 1982; Yasuhiro Sueki, Bibliographical Sources for Buddhist Studies: from the viewpoint of Buddhist Philology, Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, The International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, 1998;

Addenda I, II, III, 1999, 2000, 2001.

Ñyô£ÔõÕ÷ößàyø£ùÝúÞúûúüýÿþyä¡ èÕëíúîïðyñ Ýçõò Hajime Nakamura, Indian Buddhism:

A Survey with Bibliographical Notes, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1987.

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Ñ]\Ô ÕöyðúñÿÝúç(^_£`¥a£bü c¥dä è¾ò Mana Bajra Bajracharya, Christopher S. George, A Descriptive Catalog of the Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Microform Collection of the Institute for Advanced Studies of World Religions, New York: The Institute for Advanced Studies of World Religions, 1977; Cecil Bendall, Catalogue of the Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1883; E. B. Cowell, J. Eggeling, Catalogue of Buddhist Sanskrit

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Yutaka Iwamoto ( e ), Catalogue of the Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of Tokai University, 1960; R;jendral;la Mitra, The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal, Calcutta: Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, 1971; Mitutoshi Moriguchi, A Catalogue of the Buddhist Tantric Manuscripts in the National Archives of Nepal and Kesar Library, Tokyo: Sankibou Busshorin, 1989; Hidenobu Takaoka (ed.), A Microfilm Catalogue of the

Buddhist Manuscripts in Nepal, vol. I, Nagoya: Buddhist Library, 1981.

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Ñ¡ÔõÕÝç¥£ èê Õëúíîïðyñ Ýç ò Edward Conze, The Prajñ;p;ramit; Literature, second edition (revised and enlarged), Bibliographia Philologica Buddhica, no. 1, Tokyo: The Reiyukai, 1978; Akira Yuyama, A Bibliography of the Sanskrit Texts of the SaddharmapuH>arCkasOtra, Canberra: Australian National

University Press, 1970.

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J. W. de Jong, A Brief

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History of Buddhist Studies in Europe and America, Tokyo: Kosei Publishing, 1997; J. W. de Jong,

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±>» Gilgit Buddhist Manuscripts (revised and enlarged compact facsimile edition), volumes 1-3, compiled by Raghu Vira and Lokesh Chandra, Bibliotheca Indo Buddhica Series, no. 150, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1995; Jens

Braarvig (general editor), Manuscripts in the Schoyen Collection: Buddhist Manuscripts, vol. I, Oslo: Hermes

Ã òÉ¡Ê¥I Õ(?JË¡Ì£Í£/¡Î tç©^_õò ÝyÞ^_¡Ï

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û ý¡þ 2000, 2002 ÷ 3 2003 441-444. Nalinaksha Dutt (ed.), Gilgit Manuscripts, 4 vols, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1939-1959; Eli Franco (ed.), The Spitzer Manuscript: The Oldest Philosophical Manuscript in Sanskrit, 2 vols, Wien: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2004; A. F.

18 Rudolf Hoernle, The Bower Manuscript, 3 vols, New Delhi: Mrs. Sharada Rani, 1983; A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature Found in Eastern Turkestan, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1916; Giuseppe Tucci, Minor Buddhist Texts, parts I & II, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1986; Giuseppe Tucci, Minor Buddhist Texts, part III: Third Bh;van;krama, Roma: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo

Oriente, 1971; P. L. Vaidya (ed.), Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, 21 vols, Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute, 1958-1970;

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National Bibliography of Indian Literature (NBIL): (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/nbil.py) ˕ ͑ Λ̴ ȉΎ ˚ ̸ ʉț ǆƈšɫ Ńǃ yɫ Ŋ ǃ ɗ ϡ

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Sanskrit Texts and Stotras: (http://sanskrit.safire.com/) ˕ ͑ Λ΄> Ϳ Ś Ώ ʥ šǵǆ RƔ Ǩ<͊ Ƣ =,Veda-<Ϋ ̒ ǵ̺ =,Bhagavad-gCt;, or the Song of the Lord- ǨƯ ɚ ʥ šDʼ ̺ E,Stotras-̐ ʑǸ ˽̶ ŭʥ ʑƲ Ǵ ʯ ɿƷ ¿ ˎĕ ĕ ʯ ɿØ˾ ǆ| Ư˕ ͑ Λ͆ ƛ E ̩ Ɨɷ šʞ ǉ ʟý΄> ƄƷ šˍ̳ ̶ȉȻ Ϊ ʉț ú ɵ Ǻų ,pundits-ʟ<͊ Ƣ =y<ī Ȁ =,UpaniMad-Ń4 ƌ Ɍ Ƕ ǆȠ ɰ ʞ šň ϝ ƥ ƍ Ń ΄ ɏ˕ ͑ ΛšDǵǆș ̀ E,Sanskrit Humor-ǟ̠ ˎ̯ ýʟû Î šǀƫ r Ȕ ƿ ƫ ǵǆšƂ j ˔Ȟ ˹ Ń ʉ Ȼ Ƞ ˎǆǺ͕ ਤ šǵǆˍ̳ ̶Ŧ Ʀ ˉ ɸ ʭ Ř Λ̴ Library of Congress New Delhi office > The South Asian Literary Recordings Project > Sanskrit: (http://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/sanskrit.html)

Sanskritweb: (http://www.sanskritweb.net/) ˕ ͑ Λ΄> ʑ¿ ȉʰ šǵǆRƔ ǽ Ʉ<͊ Ƣ =,Veda-<ī Ȁ =,UpaniMad-<Ϋ ̒ ǵ̺ =,Bhagavad-gCt;-Ƀ ŋ Ģ Ȑ ,V;lmCki-ýƞ ƙ ǋ 300 ʻȨ ȋ ˃ š<ĕ ¨ á ' =,Rm;yaHa-

Gaudiya Grantha Mandira - A Sanskrit Text Repository: (http://www.granthamandira.org/) ˕ ͑ Λ Ǩ΄> ʉț ǚš˃ ū ̰ ʄ šȮ á ú ɵ ,Caitanya VaiMHava tradition-šRƔ ʑŭ¢Q˴Ȥ ς ů ĕ Ơ ǚyʉț ǚ¬ ɸ Ǝ˥ ˥š RƔ ɺ ˥Ś ơ ˃ ź Ƙ ƎŔ ͑ Ś ɖ ˕ ˂ ʥ ʟ˄ ů ĕ Ơ ǚØʉț ǚʑǺʪ Ü ͈ ̩ š ǵǆRƔ ˎŃ4 Ģ ˃ ĕ ĕ ʯ ɿȔ ˎŃ4 Ť ƿ ǨƲ Ǵ ʯ ɿɹ ɚ

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21 ʟǵǆɚ ʥ šRƔ ƽ ƅ ̐ i YƩ Ǎ ų Ã Ã ȩ ō ƽ Ǯ ʥ ¿ ŋ ͊ šǀʛ Š ɒ ʟ Ǻʆ Ś ̐ ΢ Ā ʷł ə YŚ ũ ų ʚ ˮü ʓ ýʷ ō ʑǵǆʟǆĴØǆǺšʿ ɀ ί ϡǨŘ ȕ ʀ Ǹ ŋ # ɨ þ šŃ4 ʿ è

Ǩ D ʼ ̺ E ʑ ǀ š ɗ ϡ δ Dvaita Home Page > Stotras: (http://www.dvaita.org/stotra/index.shtml)

Ǩ < Ϋ ̒ ǵ ̺ = , Bhagavad-gCt; - ʑ ǀ š ɗ ϡ δ Gita Supersite: (http://www.gitasupersite.iitk.ac.in/) ˕ ͑ Λ΄> <Ϋ ̒ ǵ̺ =Ư Qɚ ʥ ĩ ƹ šʒ Ϳ ϟ šŐ ȹƽ ǽɄǵǆȹ

Ǩ<¨ ů ĕ ʥ ,ģ ŭšů ĕ ʥ ǔ Ǥ Ŏ ȇ ƈ ȖɃ-=,Mah;bh;rata-ʑ ǀšɗ ϡδ ,1-The Mahabharata: The Great Epic of India: (http://www.valmikiramayan.net/); , 2 - The Internet Sacred Text Archive > Hinduism > The Mahabharata: (http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm)

Ǩ<ĕ ¨ á ' =,R;m;yaHa-ʑ ǀšɗ ϡδ ,1-The Ramayana: An Enduring Tradition: (http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/maxpages/special/ramayana/),; 2-Valmiki Ramayana: (http://www.valmikiramayan.net/)

ƅ ǆΛǨȩ ō ȕ Ǹ šǉ ʼ Ɨɷ ʉț ¬ ŋ # šRƔ Dʉț yǠʪ ̳ Ï ǆƧ ō ũ ΛE(http://indianandworldmusic.net/Culture/a0013.php)

Ré { Z Į Κ Ω ǻ Á Ȃ Z

Λɡ ΢ Ǻ ƸQɼ ǆɗ ϡδ ʓ @ ɒ Λɡ ɗ ƍʟǺʪ Ƞ i ̩ šŃħ > ř ʟǵ ǆʉț šRƔ Øʉț š¢ǚƝ3 Ǻʆ Ø˄ šŸ ̚ʭ Đ Ƞ ƌ ƿ ƫ Λɡ ΢ Ǻ Ƅû ȉç Φ Ǻʆ Ø˄ š ͵ ˮǢ Š ɒ yɼ ɂ Ǻʪ ƿ ̙ Ƞ Ȱ ̎ šŃ͡ ƿ q ϣ ɒ ȕ Ģ ̐ q ɋ Ȃ ɖ šĕ ʀ

* Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS): (http://users.primushost.com/~india/ejvs/)

* International Journal of Tantric Studies (IJTS): (http://www.asiatica.org/ijts/) published by Asiatica Association: (http://www.asiatica.org/)

* South Asia Graduate Research Journal (SAGAR): (http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/pages/sagar/) sponsored by The South Asia Institute, The University of Texas at Austin.

* Teaching South Asia: An Internet Journal of Pedagogy: (http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/TSA/) freely accessible through the Project South Asia Website (http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/index.htm), a digital library of teaching resources of South Asia.

22 ȉ Ï , η c 4 Ż ʨ Å ϣ ˧

ǵǆ̍RɄ ʰ šƫ ΆY½ ȫ ÄŃ» Ƞ ΢ Ā i ̫ ý͑ ŋ | ƙ ɋ ʂ Ť ƿ ƿ ƫ š͡ ˜ ˮˎŊŭ̫ Ǭ ȉʟʼ ƽ 3 ț ˑ o ˕ Äš̫ [ QŃʼ Œ šɖ yǺʪ ķ ʓ š Ɨź ʟ@ɫ Ȝǯ Aŭɋ ɤ Ǯ QŊˠ ɸ Λɡ ˙ ƿ Yɼ ɂ ʼ Œ šɗ ƍǎʑȹ ǯ Œ Ƣ š̩ * ƿ Ř @ Ɨ ̊ Ǩņ͑ ų ǯ ɋ Ģ Ɨ,1-ǵǆ̍RŹ Ơ šō ũ ΛØ Âʔ Λ̴ ,2-ǵǆ̍RŹ Ơ šŭǰ ɗ ϡδ ,3-ǵǆ̍Rƥ ǈ ʟĜ ̶ Ł šŭǰ ɗ ϡδ ƛ,4-ǵǆ̍Rƥ ǈ ʟǺʴ Ȫ ̬ šʼ Œ ̐ ØǸ Ő Ǥ ƛ,5-ǵǆ̍Rʟ ɓ ǈ ʟȜΓ šΛ,6-ǵǆ̍R ȹζ ʯ Ⱦ ,7-Λɡ Ś šǵǆ̍Rɗ ƍšΧ ¾ ŬÔ

U& ŭ ʚ ρ \ Ω - ǻ ː ̠ ̊ ô ǻ Ɣ

ǵǆ̍RŹ Ơ šō ũ Λ͛ ǧ ͱ ɼ Μ ƄYǐ Ɩ İ Ś ŀ š?ʭ SparQabhOmi: (http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/ahcen/coseru/)ź Ƙ ŃʻȺ ɾ Ϋ ť

ˎŒ ǵǆ̍RšÂʔ Λ̴ ,1-The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue: (http://www.hm.tyg.jp/~acmuller/descriptive_catalogue/) Ƞ ˴Ɍ ȉɧ Ʊ ̍Ršǵǆƻ ̫ ϟ͇ǆ̃ǆy ǆÂʔ Qί ϡ@ ƍʑ Lewis R. Lancaster, The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. ,2- Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon into Western Languages: (http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/DBLM/database/projects/TransBib_MB.htm) ˕ Ń ͑ ɏ Marcus Bingenheimer ΢ Ƚ šΛ̴ ȉɧ Ʊ ͇ǆ̍RšǵǆÂʔ ˾ ǆƯʔ ǨƯ ̐ ş ȹšǺʴ ɗ ã Ś ˓Ϋ ťǊ ΢ ʑ 2001 ʻ 12 ǌ,3-˔Ȟ ʭ Ř ɨ ƌ Ϋ ťšΛ̴ ȉǨƝǵǆ Ⱥ ƣ ʯ Ⱦ šé Ϳ Ύ ˚ ɧ Ʊ ͇ǆ̍RšÂʔ DDB Sanskrit Buddhist Texts Index: (http://www.acmuller.net/ddb/indexes/text-sa.html)

U& ŭ ʚ ρ \ Ω 1 P · Ɂ Ȕ

Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods (NIEM) > Sanskrit Buddhist Canon Input Project: (http://www.nagarjunainstitute.com/) ˕ ͛ ǧ ɒ ɖ ǋ ź ť Ō Ń΀ ƛ Ś Ź Ơ ʟĢ ǵǆ̍Rš ŭǰ ɗ ϡδ Š ͑ɒ ϥ 0ƪ ɏ¬ ˙ H ɥƪ ź Λɡ Ʉ ˃ šʟ ɓ ̶ & ō Ø ō ɥ ƪ û ̫ £ ʟƷ ¿ ͛ ˥RƔ ˮɒ ˎ̐ Ǣ Ɵ ΢ Σ ō ŃȖ Ί ʟĢ ˕ Ń͑ ɏ Lewis Lancaster ƒ ˄ ` ū Min Bahadur Shakya ̔ ˊ Ţ ́ š̐ ɖ ǋ ź ͱ ˃ ʹ ō š˥ơ Ƕ R 45 ˥ŭ R 14 ˥Dʼ ̺ E,Stotras-108 ˥ǽɄƲ Ǵ ʯ ɿŐ yĕ ĕ ʯ ɿŐ ʹ ō ƈ ȥ š˹ʼ ƽ ¤ Ϥ Ǣ ¤ Œ ɖ ǋ ź ͱ ˃ ˹0Ǣ ʟΛȉ> Ř ɩ š pdf ̶ Ƕ R 11 ˥ŭ R 4 ˥Dʼ ̺ E13 ˥ǽɄƲ Ǵ ʯ ɿŐ yĕ ĕ ʯ ɿŐ 35

35 Qsr'B,t'u.v*8Pw#x#y "rya AdvayaQatik; Prajñ;p;ramit; SOtra, "rya AmoghapaQahLdaya N;ma Mah;y;na-SOtra, "rya Anityat; SOtra, "rya Triskandha N;ma Mah;y;na-SOtra, Prajñ;p;ramit;-hLdaya SOtra, "rya S;gara-n;ga-r;ja-paripLcch; N;ma Mah;y;na-SOtra, Sit;tapatr;, Sukh;vatC-vyOha SOtra, Vajracchedik; N;ma TriQatik; Prajñ;p;ramit; SOtra. 23 Ȗ ͑ ̐ ŀ ˙Ȉ Ȥ ς ̍Rš͛ ǧ Ü ˎšŚ ̩ ̐ ̩ ̎ šŃ͑ E ˽ʟýƄû ō ź Ǹ Ő šǵǆ̍RΊ ˮǢ ǽɄȥ ł ͟ š̂ ȣ ત Č ǉ ĴǺċ ,Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods-˙ੂ E šǵǆ̍R ȹ˕ ͪ ɒ ǵǆ̍Rʟƽ Ǯ š¿ ̇ ʨ Ƀ ͆ ƛ ŭE šŃɱ 3 ƫ ȉƮ ¾ ț yʣ ΢ ͱ ˃ šǊ ΢ ˧ ƄĄČ Ǻʪ ̗ ǧ Ʒ ˎŋ ť ɰ ˮ ˎŒ ̍ǚØ̍ǺŃ» šō ũ ΛŠ Ƞ Ʒ ʾ YĢ ͑ ¬ ˙ H Y˕ Ń͑ ɗ ϡδ š

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ˎŃ4 ŭǰ šɗ ϡδ Ʀ RƔ šĜ ̶ ʼ ƽ Ł Qƅ ˎŃų ˥ơ ʑǵǆ̍R ʑŉ ǉ Ʊ Ɨɷ ˕ ŃͿ ƫ Άȉơ ˃ ʭ Ř ŊŚ

1. Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages (GRETIL): (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm) ˕ ͑ Λź ʉț ϟ ˎŒ šRƔ ʟΛɡ ȜΓ šʝ ů ̶ˇ ĕ Ǣ & ō ƝˮΆ˃ ã ŭšɗ ϡδ Ǹ Ʉ ʟ˕ Ń͑ ɗ ϡδ šǵǆ̍Rq ̪ Ȃ ʀ ʭ Ř

* D. R. Shackleton Bailey (ed.), The 8atapañc;Qatka of M;tLceNa: Sanskrit Text, Tibetan Translation &

Û{`|

Commentary and Chinese Translation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951. z Jens-Uwe

Hartmann }R~

* Ronald M. Davidson, “The Litany of Names of MañjuQrC: Text and Translation of the MañjuQrCn;masaDgCti,”

Tantric and Taoist Studies in honour of R.A. Stein, edited by Michel Strickmann, Bruxelles: Institut Belge des

Û{`| }¨~ Hautes Études Chinoises, 1981, pp. 1-69. z Klaus Wille

* Nalinaksha Dutt (ed.), “"rya-Maitreya-Vy;karaHam,” Gilgit Manuscripts, 4 vols, vol. IV, Bibliotheca

Û{`| }

Indo-Buddhica, no. 14, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1959, pp. 185-214. z Jens-Uwe Hartmann

* Dalsukhbai Malvania (ed.), Durveka MiQra (c. 1100): DharmottarapradCpa (subcommentary on Dharmottara's

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Ny;yabinduNCk; on DharmakCrti's Ny;yabindu), Patna: Kashiprasad Jayaswal Research Institute, 1971. z

Helmut Krasser

* Sukhlalji Sanghavi, Muni Shri Jinavijayaji (eds.), HetubinduNCk; of BhaNNa ArcaNa: with the Sub-Commentary

Û{`| entitled "loka of Durveka MiQra, Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1949. z Helmut Krasser

* Jan;rdana 8;strC P;ndeya (ed.), “MañjuQrC-n;ma-saDgCti,” Bauddha-stotra-saPgraha, Delhi: Motilal

Û{`| õ¡¡¡ }¨~ Banarsidass Publishers, 1994, pp. 5-20. z Ian Sinclair

QrBtu`v8oxy Bodhipatha-pradCpa, Cary;-saPgraha-pradCpa, PratCtya-samutp;da-hLdaya-K;rik;, 8ikM;-samuccaya-K;rik;. 24

* Peter Skilling (ed.), “Mah;mantr;nus;riHC,” Mah;sOtras: Great Discourses of the Buddha, 2 vols, vol. I,

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Sacred Books of the Buddhists, no. 44, Oxford: Pali Text Society, 1994, pp. 608-622. z Klaus Wille

}¨~

Û{`|

* Paramanandan Shastri (ed.), Tarkarahasya, Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute, 1979. z

Helmut Krasser

* P. L. Vaidya (ed.), Avad;na-Qataka, Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, no. 19, Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute, 1958;

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J.S. Speyer (ed.), Avad;na-Qataka: A Century of Edifying Tales, 2 vols, Bibliotheca Buddhica ( ), no. 3,

Û{`| õ¡¡¡ }¨~ St. Petersbourg: The Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1902-1909. z Klaus Wille

* Ernst Waldschmidt, Das Mah;parinirv;HasOtra: Text in Sanskrit und Tibetisch,Verglichen mit dem P;li nebst

einer Übersetzung der Chinesischen Entsprechung im Vinaya der MOlasarv;stiv;dins, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag,

Û{`| }¨~

1950-1951. z Klaus Wille

ß{é£ê¨¡¡ä î ôèí Ý Û{| z * Buddhist Stotras Jens-Uwe Hartmann }R~

2. ʟ GRETIL ƈ Ȟ šŃ4 ɗ ϡδ Š ȉǨΜ YƷ ¿ šǵǆ̍R?ʭ

Franz Bernhard (ed.), Ud;navarga, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965; P. L. Vaidya (ed.), Divy;vad;na, Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, no. 20, Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute, 1959. ʝ ů ̶ ɏ Kensuke Okamoto ʹ ō ̶ Ǹ ˶ mtokunag/skt_texts: (http://tiger.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/mtokunag/skt_texts/) Ɲɀ ΛŠ ȉŘ ɩ ů ĕ Ơ ǚyʉț ǚ šŃ4 RƔ

Nalinaksha Dutt (ed.), “Ek;daQamukham,” Gilgit Manuscripts, 4 vols, vol. I, Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica, no. 14, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1939, pp. 33-40. ʝ ů ̶ ɏ Somadeva Vasudeva ʹ ō ̶ Ǹ ˶ somadevah/Etexts: (http://homepage.mac.com/somadevah/Etexts.html) Ɲɀ ΛŠ ȉŘ ɩ ʭ Ř š̍R̶ A. C. Senape MacDermott (ed. and tr.), An Eleventh-century Buddhist Logic of “Exists”: RatnakCrti's KMaHabhaPgasiddhiB Vyatirek;tmik;, Dordrecht: D. Ek;d Reidel, 1969.

Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien (TITUS): (http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm) ˇ ˍĜ ̶ = ʟǵǆ̍Rš˥ơ ǽɄ CatuM-pariMat-sOtra. Chapter 33 of DCvy;vad;na: "8;rdOlakarH;vad;na." Ud;navarga. AQvaghoMa, Buddha-carita.

The Internet Sacred Text Archive > Buddhism: (http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/index.htm) ) ˕ ͑ ã ŭšɗ ϡδ ΄> ŭʥ ¿ 1 ŭǰ ¢ǚ šRƔ ζ ŭ q ʟ̍ǚš˥ơ Đŉ ʒ Ϳ ϟ šRƔ ϣ ˎʟQȤ ʞ ǉ Ƅƴ ΢ Ā Μ Yš | Ưζ Ǻʴ ǆ˽

25 |U& ŭ ʚ ( ÿ Z Ĕ ƌ Ω Ĝ Κ Ű ɥ ̠ X Θ D _

ʟŃ4 Ǻʴ Ȫ ̬ šʼ Œ ̐ ØǸ Ő Ǥ ĥ ͟ ȉǨΜ YƷ ¿ šǵǆ̍R?ʭ

D<Ƽ ̒ γ ʞ ŭ =ɗ ϡδ > < Ɍ ɀ ǔ > ǵ͇ɼ ǆ̸ E,http://ybh.chibs.edu.tw/- 36

DŭȽ ŭǺΕ ʕ ̍ǚ˄ Ü E(http://www.tmx.tais.ac.jp/sobutsu/) Ɲ˔ŃΛ ȉǨʾ Yɀ ˄ Ü Ƚ ǫ š˄ ̐ ζ Ǹ Ő Ǥ šƗɷ ǽɄ<Ƽ ̒ γ ʞ ŭ Κ Ϊ ʞ =<Ƅ

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ßR¨¡¡ E¨¡R4î ô íÝ

* The Abhisam;c;rika-Dharma of the Mah;s;Dghika-Lokottarav;dins

(http://www.tmx.tais.ac.jp/sobutsu/AsDhIndJ.html)

pdf

* Vinaya-sOtra (http://www.tmx.tais.ac.jp/sobutsu/vinayasutra.html)

ì±R²³R´ õ {· pdf

Dϟ ¥ ¤ ˍ ŭǺ¤ ͥ ǆƧǺω ζ ͳ Ǻ[ > Ƽ ̒ ́ Ȩ Ń ˄ Ů[ >[ ǵ͇˹[ Electric-TEXTE(http://www.shiga-med.ac.jp/public/yugagyo/) ˕ ͑ Λ̴ ΄> ǵ͇˹ š pdf ̶ʑŹ Â˄ š˃ Đ ʟǆƈǺǉ Ĵšɮ Ɍ Ř ŉ Ƞ ŭšŸ Ƴ ƛ΢ ǽɄ<ŭ ̺ ƣ ˃ ɲ ɛ ã ŭ =,Abhidharma-samuccaya, T. 1605, vol. 31-<ŭ̺ ƣ ˃ ɲ ɛ · ã ŭ = ,Abhidharma-samuccaya-bh;Mya, T. 1606, vol. 31-š@ȹ3 ơ A@τ ȏ ơ [ ʝ Ǥ A @τ ȏ ơ [ ĴǤ ঘƛ Ǥ ঘŭ Ƭ Ǥ A

Institut für Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens (The Institute for the Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia of the Austrian Academy of Sciences) > Online Publications and Web Materials: (http://www.oeaw.ac.at/ias/Mat.html) ˕ ͑ Λ̴ ΄> šǵǆ̍RǨ˳ ' ,Dign;ga-Ĵ΀ ,DharmakCrti-ĴŚ ,Dharmottara-ʑǤ ?ʭ Ernst Steinkellner (ed.), Dign;ga's Pram;Hasamuccaya, Chapter 1 (A hypothetical reconstruction of the Sanskrit text with the help of the two Tibetan translations on the basis of the hitherto known Sanskrit fragments and the linguistic materials gained from Jinendrabuddhi's 5Ck;, 2005.

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p 44-46. 26 Bibliographia Philologica Buddhica, no. 1, Tokyo: The Reiyukai, 1978. ˕ ͑ ΛÜ ΄> šȉǨʾ ˃ ͇ Ɍ ƕ Ǹ Ő Ǥ Ǣ ŖͰ Æ ' Έ Λɡ Ǽ ° šŃͿ ̰ Œ šˋ ɂ T Ƕ ƈ ȥ Ƅ û ˹» ˹ Ĳ ĕ ϋ ʥ ǆƈšǵǆ˥ơ ȉΆ˃ Ɠ ι šϡ ĭ ˮǢ ʟ̍ǚǆƈš ˩ Š ʚ ˔Ϋ ǻ Ò

The Heart Sutra Home Page: (http://members.ozemail.com.au/~mooncharts/heartsutra/) ˕ ͑ Λ΄> <ǀǶ =šʒ ͑ ϟ šŐ ȹǽɄǵǆšƲ Ǵ ʯ ɿyĕ ĕ ʯ ɿŐ

Indica-et-Buddhica.org > R.B. Mahoney homepages: (http://indica-et-buddhica.org/homepages/) ˕ ͑ Λ΄> šRƔ Ǩŷ ȣ ,N;g;rjuna (c. 150-250)-Øŵ Ʋ ,8;ntideva (c. 650-750)-ʼ Œ ų ʑǤ ǽɄ̂ ȣ š< ȹƅ ʨ ,ƅ ŭ -= ,MOla-madhyamaka-k;rik;-<ƜŔ ʨ ʭ Ƀ ŭ =,Yukti-MaMNik;-k;rik;-<ù Ů ŭ = , Vigraha-vy;vartanC-k;rik; - < ź ́ Ǟ Ƚ ŭ = , Ratn;valC - < f ΄ ǀ ƹ = ,Bodhicitta-vivaraHa-ǨƯ ŵ Ʋ š<ō f ΄́ ŭ =,Bodhicary;vat;ra-<ã Ǻŭ ,ŭ ̺ ã f Ǻŭ -=,8ikM;-samuccaya-˷ý ȍ šŐ ȹɁ ɺ š˄ ɖ Ŧ ɧ Ʊ ɀ Λ Ŗ ˕ 4 ʝ ů ̶ Š ˧ ˇ ˍ ʟ GRETIL: (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm) Ͱ Ɂ *S ʵ > Sanskrit Texts: (http://mujintou.lib.net/) ˕ ͑ Λ̴ ΄> ʭ Ř ǵǆ̍ R Æ ˢ Ƕ ǵϟ१ ॎ ग़ ३ (The Sanskrit Text of the Larger Sukhavativyuha); ƣ ̞ Ƣ Ƕ ǵ ϟ१ ॎ ग़ ३ (The Sanskrit Text of the Smaller Sukhavativyuha); ͇ǵ˹ƣ g ¢ȃ ǚʿ ã ,͇ ǵ˹ƣ ʼ ̍ǘ *̩ ϣ ǘ *ƣ ̞ Ƣ Ƕ -Ü ΄> šĐŉ ĕ ĕ ʯ ɿ Ő ϣ ˎ͇ǵ˹ƣ Ő ʟǆƈ˹ɀ Ś = ˎ̯ ટ

DharmakCrti E-texts: (http://www.logos.tsukuba.ac.jp/~nagasaki/dharmakirti/e-text.html) ˕ ͑ Λ̴ šʝ ů ̶ɏų ˩ ş ,Motoi Ono-΄> ȉƮ ʳ ¨ Ⱥ ͬ S ˹ǨĴ΀ , DharmakCrti - š̚Ǥ ʑ Ǥ ǽɄ Raniero Gnoli (ed.), The Pram;Hav;rttikam of DharmakCrti: The First Chapter with the Autocommentary, Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1960; Dalsukh Bhai Malvania (ed.), "c;rya-DharmakCrti-kLta-Ny;yabindor "c;rya-Dharmottara-kLta-tCk;y; anutCk;rOpaB Pandita-DurvekamiQra-kLto DharmottarapradCpaB, P;taliputram: Kasiprasada-jayasavala-anusilanasamstha, 1955; Michael Torsten Much (ed.), DharmakCirti's V;dany;yaB, Wien: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1991; Swami Dwarikadas Shastri (ed.), VadanyayaprakaraHa of Acharya DharmakCrtti: with the commentary Vipanchit;rth; of Acharya 8;ntarakMita and SambandhaparCkM;, Varanasi: Bauddha Bharati, 1972; Ernst Steinkellner (ed.), DharmakCirti's HetubinduB, Wien: Böhlau in Kommission, 1967.

“Sam;dhir;ja-sOtra,”Gilgit Buddhist Manuscripts (revised and enlarged compact facsimile edition), volumes 1-3, compiled by Raghu Vira and Lokesh Chandra, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1995, ff. 2461-2783. ʝ ů ̶ɏ Kazuhiro Shimizu ʹ ō ¨ Ⱥ ͬ S ˹ ̶ Ǹ ˶ Shimizu Family Core/ms-file: (http://www.netfam.co.jp/sfc/sdps/ms-file.html)

27 Abhisamay;laDk;ra of Maitreyan;tha: (http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/ahcen/

coseru/abhisamaya.html) ˕ ͑ Λ̴ ΄> <Ʉ ʰ ʟ Ŵ ŭ =šƲ Ǵ ʯ ɿyĕ ĕ ʯ ɿŐ pdf ̶

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Buddhist Manuscripst in the SchIyen Collection (BMSC): (http://folk.uio.no/braarvig/msc/msc.html)

The British Library / University of Washington Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project: (http://depts.washington.edu/ebmp/index.php)

International Dunhuang Project (IDP ŗ 6 Α Ƨ è ɖ ): (http://idp.bl.uk/) ȉ̸ ¿ ˥ ɱ šǵǆ ȹξ ǚ

Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMPP ȥ ł ͟ ' ŗ ȹƵ ʰ ̐ ): (http://www.uni-hamburg.de/ngmpp/) ɏ Nepal Research Centre (NRC ȥ ł ͟ ˄ ƅ ǀ): (http://www.uni-hamburg.de/ngmcp/nrc/) ý 1970-2002 ʻŢ ́ šŃè ̐ ŭÆ φ ã ȥ ł ͟ šʵ ċ ̶ ʨ ζ ϧ ŋ ˇ Ǥ ȜΓ šǵǆ̃ǆȥ ł ͟ ϟȥ ɉ ͟ ϟ ,Newari- ȹŭ˚ Ŕ Ŏ Ǥ ɱ Ǝ˥ Ǥ ƕ Ț ǚ,folios-ź Ģ ˃ ľ ΅ ļ d ȉ̑ ϔ ̃ǆ ȹ̖ Ǝơ ƈ ŃQਲ šƎơ ƈ Ȝŭ˥ơ ʑǵǆ ȹŃų ˥ơ ʑȥ ł ͟ ϟ ȥ ɉ ͟ ϟ ȹ

Susan Sayre Batton, Separation Anxiety: The Conservation of a 5th century Buddhist Gandharan Manuscript: (http://asianart.com/articles/batton/) ˹ýX Ƣ ĕ ,Gandh;ra-Ǹ Ū š̍R ȹO Ɗ Ĝ ʴ ȖyǆŒ Ƶ ʰ ʰ * šƗɷ 0Ǣ ƥ ˎ˙ǚΛ̴ Ǹ ˶ Asianart.com: The on-line journal for the study and exhibition of the arts of Asia (http://asianart.com/index.html), ȉ̸ ̍RØ̍ǚǆŒ šǸ ŪΦ ɚ Ø˄ Ƙ Ĺ

Shimizu Family Core/Gilgit/Bamiyan type I Character list: (http://www.netfam.co.jp/sfc/additions/gilcharalist1.html) ΄> ʋ ͟ ʋ E ,Gilgit- ȹÜ Ɍ Dɫ ŃͿ Ś ǰ š Gilgit/BamiyanE,Gilgit/Bamiyan type I-ʯ ɿšʯ Ⱦ ŃǶ Ɣ 37

ş ýˎŒ ǵǆ̍R ȹšΛɡ ɗ ƍʼ ƽ ˆ Ǧ Øȉ˭ T Ƕ Ź Ơ ʟĢ ȹš¿ ̇ Ršʼ Œ Λ?ʭ

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Sanskrit Manuscripts at the University of Pennsylvania: (http://oldsite.library.upenn.edu/etext/sasia/skt-mss/index.html) Ȧ΀ ʉț RƔ š ȹʟǿ ˝ ˇ ¿ ̐ ʥ šÜ ʟź Ƚ ǫ Ģ ˃ ˙ʽ ̶0Ǣ ȉƝΛɡ Ř ɩ

Union Catalogue of Oriental Manuscripts in German Collections: (http://kohd.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/frameuk.htm) ΄> ŗ ˇ šď ǉ ȹšΜ ʕ ɖ ˍ

Berlin State Library (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preussischer Kulturbesitz): (http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/) Ȧ΀ ď ǉ š ȹζ U ʉȹʟ ŗ š˙ੂ ˇ ¿ ̐ ʥ šÜ ʟȉ̸ ੂ

Turfan Studies: (http://www.bbaw.de/bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/ turfanforschung/en/blanko.2005-03-01.2776105380) ϥ ĄƝťĂ ʺ šʏ Ǒ ,Turfan-ʷ ƍ Ã ŗ ɩ ĕ ,Berlin-šǆƈζ ǆŒ šǶ Ħ Ƶ ʰ ¿ ̇ ʨ Ƀ Ǻʴ ˄ yǸ Ő š ƫ Ά ˷ ý ¿ ̇ ̶ ǎ ý Digitales Turfan-Archiv: (http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/turfanforschung/dta/index.html)

̐ ȥ Ǩď ǉ š ȹʑŹ Ơ ˄ > ř š΢ Ǻ ˹ýˎ΋ ý ȹ˄ šŋ ū Č ˴ Ƅ΢ ˉ ɸ ʀ ʑ̸ ʿ šŠ ͑ɒ ʟ 1995 ʻÒ ' ́ š¡ Ǻ Manuscripta Orientalia, International Journal for Oriental Manuscript Research: (http://orient.thesa.ru/welcome.cgi)

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