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Western Sahara: Conflict Without End?

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Western Sahara: Conflict Without End? Western Sahara: Conflict Without End? George Joffé Just over thirty three years ago, as Spain was undergoing OHVVO\GHOD\HGE\GLVSXWHVRYHUZKRVKRXOGSDUWLFLSDWH DGLI¿FXOWWUDQVLWLRQIURPWKHGLFWDWRUVKLSRI*HQHUDOLV- $OJHULDWRRKDVUHVWUDLQHGWKH3ROLVDULR)URQWIURPWDN- VLPR)UDQFRWRZDUGVDGHPRFUDF\0RURFFRLQWKHZDNH LQJXSWKHPLOLWDU\RSWLRQRQFHDJDLQ,QUHDOLW\KRZHYHU RIFRQVLGHUDEOHGRPHVWLFWXUEXOHQFHLQWKHSUHYLRXVIRXU QRQHRIWKRVHLQYROYHGDUHZLOOLQJWRIXQGDPHQWDOO\PRG- \HDUVDQQH[HGWKHIRUPHU6SDQLVKFRORQ\RIWKH:HVWHUQ HUDWHWKHLUSRVLWLRQV0RURFFRVWLOOLQVLVWVXSRQLWVVRYHU- Sahara. HLJQFODLPDQGWKH3ROLVDULR)URQWZLOOQRWFRPSURPLVH RQLWVGHPDQGIRUDUHIHUHQGXPRQVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ $OWKRXJKLWVDFWLRQVÀRXWHGUHVROXWLRQVLQIDYRXURI VHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQE\ERWKWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVDQGWKH The essence of the dispute 2UJDQLVDWLRQRI$IULFDQ8QLW\ WRGD\WKH$IULFDQ8QLRQ 7KHUHDVRQIRUWKHHQGXULQJQDWXUHRIWKHGLVSXWHLV 0RURFFRFODLPHGWKDWLWZDVPHUHO\UHVWRULQJLWVWHUULWRUL- VLPSOHERWKVLGHVFODLPWKHVRYHUHLJQULJKWWRFRQWUROWKH DOLQWHJULW\GLVUXSWHGE\)UHQFKDQG6SDQLVKFRORQLDOLVP WHUULWRU\DQGWKLVULJKWE\LWVYHU\QDWXUHFDQQRWEHFRP- SURPLVHG6RYHUHLJQW\DIWHUDOOLVFODVVLFDOO\DVWDWHPHQW 2EVHUYHUVQRWHGKRZHYHUWKDW.LQJ+DVVDQKDGGXULQJ DERXWWKHDUWLFXODWLRQRIH[FOXVLYHDQGLQGLYLVLEOHSRZHU WKHSUHYLRXVWZR\HDUVDOVRPDQLSXODWHGWKHNLQJGRP¶V DQGFDQQRWEHIUDJPHQWHG(YHQWKRXJKLQUHFHQW\HDUV ORQJVWDQGLQJFODLPWRWKHUHJLRQWRPD[LPLVHWKHPRQDU- WKDWEDOGGH¿QLWLRQKDVEHHQPRGL¿HGE\DUJXPHQWVDERXW FK\¶VGRPHVWLFVXSSRUW WKHQDWXUHRIWKHOHJLWLPDF\RIWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIVRYHU- HLJQSRZHUE\VWDWHVLWUHPDLQVHVVHQWLDOO\XQFKDOOHQJHG 1975: decision of the International Court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the inherent right of a state to express sovereign power WKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWDOWKRXJK:HVWHUQ6DKDUDQWULEHVKDG RYHULWVWHUULWRU\ZKHUHDVWKH3ROLVDULR)URQWLQVLVWVWKDW Noref Guest Article KDGOLHQVRIIHDOW\ZLWKWKH0RURFFDQVXOWDQDWHLQSUHFR- VRYHUHLJQW\LVOHJLWLPLVHGRQO\ZKHQLWUHÀHFWVWKHULJKW ORQLDOWLPHVWKHVHGLGQRWDPRXQWWROHJLWLPDWHFODLPVRI RIDQDWLRQLQKDELWLQJDWHUULWRU\WRFODLPVRYHUHLJQW\ WHUULWRULDOVRYHUHLJQW\DV0RURFFRFODLPHG7KLVMXGJH- RYHULW±WKHHVVHQFHRIVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQLQVKRUW7KH PHQWZDVH[SORLWHGE\ERWKVLGHV0RURFFRFODLPHGWKDW SUREOHPIRUWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVDQGE\H[WHQVLRQIRU WKH¿UVWSDUWMXVWL¿HGLWVFODLPVZKLOHWKH3ROLVDULR)URQW WKH$IULFDQ8QLRQLVWKDWQHLWKHUKDVHYHUUHVROYHGWKH LQVLVWHGWKDWWKHVHFRQGSDUWLPSOLFLWO\UHTXLUHGDSURFHVV FRQWUDGLFWLRQEHWZHHQVWDWHDQGQDWLRQVLQFHWKH\KDYH RIVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ VLPSO\DVVXPHGWKHWZRWREHFRWHUPLQRXV,QWHUQDWLRQDO ODZKRZHYHUIDYRXUVWKHIRUPHUGH¿QLWLRQDOWKRXJK 1975–2009: positions have not changed WKHUHKDVEHHQLQFUHDVLQJSUHVVXUHIRUWKHODWWHUWREH ,QHVVHQFHWKHVHSRVLWLRQVKDYHQRWFKDQJHGRYHUWKH DGRSWHGLQVWHDGHYHUVLQFHWKHHQGRIWKH&ROG:DU ODVWWKUHHGHFDGHVUDLVLQJWKHTXHVWLRQJLYHQWKHHQGXU- LQJLQWUDQVLJHQFHRIWKHLPPHGLDWHSDUWLHVWRWKHGLVSXWH ,WLVQRWWKDWLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQLVDWLRQVKDYHEHHQXQ- ZKHWKHUDQ\UHVROXWLRQFDQUHDVRQDEO\EHH[SHFWHGLQWKH DZDUHRIWKHFRQWUDGLFWLRQVWKH\KDYHVLPSO\QHYHUFRQ- IRUHVHHDEOHIXWXUH7KHUHKDYHRIFRXUVHEHHQWDFWLFDO IURQWHGWKHP7KH8QLWHG1DWLRQVDIWHUDOOKDVDOZD\V FKDQJHV±0DXULWDQLDZDVIRUFHGWRDEDQGRQLWVFODLP DVVXPHGWKDWWKHGRPHVWLFDIIDLUVRIVWDWHV±WKHDUHQDRI LQE\WKHPLOLWDU\DFWLRQVRIWKH3ROLVDULR)URQW VRYHUHLJQDXWKRULW\±DUHQRWQRUPDOO\LWVFRQFHUQ\HWLW ,Q6HSWHPEHUWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVVXFFHHGHGLQ KDVORQJSURPRWHGWKHULJKWRI³SHRSOHV´WRVHOIGHWHUPL- LPSRVLQJDFHDVH¿UHPRQLWRUHGE\DVSHFLDOPLVVLRQ QDWLRQWKURXJK*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\5HVROXWLRQ 0,185627KHPLVVLRQKDVEHHQGHSOR\HGIRUWKHODVW ¿IWHHQ\HDUVDJDLQVWWKHSURPLVHRIDUHIHUHQGXPHQG- March 2009 Western Sahara: Conflict Without End? LIRQO\LQWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOG20RUHUHFHQWO\ UHSXWDWLRQRQLWVUHYROXWLRQDU\OHJLWLPDF\VWHPPLQJIURP LQWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\ZRUOGRISUHHPSWLYHLQWHUYHQWLRQ WKHZDURILQGHSHQGHQFHIURP)UDQFHEHWZHHQDQG IDYRXUHGE\PDMRUVWDWHV±SDUWLFXODUO\WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV DQGLWVOHDGLQJUROHZLWKLQWKH1RQ$OLJQHG0RYH- DQG%ULWDLQZLWKRWKHU(XURSHDQVWDWHVWHHWHULQJRQWKH PHQWLQWKHV6HOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQKDVDOZD\VEHHQ EULQNRIDFFHSWDQFH±WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVKDVDGRSWHG WKHSDWKWROHJLWLPDWHLQGHSHQGHQWVWDWHKRRGIRU$OJHULD WKHSULQFLSOHRI³5HVSRQVLELOLW\WR3URWHFW´WKHULJKWRI DQGLWKDVORQJFRQWHVWHG0RURFFR¶VFODLPVWRUHJLRQDO LQWHUYHQWLRQLIDVWDWHFDQQRWRULVXQZLOOLQJWRSURWHFWLWV OHDGHUVKLSKHQFHWKH³:DURIWKH6DQGV´EHWZHHQWKH SRSXODWLRQ<HWWKHUHOXFWDQFHWRLQWHUYHQHUHPDLQVLWV WZRQHLJKERXUVLQ+RXDUL%RXPHGLqQQH$OJHULD¶V JXLGLQJOHJDOSULQFLSOH7KLVFRXSOHGZLWKWKHXQZLOOLQJ- FKDULVPDWLFSUHVLGHQWGXULQJWKHVDOZD\VVRXJKW QHVVRIHLWKHUWKH3ROLVDULR)URQW ZLWK$OJHULDEHKLQGLW UHJLRQDOXQLW\WKURXJKWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRID³0DJKUHE RU0RURFFRWRFRPSURPLVHKDVLQFUHDVLQJO\LUULWDWHGWKH GHV3HXSOHV´UDWKHUWKDQWKURXJKZKDWKHFODLPHGZDV 6HFXULW\&RXQFLOZKLFKWKXV¿QGVLWVHOISRZHUOHVVWRGR WKH0RURFFDQYLVLRQRID³0DJKUHEGHV(WDWV´ PRUHWKDQUHQHZWKHPDQGDWHIRU0,18562HYHU\VL[ 7KXVLQ$OJHULDWRJHWKHUZLWK/LE\DVXSSRUWHGWKH PRQWKV 3ROLVDULR)URQWDOWKRXJK/LE\DODWHUZLWKGUHZEHFDXVH DV&RORQHO4DGKD¿FODLPHGFRQWLQXHGVXSSRUWZRXOG ,QGHHGDV.LQJ+DVVDQRQFHVDLGDOO0RURFFRZDQWVLV ³EDONDQLVH´WKH0DJKULE:KHQ$OJHULDVRXJKWWRUHQHZ ³WKHVWDPSDQGWKHÀDJ´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suspension. ,QWKHVHWHUPVWKHUHIRUHWKH:HVWHUQ6DKDUDGLVSXWH KDVEHFRPHDSDUDGLJPLQGHHGHYHQDPHWDSKRUIRU The wider issues WKHZLGHUGLVSXWHRYHUUHJLRQDOKHJHPRQ\EHWZHHQWKH <HWWKH:HVWHUQ6DKDUDLVVXHLVQRWMXVWDSUREOHPIRU WZROHDGLQJ1RUWK$IULFDQVWDWHV+HQFH.LQJ0RKDP- 0RURFFRDQGWKH3ROLVDULR)URQWWKHUHDUHDWOHDVWWZR PHG9,¶VLQFUHDVLQJLUULWDWLRQZLWK$OJHULDWRGD\IRUQRW ZLGHUGLPHQVLRQVWKDWDIIHFWLWVRXWFRPH2QHLVWKH DFFHSWLQJ0RURFFR¶VDXWRQRP\SODQVIRUWKH:HVWHUQ WHQVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ0RURFFRDQG$OJHULDLQVLGH 6DKDUDDQGIRUPDLQWDLQLQJWKHIURQWLHUEHWZHHQWKHWZR 1RUWK$IULFD0RURFFRLVFRQVFLRXVRILWVWKRXVDQG\HDU FRXQWULHVFORVHG$WWKHVDPHWLPH3UHVLGHQW%RXWHÀLND WUDGLWLRQRIVWDWHKRRGLQVLGH1RUWK$IULFDDQGUHVHQWIXORI ZKRZDVLQIDFW$OJHULD¶VIRUHLJQPLQLVWHUZKHQWKH WKHZD\LQZKLFK)UDQFHGLFWDWHGLWVERUGHUVGXULQJWKH :HVWHUQ6DKDUDLVVXH¿UVWÀDUHGXSVHHVQRUHDVRQWR FRORQLDOSHULRG,QGHHG0RURFFDQQDWLRQDOLVWVVWLOOPDLQ- DEDQGRQ$OJHULD¶VVXSSRUWIRUERWKWKH3ROLVDULR)URQW WDLQDQDWDYLVWLFFODLPWRWKHFRXQWU\¶V³ORVWSURYLQFHV´ DQGVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQDVDZD\RIFXWWLQJ0RURFFDQSUH- ZKLFKWRGD\IRUPSDUWRI:HVWHUQ$OJHULDDQGWKH0R- tensions down to size. URFFDQJRYHUQPHQWLVVWLOOXQFRPIRUWDEOHZLWK$OJHULDQ DVVXPSWLRQVRILWVKHJHPRQLFUROHLQVLGHWKHUHJLRQ 1RUGRHVHLWKHUVWDWHRSHUDWHZLWKLQDGLSORPDWLFYDFXXP 0RURFFRKDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\EHHQDSUR:HVWHUQEXOZDUN $OJHULDRQWKHRWKHUKDQGKDVEXLOWLWVLQWHUQDWLRQDO LQ1RUWK$IULFDDQGWKHZLGHU$UDEZRUOGSDUWLFXODUO\ GXULQJWKH&ROG:DUDQGKDVDVDUHVXOWWUDGLWLRQDOO\ Ironically enough, Morocco has recourse to paragraph 6 of EHQH¿WHGIURP$PHULFDQDQG(XURSHDQVXSSRUW7KH the resolution, which denies self-determination if it disrupts the pre- :HVWHUQ6DKDUDLVVXHGLGLWLVWUXHFUHDWHVRPHHPEDU- colonial integrity of a state, to justify its claim to the Western Sahara. In fact, the exception was only intended to apply to small enclaves UDVVPHQWEXWDSDUWIURPLQLWLDOUHWLFHQFHRQWKHSDUWRI separated by colonialist practice, such as Cabinda in Angola. WKH&DUWHUDGPLQLVWUDWLRQLQWKHVDQGLQQHZO\ GHPRFUDWLF6SDLQRWKHU(XURSHDQVWDWHVKDYHWHQGHGWR 2 The so-called “Blue Water Convention” This assumes that VHHNFRPSURPLVHRYHUWKHLVVXHDQGKDYHLQFUHDVLQJO\ Europe’s and the United States sovereignty has already been reified in OHDQHGWRZDUGV0RURFFDQSUHIHUHQFHV7KLVKDVFDXVHG stable states, so that issues of self-determination only arise amongst VRPHHPEDUUDVVPHQWRYHU(XURSHDQ¿VKLQJSROLF\DQG former colonies and in the developing world. March 2009 Western Sahara: Conflict Without End? LQWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVOHJDODGYLVRUKDGWRUXOHWKDW tions and arrests there.<HWHYHQDIWHUPRUHWKDQWKLUW\ D0RURFFDQRLOH[SORUDWLRQFRQWUDFWZDVLOOHJDOEHFDXVH \HDUVWKH0RURFFDQPRQDUFK\IRUUHDVRQVRIGRPHVWLF WKH:HVWHUQ6DKDUDZDVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV VXSSRUWFDQQRWDEDQGRQLWVGHPDQGVIRUUHFRJQLWLRQRI VWLOODQRQVHOIJRYHUQLQJWHUULWRU\DVGH¿QHGLQ its sovereign annexation.,QGHHG0RURFFREHOLHYHVWKDW ZKHQ6SDLQZDVDSSRLQWHGWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHSRZHUD LWVJRDOLVLQVLJKWLIRQO\LQWHUQDWLRQDOVXSSRUWFDQEH
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