DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of the Phenomenon of the Maras of El Salvador, 1971-1992

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A History of the Phenomenon of the Maras of El Salvador, 1971-1992 A HISTORY OF THE PHENOMENON OF THE MARAS OF EL SALVADOR, 1971-1992 Vogel Vladimir Castillo, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2014 APPROVED: Roberto Calderón, Major Professor Sandra Mendiola-García, Committee Member J. Todd Moye, Committee Member Richard B. McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Castillo, Vogel Vladimir. A History of the Phenomenon of the Maras of El Salvador, 1971- 1992. Master of Arts (History), May 2014, 86 pp., bibliography, 75 titles. This thesis grounds its examination of the maras of El Salvador in the historical past (1971-1992) rather than the present, which constitutes a departure from current scholarship on the subject. This thesis revises our current understanding of the emergence and development of maras in El Salvador through the recovery, insertion and examination of key local events, conditions, and historical actors of the 1970s and 1980s. From signifying friendship and camaraderie prior to the late 1980s, the maras increasingly became the target of public concern and Salvadoran security forces over the course of the 1980. By the late 1980s the maras increasingly became associated with criminal activity in Salvadoran society and popular culture. To document these changed conditions, this thesis relies extensively on previously untapped and ignored primary sources: newspapers and oral history interviews. Copyright 2014 By Vogel Vladimir Castillo ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE PHENOMENON OF THE MARAS OF EL SALVADOR ............................................... 1 Salvadoran Literature, 1989-2014 .......................................................................................... 2 Made in the U.S.A ................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER II FACT, FICTION AND THE FABRICATION OF THE MARABUNTA ANTS ......................... 10 Mara/marabunta Theory ...................................................................................................... 11 The Invention of “Marabunta Ants” ..................................................................................... 17 Mara/marabunta Theory Evaluated ..................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER III SALVADORAN HISTORICAL USAGE OF THE WORD MARA, 1960-1988 .................... 31 The 1960s .............................................................................................................................. 32 1970s ..................................................................................................................................... 36 1980-1999 ............................................................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER IV FROM ‘LA MARA’ TO ‘MARAS,’ 1971-1986 ............................................................. 45 La mara del Pañuelo .............................................................................................................. 45 La Morazán ............................................................................................................................ 49 La Chancleta .......................................................................................................................... 53 Maras of Santa Ana ............................................................................................................... 54 Maras of the Greater San Salvadoran Region, 1980-1986 ................................................... 55 La mara Jade ......................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER V CRIME, JUVENILES, AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE MARAS, 1985-1992.................. 60 iii Crime in the San Salvadoran Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana de San Salvador, AMSS) .................................................................................................................................... 61 Juveniles, Crime, and Maras of the San Salvadoran Metropolitan Area, 1988-1989 .......... 66 Crime, Public Insecurity, and the Maras of Western El Salvador ......................................... 72 Salvadoran Maras, 1990-1992 .............................................................................................. 75 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................. 79 iv CHAPTER I THE PHENOMENON OF THE MARAS OF EL SALVADOR The academic study of the Central American maras and pandillas was born with the publication of two works in 1988. In Guatemala labor historian Deborah Levenson led a team of social science investigators in an examination of the pandillas juveniles of the capital city of Guatemala known as maras. It was published simultaneously in English and Spanish.1 In the same year in nearby Nicaragua Jeannette Palacios published a three-page article on the Nicaraguan “pandillas” in Psicología en Nicaragua.2 The following year El Salvador joined the emergent literature with Karla Hania de Valera’s four-page “case study” on the “proliferation of the juvenile groups with criminal tendencies known popularly as ‘MARAS.’ “3 Leticia Salmón closes the list of pioneering works in 1993 with her brief discussion on Honduras’ pandillas in her La violencia en Honduras, 1980-1993.4 A quarter century later the gangs of Central American are a subject of international interest, study, and concern. However, the twenty-five years of scholarship has remained focused on contemporary questions and concerns. What social, economic, political, and cultural factors motivate youths to join a gang? What effects have States policies had on the Central American gang phenomenon? What role does civil society have in gang development? These and other contemporary minded questions dominate our understanding of the gangs of the 1 Deborah Levenson, Por sí mismo: Un estudio preliminar de las “Maras” en la cuidad de Guatemala (Guatemala: Inforpress, 1988); On their own: 2 Jeannine Palacios, “Pandillas juveniles caacterización [sic] del problema,” Psicología en Nicaragua no.2 (1988). 3 Hanania de Varela, Karla. “El fenómeno de las Maras en El Salvador,” in Hanania, Karla de Varela, La familia salvadoreña, análisis antropológico-social (Documento de Trabajo No. 5. San Salvador: Fundación Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (FUSADES), 1989) 4 Leticia Salmón, “La violencia en Honduras, 1980-1993 (Tegucigalpa: Centro de Documentacionnn de Honduras, 1993). 1 Central American region. Missing from the current scholarship is a historically grounded examination on the Central American gang phenomenon. Departing from the current scholarship this thesis grounds its examination of the maras of El Salvador in the historical past (1971-1992) rather than the present. To document these changed conditions, this thesis relies extensively on previously untapped and ignored primary sources: newspapers and oral history interviews. What follows is a brief review of the literature relevant to El Salvador’s mara phenomenon. I have arbitrarily divided the literature into two camps: Salvadoran and non- Salvadoran. The former includes Salvadoran-born and non-Salvadoran researchers who have carried out extensive fieldwork research in El Salvador, either as independent scholars or working with a government or non-governmental organization. Everything else falls under the rubric of non-Salvadoran literature.5 Salvadoran Literature, 1989-2014 Published in October 1989 Hanania de Varela’s “El fenomeno de las maras en El Salvador” inuagurated the professional study of the maras of El Salvador. This four-page “case study” was appended to a larger anthropological study on the Salvadoran family unit. The study concluded more than a decade of violent civil war had weakned the traditional Salvadoran family. One effect was the increase in the number of homes in which only one parent was present in a child’s lfe, which, accroding to Hanania de Varela, had led to the formation and 5 For an earlier historiographical treatment on the methodologies used by the first generation of Salvadoran researchers see, “Portillo, Nelson. “Estudios sobre pandillas juveniles en El Salvador y Centroamérica: Una revisión de su dimensión participativa.” Apuntes de Psicología 21, no.3 (2003): 475-493. 2 “proliferación de grupo juveniles con tendencia a delinquir llamados popularmente ‘MARAS.‘”6 The study is a sythenthesis of data collected by sociology undergraduate students from la Universidad Jose Matías Delago. It is unclear whether the study was for thesis research or if the students were working for or with Valera. This study provides our first and only published objective observation on the maras of El Salvador of the 1980s. Although little in page count, de Varela’s work contains invaluable ethnographic, demographic, social, and economic data that is not available elsewhere. However subsequent researchers have either ignored or been ignorant of this work. It is mentioned in the existing literature no more than a handful of times. Its contents have yet to be evaluated or consulted.7 Between 1991 and 1996 four bachelor’s theses were conducted on las maras by univeristy students working in the fields of pyschology and sociology. The aim of these undergradaute studies was to obtain objective data on their research subjects, analyze it, and determine what social, economic, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Do “Prey Species” Hide Their Pain? Implications for Ethical Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
    Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 2 (2020) 216–236 brill.com/jaae Do “Prey Species” Hide Their Pain? Implications for Ethical Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Larry Carbone Independent scholar; 351 Buena Vista Ave #703E, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA [email protected] Abstract Accurate pain evaluation is essential for ethical review of laboratory animal use. Warnings that “prey species hide their pain,” encourage careful accurate pain assess- ment. In this article, I review relevant literature on prey species’ pain manifestation through the lens of the applied ethics of animal welfare oversight. If dogs are the spe- cies whose pain is most reliably diagnosed, I argue that it is not their diet as predator or prey but rather because dogs and humans can develop trusting relationships and because people invest time and effort in canine pain diagnosis. Pain diagnosis for all animals may improve when humans foster a trusting relationship with animals and invest time into multimodal pain evaluations. Where this is not practical, as with large cohorts of laboratory mice, committees must regard with skepticism assurances that animals “appear” pain-free on experiments, requiring thorough literature searches and sophisticated pain assessments during pilot work. Keywords laboratory animal ‒ pain ‒ animal welfare ‒ ethics ‒ animal behavior 1 Introduction As a veterinarian with an interest in laboratory animal pain management, I have read articles and reviewed manuscripts on how to diagnose a mouse in pain. The challenge, some authors warn, is that mice and other “prey species” © LARRY CARBONE, 2020 | doi:10.1163/25889567-bja10001 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded license.
    [Show full text]
  • RESISTANCE MADE in HOLLYWOOD: American Movies on Nazi Germany, 1939-1945
    1 RESISTANCE MADE IN HOLLYWOOD: American Movies on Nazi Germany, 1939-1945 Mercer Brady Senior Honors Thesis in History University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of History Advisor: Prof. Karen Hagemann Co-Reader: Prof. Fitz Brundage Date: March 16, 2020 2 Acknowledgements I want to thank Dr. Karen Hagemann. I had not worked with Dr. Hagemann before this process; she took a chance on me by becoming my advisor. I thought that I would be unable to pursue an honors thesis. By being my advisor, she made this experience possible. Her interest and dedication to my work exceeded my expectations. My thesis greatly benefited from her input. Thank you, Dr. Hagemann, for your generosity with your time and genuine interest in this thesis and its success. Thank you to Dr. Fitz Brundage for his helpful comments and willingness to be my second reader. I would also like to thank Dr. Michelle King for her valuable suggestions and support throughout this process. I am very grateful for Dr. Hagemann and Dr. King. Thank you both for keeping me motivated and believing in my work. Thank you to my roommates, Julia Wunder, Waverly Leonard, and Jamie Antinori, for being so supportive. They understood when I could not be social and continued to be there for me. They saw more of the actual writing of this thesis than anyone else. Thank you for being great listeners and wonderful friends. Thank you also to my parents, Joe and Krista Brady, for their unwavering encouragement and trust in my judgment. I would also like to thank my sister, Mahlon Brady, for being willing to hear about subjects that are out of her sphere of interest.
    [Show full text]
  • FEDS NAB SCHIZOID CON Sining with ATTORNEY Docs Say RS B« Fl- Man Has 00 Ov Ht :E- In* 24 Faces
    JManrltratpr Mpralft ) Manchester — A City of Village Charm Saturday. Nov. 22,1986 30 Cents FEDS NAB SCHIZOID CON SiniNG WITH ATTORNEY Docs say RS b« fl- man has 00 ov ht :E- in* 24 faces •d itM By Richard Cole >€• nt The Associated Press Id, MIAMI — William Milligan, a for )ld dangerous mental hospital esca­ let pee with up to 24 personalities, let 10* was in federal custody Friday M t after FBI agents nabbed him in a posh Key Biscayne bar as he :R talked with his attorney. nn. Milligan, 31, was found innocent by reason of insanity in 1978 of raping three women in the Ohio State University area in Colum­ bus. He also had been charged ON with kidnapping and robbing the t I, women. •11 “ We considered him armed and )L* on dangerous, but there was no • d incident and no resistance in fht 9n* connection with the arrest” for Thursday night, Miami FBI spo­ on TH kesman Paul Miller said Friday. CT "I think he was surprised we found bo & him." of U.S. Magistrate Patricia Kyle •4, on Friday ordered Milligan held ER without bond on a charge of 040 by unlawful flight to avoid confine­ a t ment. She set a Dec. 1 hearing for his removal to Ohio, but federal i N4 Public Defender Kenneth Swartz said he was trying to work out a way to get Milligan back toOhioas quickly as possible because he A federal agent escorts fugitive William S. Milligan off a bus into federal court APphotb needs treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Fiction Films of the 1950S Bonnie Noonan Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 "Science in skirts": representations of women in science in the "B" science fiction films of the 1950s Bonnie Noonan Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Noonan, Bonnie, ""Science in skirts": representations of women in science in the "B" science fiction films of the 1950s" (2003). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3653. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3653 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. “SCIENCE IN SKIRTS”: REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE IN THE “B” SCIENCE FICTION FILMS OF THE 1950S A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of English By Bonnie Noonan B.G.S., University of New Orleans, 1984 M.A., University of New Orleans, 1991 May 2003 Copyright 2003 Bonnie Noonan All rights reserved ii This dissertation is “one small step” for my cousin Timm Madden iii Acknowledgements Thank you to my dissertation director Elsie Michie, who was as demanding as she was supportive. Thank you to my brilliant committee: Carl Freedman, John May, Gerilyn Tandberg, and Sharon Weltman.
    [Show full text]
  • Disentangling Fine- and Broad- Scale Effects of Habitat on Predator-Prey
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 483 (2016) 10–19 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jembe Disentangling fine- and broad- scale effects of habitat on predator– prey interactions D.H. Chacin ⁎, C.D. Stallings College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA article info abstract Article history: Predator–prey interactions can be influenced by habitat at different spatial scales. In seagrass systems, blade den- Received 25 June 2015 sity can provide refugia for prey at fine scales, which are further embedded within broad-scale features such as Received in revised form 27 May 2016 variation in biotic (e.g., predator assemblages) and abiotic attributes (e.g., turbidity, salinity). Fine-scale effects Accepted 27 May 2016 of seagrass habitats on predator–prey interactions involving invertebrates have been well studied while less is Available online xxxx known about their effects on fish as prey. A field experiment was conducted in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA to exam- fi Keywords: ine and separate the effects of habitat across ne and broad scales on the relative predation rates of tethered pin- fi fi Water clarity sh (Lagodon rhomboides). Arti cial seagrass units (ASUs) were used at three levels of blade density and Predation risk deployed in different locations within the seascape. Predation rates on pinfish decreased with increasing seagrass Mortality blade density. The effects of blade density were consistent across locations, but overall mortality was higher in Submerged aquatic vegetation the lower Bay, where the water was less turbid, higher in salinity, and characterized by a different suite of pred- Landscape ators compared to the mid Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • The Strange and Wondrous Tale of Bill Constable & the Cinemascope Pirates of Pagewood
    1 “AAARRRHH THERE MATEY!” - The Strange and Wondrous Tale of Bill Constable & the Cinemascope Pirates of Pagewood... by Bob Hill, Oct 2018 In early 1954... and a world away from the dense urban spread of today’s Sydney... the southern suburb of Pagewood was little more than wind blasted sand hills and scrub encroached upon by rows of hastily thrown up brick bungalows, a couple of isolated factories and a desolate bus depot. In the middle of this literal and figurative wasteland, a strange enterprise was taking place in Australia’s only purpose-built film studio complex - the making of “Long John Silver”, a Hollywood style blockbuster replete with imported stars, executives and key technicians in all the Heads of Department roles... that is, all except for their Production Designer, a middle aged Australian about to make his first foray into film! 2 1. Hollywood in the Sand Hills Pagewood studios, 1954 - then named “Television City”, 2 years before TV arrived in Australia! (NSW State Library) “Television City seems to have borrowed its architectural inspiration from Long Bay Gaol...” ‘Pagewood’ is the great lost studio of Australian film-making: As Wikipedia explains... The studio was built in 1935 for National Productions by National Studios Ltd, it was originally known as National Studios. It was constructed for the presumed increase in production that most observers thought would result in Australia following introduction of the NSW Film Quota Act... They were the first new film studios built in Australia since 1912. Gaumont British helped provide finance and personnel in its construction.1 The Quota Act was never enforced and instead of becoming the hub of film production in Sydney, makeshift facilities at Cinesound in Bondi Junction (an old roller skating rink) and Figtree Studios in Lane Cove (a converted picnic ground pavilion) soon eclipsed the better equipped Pagewood studios.
    [Show full text]
  • Ronald Davis Oral History Collection on the Performing Arts
    Oral History Collection on the Performing Arts in America Southern Methodist University The Southern Methodist University Oral History Program was begun in 1972 and is part of the University’s DeGolyer Institute for American Studies. The goal is to gather primary source material for future writers and cultural historians on all branches of the performing arts- opera, ballet, the concert stage, theatre, films, radio, television, burlesque, vaudeville, popular music, jazz, the circus, and miscellaneous amateur and local productions. The Collection is particularly strong, however, in the areas of motion pictures and popular music and includes interviews with celebrated performers as well as a wide variety of behind-the-scenes personnel, several of whom are now deceased. Most interviews are biographical in nature although some are focused exclusively on a single topic of historical importance. The Program aims at balancing national developments with examples from local history. Interviews with members of the Dallas Little Theatre, therefore, serve to illustrate a nation-wide movement, while film exhibition across the country is exemplified by the Interstate Theater Circuit of Texas. The interviews have all been conducted by trained historians, who attempt to view artistic achievements against a broad social and cultural backdrop. Many of the persons interviewed, because of educational limitations or various extenuating circumstances, would never write down their experiences, and therefore valuable information on our nation’s cultural heritage would be lost if it were not for the S.M.U. Oral History Program. Interviewees are selected on the strength of (1) their contribution to the performing arts in America, (2) their unique position in a given art form, and (3) availability.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimated Field Metabolic Rates and Prey Requirements of Resident Killer
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 2011 Estimated field metabolic atesr and prey requirements of resident killer whales Dawn P. Noren National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Noren, Dawn P., "Estimated field metabolic atesr and prey requirements of resident killer whales" (2011). Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce. 296. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/296 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Commerce at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 27(1): 60–77 (January 2011) 2010 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy Published 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00386.x Estimated field metabolic rates and prey requirements of resident killer whales DAWN P. N OREN National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Marine Mammal Ecology Team, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Killer whales are large animals that often feed in groups and thus have the potential to deplete prey populations.
    [Show full text]
  • English 120H: Fantasy in Literature and Film Professor Williams This
    English 120H: Fantasy in Literature and Film Professor Williams This class aims at a multi-media examination of the role of the fantastic utilizing the written text, radio broadcast, film, and music to examine the role of the Fantastic as a significant genre. Beginning with reading H.P. Lovecraft’s essay “Supernatural Horror in Literature’, the class will investigate Poe’s short story “The fall of the House of House of Usher” in relation to the Roger Corman film version and The Alan Parsons’ Project example contained in his CD “Tales of Mystery and Imagination.” It will then examine two of H.G. Wells’s “scientific romances, The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine in relation to the Orson Welles 1938 Mercury Theatre Radio production, the Byron Haskin 1953 film version, the original musical production of the novel by Jeff Wayne, and the 1960 George Pal version of The Time Machine. The next section examines the Vampire tradition beginning with the 1938 Mercury Radio Theatre broadcast of Orson Welles’s Dracula. It will then investigate the role of Hammer Studios versions with screenings of The Horror of Dracula (1958), The Brides of Dracula (1950), and Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970), the last seen against the context of The Other Victorians (1985) written by Steven Marcus. Then the class will conclude God Told Me To (1976) and Quatermass and the Pit (1958-1959) as key examples of H.P. Lovecraft’s “Gods and Monsters” themes analyzed in the essay that introduces this class. The class offers an experience of pure artistic and intellectual “synergy” far different from the usual definition currently in circulation here.
    [Show full text]
  • Species and Stock Identification of Prey Consumed by Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales in Their Summer Range
    Vol. 11: 69–82, 2010 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published online March 11 doi: 10.3354/esr00263 Endang Species Res OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Species and stock identification of prey consumed by endangered southern resident killer whales in their summer range M. Bradley Hanson1,*, Robin W. Baird2, John K. B. Ford3, Jennifer Hempelmann-Halos1, Donald M. Van Doornik4, John R. Candy3, Candice K. Emmons1, Gregory S. Schorr 2, Brian Gisborne3, Katherine L. Ayres5, Samuel K. Wasser5, Kenneth C. Balcomb6, Kelley Balcomb-Bartok6, 8, John G. Sneva7, Michael J. Ford1 1National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA 2Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, Washington 98501, USA 3Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada 4Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Manchester Research Station, Manchester, Washington 98353, USA 5University of Washington, Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA 6Center for Whale Research, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA 7Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington 98501, USA 8Present address: Renton City Hall, Renton, Washington 98057, USA ABSTRACT: Recovery plans for endangered southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca have iden- tified reduced prey availability as a risk to the population. In order to better assess this risk, we stud- ied prey selection from 2004 to 2008 in 2 regions of the whales’ summer range: San Juan Islands, Washington and the western Strait of Juan de Fuca, British Columbia. Following the whales in a small boat, we collected fish scales and tissue remains from predation events, and feces, using a fine mesh net. Visual fish scale analysis and molecular genetic methods were used to identify the species con- sumed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Political and Cultural History of Power and the Dialectics
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Reframing Salvadoran Modernity: A Political and Cultural History of Power and the Dialectics of the Hegemonic Bloc in El Salvador, ca. 1850-1944 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Raúl Ernesto Moreno Campos 2015 © Copyright by Raúl Ernesto Moreno Campos 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Reframing Salvadoran Modernity: A Political and Cultural History of Power and the Dialectics of the Hegemonic Bloc in El Salvador, ca. 1850-1944 by Raul Ernesto Moreno Campos Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Raymond A. Rocco, Chair This dissertation analyzes the development, relationship, and intersection of the economic-political and cultural-intellectual axes that defined modernity in El Salvador roughly from the period of 1850 to the end of the General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez’s regime in 1944 and examines the manner in which this historical process shaped the contours of power in Salvadoran society. Using an interdisciplinary methodology and drawing from a variety of archival sources, my study frames the concept of modernity from the perspective of post-colonial societies and the Global South and reframes prevailing analyses of Salvadoran economic and political development by interrogating dominant narratives of underdevelopment, state violence, and facile understandings of political consent. Hence, the central problematic that organizes this study is explaining the process by which the constellation of leading classes within the axes of economic-political and cultural-intellectual activity, who were manifestly in tension by pitting the forces of modernization against the modernist movement, amalgamated into a coherent group ii under the leadership of the military regime in the 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Faces of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe: Examining the Crusoe Myth in Film and on Television
    THE MANY FACES OF DANIEL DEFOE'S ROBINSON CRUSOE: EXAMINING THE CRUSOE MYTH IN FILM AND ON TELEVISION A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by SOPHIA NIKOLEISHVILI Dr. Haskell Hinnant, Dissertation Supervisor DECEMBER 2007 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled THE MANY FACES OF DANIEL DEFOE’S ROBINSON CRUSOE: EXAMINING THE CRUSOE MYTH IN FILM AND ON TELEVISION presented by Sophia Nikoleishvili, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Haskell Hinnant Professor George Justice Professor Devoney Looser Professor Catherine Parke Professor Patricia Crown ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of my adviser, Dr. Haskell Hinnant, to whom I would like to express the deepest gratitude. His continual guidance and persistent help have been greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Catherine Parke, Dr. George Justice, Dr. Devoney Looser, and Dr. Patricia Crown for their direction, support, and patience, and for their confidence in me. Their recommendations and suggestions have been invaluable. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................ii INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]