A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.

Vol. per Annum. LIV.--No. 15.] . APRIL 10, 1886. [$3.20 [NEW SERIES.] NEW YORK, [POSTAGE PREPAID.] • THE DRIVEN WELL SYSTEJI[ OF THE lIROOKLYN system of water supply, it is of the highest import- pipes for each pumping engine are 20 inches diameter, WATER WOBXB. ance that all the material which goes to make up the the suction pipe, of course, leading to the collecting The method of obtaining an additional supply of working plant shltll be . of the most efficitnt and main of the wells, and the discharge pipe extending water for the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., by means of thoroughly reliable character, and, with this end in to the conduit running to the city. driven wells, has attr.acted widespread attention be view, t e officers of the Brooklyn. government con- Owing to the admirable design of these engines, ' h cause of the originality and boldness of the plans and tracted for the working of· the Andrews system with they are able to lift water from the greatest possi the Knowles pumping engines. good view of the ble depth, a vacuum 26 27 the perfect success attained; and not only is the .A.' of to inches being readily ob same system applicable in the case of other large plant in one of the stations is given on this page. 'tained. cities similarly in need of more water, but it is par There are two compound, crank and fly-wheel, duplex The air pumps for the condensers are of novel con ticularly adapted for small towns near which there is condensing pumping engines. The engines were put in struction. They are arranged on the independent no stream of sufficient size to furnish all the water under a guarantee to deliver 10,000,000 gallons each system, and are provided with double pump cylinders. 24 required. hours, but their actual pumping capacity is much The leg pipe of the condenser goes into one pump, A town unprovided with water works can obtain its in excess of this, since they have delivered 14,000,000 and the air pipe from the condenser goes into the supply from driven wells, and an immense aggregate gallons and o\-er during many successive days. The other pump, thereby discharging all the water into quantity of water can thus be obtained in thickly peo economical duty of these engines is between 80,000,000 one pump and the air into the other; sufficient water pled d.ricts from a comparatively small ground area. and 90,000,000 foot pounds per 100 pounds coal under is taken in the air cylinder to supply the hot well, by But the position of these wells in relation to each ordinary workiug conditions. that means securing a higher temperature of .water other would of course vary with the needs of the own The pumping engines are provided with automatic to feed the boilers than would be obtained by the ers, and a systematic distribution would be impossible. cut-off valve gear of the most approved type, using usual design of air pump. But if we think of these wells as being arranged in steam pressure of 90 pounds per square inch. '],he As shown by the engraving, the exhaust steam from regular order, at certain distances apart along a line stearn cylinders are arranged on the cross compound each engine passes through an overhead heater, and extending at right angles to t.he flow of the under plan-that is to say, in each engine, the high pressure enters the condensers and air pump shown in the cen ground streams, each one being connected with a cylinder works one water pump and the low pressure tel' of the room. The ad vantage of the independent large collecting pipe leading to a powerful pump, cylinder works the other. The pump cylinders are air pump is that a vacuum can be readily secured for we shall have an accurate conception of the Andrews directly connected with the back ends of the stearn the engines before they are started. system as now in operation in Brooklyn. In an early cylinders. The stearn, after having been used in the The heater, steam pipes, and steam cylinders are issue of the SCIENTIF¥, AMERICAN we shall describe high pressure cylinder, is carried over to the low handsomely lagged with black walnut, bound with this system more in detail. pressure cylinder, where it is used a second time be- polished brass bands. The valve seats, piston rods, At the Clear Stream pumping station there are 152 fore going to the condenser. An intermediate re- and water piston are made of gun metal composition, driven wells, 2 inches in diameter, arranged in pairs ceiver is placed on the pipe between the high and thereby insuring great durability. The cylinders are 18 feet apart. This makes two lines of wells, parallel the low pressure cylinder. also lined with composition. with and between which is the collecting main, 16 The water cylinders have inside packed pistons. This is the fourth compound pumping outfit sup- inches in diameter. The top of each well tube is con The valve area is exceptionally large, so as to admit plied for the city of Brooklyn by the Knowles Stearn nected with the main by a 3 inch pipe; and in each of a very great quantity of water being pumped with Pump Works, making in all eight compound pumping connecting pipe is a valve by which any of the wells minimum amount of friction. The suction valves are engines, with their boilers and connections complete. can be shut off. Located at the center of the collect placed below the pump barrel· and the discharge The water works authorities are so well pleased with ing main, which is 1,368 feet long, is the engine house, valves above, thereby giving the mo�t direct course the performance of these engines that they have spe the interior of which is shown below. to the water as it passes through the pumps from the cified the same class of engine for a proposed further It is apparent that, in the establishment of any such wells to the aqueduct. The suction and discharge extension of the water supply.

KNOWLES' IMPROVED COMPOUND CONDENSING PUMPIN� ENGINES AT THE BROOKLYN WATER WORKS.

• THE TEHUANTEPEC SHIP RAILWAY. persons who have authority to' speak in its interest. Seldom has any public enterprise received such We do not believe that these gentlemen have need of gross misrepresentation at the hands of the press as such methods, were they willing to employ them, nor ESTABLISHED 1845. has been the portion of Captain Eads' proposed ship do we believe that the committee who have charge of railway across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Every the bill are open to the persuasiveness of such argu KUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. effort to make what is, in itself, an honorable propo ments. sition seem odious appears to have been made. The PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT enterprise is one which is open to thorough inspec LICENSES FOR SMALL STEAMBOATS. No. BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 361 tion, and therefore an ignorance of the subject is the The yachting season is now pretty well upon us, and more unpardonable in those who assume the position the number of inquiries which we have already receiv· O. A. BEACH D. MUNN. E. . of critics. In many of the statements made there is ed in regard to the laws regulating steam yachts indi such an evident absence of truthfulness that one is cates that it will be one of considerable activity. It TERllIS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AllIERICAN. forced to believe the error is not unintentional. It may therefore be of interest to our readers to know One copy,one year, postage Included...... 83 �o . . IS assert e d In more than one quarter that no survey what requirements must be fulfilled before their One copy, six months, postage included...... 1 60 Clubs.-One extra copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMKRICAN will be supplied of the route has ever been made by the present com pleasure craft may be enjoyed in peace and quietness. gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional copies at pany, when, in truth, the greater part of the $300,000 The United States law says that all steam launches same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid. already expended has been for a complete hydrogra of five tons burden or less must pay a license of $5, Remit by postal or express money order. Address .. York. 00 MUNN & CO 3ta Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New phical and topographical survey of the isthmus from and for master, pilot, and engineer cents each. 'rhe The Scientific AlDerican SnpplelDent ocean to ocean; that the United States is appealed hulls and boilers must be inspected by the United is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT to as a last resort, when, in point of fact, it is the first States local inspectors, and a permit from the nearest is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages. uniform in size government approached ; that the ship railway is custom house must also be written upon the inspec SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. SUPPLEMENTt with Terms of subscription for pronounced impracticable by the acknowledged experts tion certificate. $5.00a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies, 10 cents. Sold by all newsdealers throughout the country. of the world, whereas the very opposite is the case. In regard to the equipment of yachts of this size, the (Jombinf>,d Rates.-The SOIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT The Canadian Government has just subsidized a ship law provides that, where passengers are carried, the will be sent for one year, postage free, on receipt of seven ao'Uars. Both papers to one address or di.fferent addresses as desired. railway to be built from the Bay of Fundy to the lifeboat may be dispensed with, if the vessel is provided The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, express money order, or Gulf of St. Lawrence, under the direction of Sir John with metallic air chambers placed under the seats or in registered letter. Fowler, one of the ablest engineers of our' times. It the ends, of sufficient buoyancy to float both vessel Addre.s MUNN & CO., 361Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. is further asserted by Captain Eads' opponents that and machinery. One life preserver must be provided Scientific AlDerican Export Edition. the capitalists of Europe and America have re for each person whom the inspection certificate allows The SOIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid peri odical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one hundred fused to have anything to do with the project, when them to carry. For each fifteen passengers o.ess two lar;:e

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC APRIL 10, 1886] Ititufifit .JmtfieIU. 225 ... I �d hot lead were then poured into the dam surround- cr?ased to seventy-five dollars. The system of re- ces. Let e�ery one get and give ,what he can, and en- m g the hub; the hub was expanded, and on raising mIUms has also been rell"ranged on a fairer b�sis ' courage hIS brother. In the words of Judge Payne: . Whe orkman has received five awards hi Do wh�t you can, be what yon are, the shaft the gland dropped off � a � s . An a noying thump in a stationary engine bothered premIUm IS made equal to their total val u ' � e a glow w�rm, if you cannot be a stax ; � . T he ��m�or � � . a pnlley, Ifyon cannot a8 a crane � 1," the nglneer for days. As time allowed he inspected and twenty-five dollars, however " is added suc ceSSIveI y as Be � a whe�1 greaser, if yon cannot drive a tr in . repaIred, removing and replacing the brasses, open- before Be the�hantoar,ifyoncannotbethesailor,; . · . e httle n eedl., ify�n cannot be the tailor; mg. the cylInder and examining the rings inspecti g The dec'slOns of the committee have proved re- . . � : !! cl = oro_ • , " "" . -�" "'. --.. the crosshead, and testing everymoving pa�t. InVai� markably Just, forof the improvements accepted nearl '" . : ,:::"rpened Sickle, If. yon cannot b.the reaper.. �ut he was not a man to give it up. He sat think: "roy�. """ tum.d out of p=tioal val ue. The yeY S . . .. 4 • I .. �ng m th, doo,way of hi, eniOn. room on. ""Y, when cover a wide range of subjects fr om mech anlsms of ' . DECISIONS TO PATENTS. m the sunlIght that gleallled over the crosshead and' general application to the detaIled arran�ents on RELATING ...... m. Un".' S I 1 des, he saw a spurt of fine mist rise from the brasses shipboard. s c •• ., .1 machine, transmission of power by me- �esldes, he would have the gratification every one feJ� . the case, the speci fication describes nothing that th m according a helping hand to a worthy person. ch Dl 1 means, practical geometry, machine dl'awin • � � patenw. i, .ntiUed to claim, bnt only what ov ,,", To encourage their workmen to be constantl b ld g oo�t u"'ion, h_t, light, ",,,tricity. =d ma": m m . : h�� a right t� use withn.ut his assistance." the w.... fo< any p .. "bl. improvem.nt.. ...:.,;: netlsm, m lud practical laboratory work; chemi�- p�:nt-...... - a '... . � mg To flustam tl>i.s system of awards has been established in' a m try, mcludmg a systematic course of lectures d wa m :: �:� �� .�Paccomp"'--· II'!ISh e d . )�, o� English works, and, after five years' trial, s Ceeding as far Ii.!! coal and gas analysis, th ele e ,�".��WJ'f_��e1r",,,uJ � en- the Circuit Court of the United WIth a success that has more than J'ustifiedI't sa d op t.IOn. the metallur � 'f iron a _ eo ' Appeal {rom e! � ,\, �.�. � a lil District of Illinois. Th sh' Ip b 'ld'mg firm of Denny & Brothers, at short cours �F e he �ree run of for the Norther .m � the opinion of the court. Dum� art on, maugurat ed such a system in the sum- ginee of mstructI. Oll mgas manu- Mr. J ustice cm:.y delivered 1880; �.��. ::'J;.��II..' and a course I �r �f anil in recording their very gr� of the qpal tal' products. DI.trlct oCNew York. can rms facture and the chemistry S. Circuit court.-Southern i?Jlrience, we do so in the hODe have been impossible for I 11. RAILWAY COMPANY. e a simi- Twenty years ago it would ARON'V. THE MANHATTAN -to dertake such H. course will � average education to obtain GATE OPERATING DEVICE. a youth of and lar enterprise. ; but under the auspices of the City judges who decide of instruction are now Wallace, J.: The committee of independent London Institute, evening classes and closing the gates of railway issued their sixth annual Guilds of A device for opening upon the awards have now mechanical and electrical engineering, connecting a sliding rod with among the work- being held in' res, cars, consisting of a link report, and placed it in circulation tools, iron, steel, gas manufactu or on bearings secured to effort. Originally, wood and metal D . the gate, and a rod sliding iIi men, to stimulate them to renewed in most of our principal tow s And a handle located within y dollars, according to and tar products, the guard rail, and having the awards varied from ten to fift with the instruction afforded attendant, does not possess which claims were these classes, combined - convenient reach of the worth of the improvements for science classes, affordno mean train the year's trial, the by thegovermnent patentable novelty. with the committee. After a to avail themselves of a more of mechanical devices lodged to increase ing to those unable Courts will ta.ke judicial notice Denny authorized the' committee course. But a higher class Messrs. workman pre- thorough and systematic \ of common knowledge. where they saw fit,or, if the education may be desirable the first to conceive of the award of fifty dol- of technical and scientific Although the patentee was offered, in addition to the award and this is now being rap- \ a mechanism for open ferred, at their own for engineers and managers, the convenience and utility of to take out a provisional patent local university colleges in seve- i car platforms, his lars, the right to idly provided by the ing and closing 1he gates of railway which cll.se the firm reserved ally in the Finsbury Technical the novelty of the expense, in but left the ral large towns, especi \' right to a patent must rest upon the improvement at its own works, Institution, of the City and ideas into practical ap- use the inventor. College and the Central means he contrived to carry his disposition of the patent with at fees for the complete further awards were Guilds of London Institute, plication. 1883, the minimum and maximum £9 to £3110s. per annum. are so In respectively. course ranging from It rarely happens that old instrumentalities to fifteen and sixty dollars College extends over two which they were not increased a premium The course at the Finsbury perfectly adapted for a use for a little later, it was intimated that practical geometry, require alteration or Still each work- years, and includes mathemat.ics, originally intended as not to would be paid t;o theoretical and applied me- the changes involve of one hundred dollars awards. and machine drawing, modification for such use; but if he had received as many as five light, heat, and they do not sanc- JIlan when to chanics, with laboratory practice; the exercise of mechanical skill, received ten, this would be increased work in the physical only When he had on, electricity, including practical patent. twenty-five dollars, and so and the use of tion a a gate one hundred and laboratory; chemistry, French, German, duplication of a device for operating extra being added to the' original are provided with The mere gates of twenty-five dollars . The engineering workshops of railway cars, whereby the fiveawards. tools fittedwith ap- for the platforms premium with each engine and steam engine, specially platforms may be operated simultane ears 1880 to 1884 inclusive shows a gas dynamos, \ two adjoining The report for the y for experimental testing, shafting, invention. in this manner, $1,400 pliances ljghting of ously, does not require 288,494, that about $2,600 was disbursed appliances used in the electric of letters patent No. latter year. Of this sum, and other The fir�t five claims being paid out during the buildings. 1883, to William W. Ro,en•• ld, the regular awards, and the college a"""'" 36 honn grnntod Novemb",", $1, 000 went in payment for of In,t,"otion railway car gates, declaredvoid "'" time, fo= lnven- Th. "gnl= ="" of for:an improvement on """ .. fo= premiurna. Up to ast session there were special courses novelty. . One of these, per week. L the for want of patentable ed the maximum award. and during ---- tions _had gaill - lectures on .. Gas " and" Gas Engines," • • • • - the' Decauville Rail Printing. method of laying Tar Products." This course Lumlnou• R.n improved reward present session on .. Coal the main line, gained an additional for all except those who a luminous way across may be regarded as sufficient Italian has, it is alleged, invented from the patentee of the railway. the most responsible posi- An newspapers to of fifty dollars work- wish to fit themselves for ink that renders it possible for rewards given were gained by be supplemented by one printing will be, when One-half of the An tions, in which case it should in the dark. What a luxury it carpenters' department. South be read 01' JIlen in the joiner8' and years of study at the Central InstItution, night, to be able to take up a book with another firmwhich or two the engineering one is restless at arrangement was also made or bya complete course in tnto • ..mnolent eondi of awards, by which Kensington, threo �_paper and""" himaclf had adopted a similar system of tho In,titntion. extending ove< or danger attending other cithe<. wo<,," oonld d.,.....,.ont with the tion, without the trouble any impro .. m.nt introdu""" In student will not only be provided ',' payment of a dupli- years. The import- lights! be utilized in the other by the appliances, but, what is more and the reader may the past year, most complete with Luminous cards are not unusual, award to the inventor. During brought into constant intercourse tim. to find him",U cate operation, and in ant, will be not b. ,mpri",d at .. me fntnm e has been in vigorous h'" of tho day. NTI AMERWAN.t night, with the schem of men wm' of the moot .min.nt ..... to """ hi' Scm TW ""'" "dnotion In the nrunb'" "'d that if it w.. Dot .bl. pages willrefiect. ,pite of tho _w In eoncluding. Mv. G.,.'" other light than its brilliant of the .w..... , """ boon heights of I'cience or lout in ,,"ployed. the tot,\ given to all to seek the lofty thin", thon ""' .... oon,tantly occun1ng award has been reduced phil th .... wao rouDh th.tl Stmn",r than before. The minimum fathom tho d.pth of ... phy, line. to pennlt ..... gnumb" ... of the natural scien- the invention again to t.n dolla�."" all could do in grasping the facts maximuill award has been in- to be given, but the

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 226 1 citutiff'( �lUtricau. l APRIL 10, 1886. MIXING AND VAPORIZING DEVICE FOR INHALERS. gauge shows the level of water in the well. The space �pread' a Part by two binding plates forllled wit.h This device-the invention of Mr. G. E. �o�IDson, of between the outer well casing and the outer shell serves �wn ;dly projecting arms at their ends to reach over Albion Ind. -is designed for thoroughly mIXlDg ames to catch the water that is forced out of the well. t e O :�tside edges of the outside sections, and also with ' . U thetics such as nitrous oxide and laughing gas and chamber, an d arms t0 r each down between the adjacent edges of the This constructlOn provi'd es a dry gas . ether t the time they are being used. The neck of a the water forming the sea cannot ba bSOl' much gas sec t'lOns. One of the outside sections IS attach e d t 0 any � . 1 . ' ' cylin er containing nitrous oxide is held in a YOKe form The gasometer is small In rela t·IOn t·0 1 t S ca paClty an d s t a t'lOnary obJ'ect in the room by means of a s t rong d ' . . ed at one end of the tube in such a way that the gas can weighs very little. This inve�ltion has been patented d that when the apparatus is cast out 0f ht e WIn- pass into the bore of the tube. The inner end of the by Mr. G. E. Johnson, of AI bIOn, Ind. I ��::: will be securely suspended from the sill. The Iiore is curved tlownward,and leads into ach�mber the .. 4" " TIME CALCULATOR. lower end of which is connected by a tube With a gaso- This in ention provides a simple and easily operated . . 2 device for the use of time keepers or foremen lD ma�u facturing establishments, to enable them to readIly calculate the amount of time consumed by an� workman upon any J' ob. A circle in the plate formmg the .. . body of the instrum�nt is diVided Into twen t:r- four equal parts, representlDg the hours of the day, each division is subdivided into parts of th hou . The . � . � circle is divided into halves, and the diVISIOns m e�ch half are numbered from 1 to 12. Opposite the twe!ve mark at one side is an arrow to indicate th� star�m� point. Pivoted to the plate is a circular disk SImi 1 larly divided, but the divisions are n�mbered from to 24 in the reverse direction. OpPosite the twenty- four mark is an arrow. . Suppose, for example, the workman qUIt at half-p�st ' The index on the disk is then moved to a pom t osite the half-past one mark upon the upper half of the��: outer circle. He began work at half-past eleven. Now by following the graduations of the u�per half of the scaie backward to the mark representmg h�lf l'ItIXING AND VAPORIZING DEVICE FOR INHALERS past eleven, it will be seen that the mark on the disk COMBINED SPRING BED AND FIRE ESCAPE. . opposite half-past eleven is numbered t.wo, thereby . IIId' ICa tI 'ng that the workman had been employed two meter Projecting upward from the bottom of the . cross pieces of the sections constitute the rounds of the hours. It will be seen that the deVICe IS simp e and cham er is a wire gauze cone, which insures the perfect . . I ladder. b . easy handle, and gives perfectly accurate results. as they pass through It. On top to This invention has been patented by Messrs. W. G . mixing of the gases . is held a glass vessel havlllg a screw Wilson and G. Zimmermann; the l t.ter, wh se addr �s of the main tube . 2165 � � : cover and a gauge, as shown in Fig. 2.. From thiS ves is Oldam Street, Philadelphia, Pa., WIll furmsh sel the bore extends down to a hore 111 a neck on the further particulars. end of the tube; a passage also leads to th� c�am?e�. .. ,e, " In the neck is a screw valve. The anresthetIC h�UId 1S A NOVEL BAAEL HEAD. contained in the glass vessel. By properly turnlll� the The accompanying engraving represents an iInprov . screw valve ' a small quantity of the liquid is perml�ted ed barrel head-the invention of Mr. FrancIsco J. to flowinto the chamber, whereit is thoroughly mIXed 43 . . Oliver, of Cheever Place, Bro�klyn, �. Y. -whICh with the gas; it then passes through the tube IlltO the . can be easily placed and locked III POSltIO? on a �n gasometer. ished barrel, or removed from the same wlthout IS . ? . � .. ' . turbing the hoops, so as to facilitate the 1I1s�ectlOn, TER 4.!!Q.�E ; filling or emptying of the barrel. The head IS made aelIial: �l, illustrated.is to ill tnr e pieces. The center piece is made i two parts, and others �o proaL� � . � Secured fo�.�.d;l'olls one of which has on its inner end a proJectlOn tha� fits to the Bide of the outer shell by hOOks a case containing II:! into a corresponding groove in the inn�r end of the a tripod frame-shown in the small view-for holding the nitrous other part. The form of the beveled periphery of t�e oxide "linder, which is head a.ndof the corresponding croze in the barrel IS connected.by a hose with a cock on the inlet and outlet shown in the cut; a packing of rubber or oth pipe; when the tripod is removed, . I � a larger cylinder can SUI u to ; 's laced in the groove of the h� be passed into the case. The valve the ; of the cylinder double joiJ� . . containing the liquefied gas being diE .;"'i' � and opened, the gas :-{. well fltting heaW. To place the head passes through the hose and pipe in pOSition, the into the bell, which side pieces are inserted in the usual is raised and locked STRECK'S way, and then the in place by a catch engaging with TIME CALCULATOR. bevels of the teeth center pieces are placed in the croze of racks formed on the outer shell, which rectly under shoes di , vided for is pro- fastened to the upper edges of the purpose of covering the bell when This invention has been staves and the ter the lat patented by Mr. S. S. projecting slightly inward. The inner is raised. Streck, of 309 Coliseum Street, are then fitted ends New Orleans, La. into each other, and the two As the bell ascends, the weight attached pressed downward parts are to its top Medical to form a straight by a cord leading Attendance for piece, there over suitable pulleys descends. The Railroad Hands. by completing the head. The The locking plate, through New York elevated railroads have 4,000 which passes a bolt secured ployes, including about 500 some em to the inner end of one of repair men, constantly on duty. This is an extremely large proportion for repairs of labor and track inspection, which is necessituted by the peculiar character of the road, and it is a kind of work where the men are particularly exposed to cident and ac to injury to their eyes. The managers have, therefore, established a regular medical ment, depart with one doctor for the eastern and one western for the division of the city lines, with facilities prompt communication for with any portion of the track. The company pays where men have to be taken to hospital, but its own doctors attend to the slight inju ries, which are very numerous. A large satchel, with instruments, bandages, etc., stands ready for emerg ency, and is carried by the surgeons on duty. Among other functic,>ns disc harged by the surgeons is the ex amination of employes for color blindness, sight, and hearing. Those not considered in sound condition are given other and less important positions, physical where these qualities are of less consetIuence. This cal attendance medi is without .charge to the employes . •••• • COMBINED SPRING BED 10HNSON'S AND FIRE ESCAPE. GASOMETER. When necessary, the spring bed shown in Fig. 1 can be unfolded OLIVER'S NOVEL BARREL HEAD. sides of the bell enter and used as a fire �scape, as illustrated the water in a well formed by Fig. 2. in two cylindrical casin The- apparatus is made up of several gs united at the bottom and sections the center pieces, is then secured to a base. hinged together ut their ends, so as to placed transversely over the Between the edges of the double be folded along- center part, the bolt conical top of side of each other to form a bed bottom, passing through an aperture. The the inner casing is held a rubber packing or extended to plate is then turned which rests against stand endwise to each other to form so as to cover the center piece, the inner surface of the bell. When a ladder. Each and its ends are placed the desired quantity section is composed of two upper and under the shoes. The nut is of gas is in the bell, the oxide two lower parallel then tightly sC1ewed inder is closed cyl- bars or plates, upper and lower on the bolt against the plate, and the hose uncoupled. To administer cross plates, and whereby the entire the gas, a flexible springs held between the bars. The sections head is firmly locked in place. tube provided with a mouthpiece is are hinged. , The head is reinoved coupled on the end together end to end by upper crossed hinge by first unscrewing the nut, of the outlet pipe, and the latch is plates that ; swinging the plate from raised to permit join the ends of the upper bars and lower cross under the shoes, and then, with the bellto descend to exert pressure on hinged the bolt as a handle, the gas. Scales plates that join the ends of the lower raising the center pieces. This are provided, which show how much gas bars. The sec- head is strong and is in the bell and tions can thus be folded side by side, durable, since it is of the same how much has been removed; a glass or extended to thickness all over, and form a ladder. When folded, they it requires no skill to han. are held from dIe it.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC [APRIL 10, 1886. Jeitutifie !mtrieau. 227 Frozen Filih. district is the best way. The apparatus has been directly by turning at once to each of the three num SCIENTIFIC AMERI 'rr'henotice of frozen fish in the definitely adopted by the Government, by the Metro bers. The simplicity and strength of the lock adapt it CAN of March 20 recalls a similar occurrence under politan Asylums Board, many corporations, and the for use in the best houses. The dial, shown full size in my own observation. Several winters ago I purchased Government of China have ordered one to be sent to our illustration, may be either nickel plated or bronze. in one of the Hartford, Conn., fish markets three frozen Hong Kong, so that it has successfully passed the ex The Champion locks are, for the most part, the in pickerel, and carried them home at night. They were perimental stage, and is an acknowledged method of vention of Milton Jackson. now Manager and Treasurer frozen perfectly hard and stiff. I placed them. in a disinfection. of the Miller Lock Co., of Philadelphia, who are the large tin pan, and filled it with cold water. In the sole manufacturers, and to whom all f�rther inquir.s morning my attention was attracted by a floppingat THE "CHAMPION " KEYLESS LOCKS. should be addressed. the pan, and I found one of the fish was splashing Our usual expression for security is we h e placed that iv _'4.' " about as lively as when he firsttook the bait. valuables " under lock and key," but as the lock may 'J' he Fattening Effect oC Chewing Gum. J. H. L. be picked and the key lost, this does not always de A Southern paper (Macon (Ga.) Me ssenger) says: ------__.�4 �. �'��------scribe the best fastenings. In some of the improved " Twenty years ago the rule was that Southern women STEAM DISINFECTER FOR USE IN HOSPITALS. "Champion " locks there is neither key nor key hole. The importance of having efficient means at com Doors provided with them may be opened from either mand when an epidemic of contagious disorders breaks side, the " Open Sesame " being a knowledge of the out in a populous place has been so abundantly proved combination figures by which the knob may be j in this and other countries that great attention has made to turn andqf the door open. been drawn to the subject, with the view of securing Several' forms of these keyless locks are manu· factured, the shapes varying according to the pur pose for which they are to be used. We illustrate the two forms which will be of more particular in terest to builders. The first,known as the " Champion " flush dial chest lock, will be found of much value

in protecting a fineset of tools or other shop valua bles from theft or the inconvenient curiosity of visit ors or borrowing by associates. As its name implies, the lock is let in flushwith the woodwork, that it may not be exposed to injury. It is DIAL OF THE CHAMPION DOOR LOCK. made entirely of brass, with the dials nickel plated. To open a chest so fastened, it is necessary to know the three numbers which make up the combination. As CROSS SECTION OF CHAMPION KEYLESS DOOR LOCK. the possible combinations are almost infinite, there is no chance of the secret being discovered. The num bers may be changed at pleasure, so that, should the combination become known to any undesirable person, it is a simple matter to change it. In construction, the lock is strong and reliable, and being so much more simple, it can be opened in much less time than an or dinary safe. Perhaps it may be feared that the combination might be forgotten, but it must be remembered that a key is not only liable to be left behind, but as well to be lost or duplicated. The combination necessary for the unlocking of a keyless lock may be recorded in any number of places, and in such a way that detection INSIDE LATCH OF CHAMPION DOOR LOCK. CHAMPION FLUSH DIAL CHEST LOCK. would be impossible. 'f he beveled form of the'num the best disinfectant. It has been found by high scien bered dial is considered preferable for a great many were thin and delicate; it is not the rule now. South tific authorities, says the Un ivel'sal Engineer, that purposes, but these minor details are susceptible of a ern women are not physically equaled in all North heat alone, without the aid of dangerous chemicals, is large variety of designs. . America. Any physician who is as well informed as he sufficientto destroy all the germ� of disease, all forms The second lock illustrated, the " Champion " keyless ought to be will tell you that this is true. This change of insect life and low organisms, etc.; and the intro door lock, is, we believe, the first keyless dial lock ap- is due to the habit of chewing gum. You may ..mile , duction of steam under regulated pressure into a plied to a wooden passage door. We show it in section, you may e\'en laugh, if yo" please, but I am telling properly constructed apparatus appears the safest and and also the outside and interior parts, which arevisi- you a plain fact. As to Southern men, they are as best method for hospital authorities, etc., to adopt. ble when it has been applied to . The difficulty .01' . thin and gaunt as they ever were, and so they will reo Washington Lyon's patent steam disinfecter, as heretofore has been to control the fastening from both main until they cease to chew tobacco and begin to made by Manlove, Alliott, Fryer & Co., of Nottingham, sides. As now arranged, the door may be opened from chew gum." appears to offer a thoroughly practical and efficient either side, and the lock may be put in place with little ------...... ' ...... ,� .------means of dealing with bedding, carpets, clothes, etc., trouble. The section shows it.sconstruction. Liquid CarboniC Acid. without any injury to the fabric and no material dam The smaller part of the cylinder, A, is screwed into the A patent recently takenout proposes to produce the age to colors, as letters and papers can be disinfected ring, R, on the outer face of the door. The spindle is carbon dioxide gas for liquefaction by having a solu without risk of damage. As ,,:m be seen from the en then put in, and the under plate, U, of t.hebolt case is tion of sodium bisulphate in a leaden container, and graving, the apparatus consists of a large and strong laid against the inner face of the door. The screws, CC, running into it some carbonate or bicarbonate, dis iron chamber, with double walls of boiler plate, pro secure this plate to the cylinder, A. The lock is ad solved or suspended in water, the evolved carbon di vided at each end with a steam-tight door. The cham justable to any door. The mechanism by wllichthe oxide being drawn off over a drying mixture into a ber is made elliptical in section, to enable large spring dial piece, D, operates the bolt is connected with the gasometer, from which it is drawn for liquefaction by mattresses, couches, or bulky articles to be inserted bar, B. Before the case is put on, the combination is compression. Liquid carbonic acid, equal to jOO liters without requiring to be doubled up. Steam from a to be set, in a manner described in the directions ac- of gas at ordinary pressure, can be supplied for one boiler is admitted into the hollow casing to heat the companying each lock. • shilling. In using this for various purposes, it is pro- wallsof the chamber. While posed to pass the gas that this is going on, the articles escapes after using over moist to be disinfected are placed sodium carbonate, which is in the traveling cage and thus converted into bicarbon rolled into the chamber, the ate, which can be again used door secured by screw clamps as a source of supply of the round the edge, and the steam carbon dioxide. There is a by another pipe admitted to bore hole near the village of the interior of the chamber at Burgbrohl, 01"' the Rhine, 20 lb. pressure. . which yieldsa constant sLlp-. The temperature and pres ply of very pure carbon di sure are regulated by valves oxide. This village is near to and gauges outside, the de the Lake of Larch and the grees of temperature corre interesting volcanic district sponding to the several pres surrounding it, where there sures marked on the dial. By are a very large number of employing a higher pressure mineral springs and exhala of steam on the outer casing tions of carbon dioxide. This than in the interior chamber bore hole was sunk some two the steam in the latteF can be years ago, and has given · a superheated, and consequent constant sup ply f gas ly dried, preventing the con amounting to about 2,0 160 cu densation of moisture in the bic meters per twenty-four articles while being disinfect hours. A,pparatus has been ed. The most approved me erected for liquefaction of the thod of fixing is to place the dioxide, and this is now regu apparatus mid way between . larly carried on close to the two chambers; goods received bore hole. The water. which in one chamber after disinfec- STEAM DISINFECTER FOR USE IN HQSPITALS rises with the gas is very cool, tion are taken out into an- and is employed to cool the other chamber, to wholly prevent any contact between By means of the latch shown on the inner side of the compressing apparatus. About 500 liters of gas are the infected and disinfected articles. For rural dis case, the bolt may be as in ordinary compressed per minute into about one liter of liquid. "thrown off ", aining tricts a portable apparatus, with boiler attached, can night latches. But a single revolution is required pre This is sent away in wrought iron vessels cont be made, but a fixedma chine in a central position of a liminary to unlocking, and the combination IS made about eight liters,

The Currents 01' the Atlan&ic Ocean. the coast of France, it is, then, to the north of the ' strength and power are obtained on a light weight, and We read, and we see it everywhere repeated. that 42d parallel that we must look for the origin of the by a division of the power among separate engines, the climate of Norway, which is mild as compared with heating of this water. Every one now appears to as to disconnect a part when running at low speeu. li'n that of the American coast in the same latitude. is argue that the Gulf current no longer makes its in- I Such engines, if increased in weight to 115'4 lb. per I. due to the influence of the Gulf Streain. This is the fluencefelt beyond the 40th degree of latitude. In H. P., or 100 per cent, would have ample endurance common opinion shared in by a large number of compe reality, outside of its sphere of action, which is now for,the emergency power of a war ship, would develop tent persons in France and elsewhere. The public, in well known and has been perfectly measured, it seems power at low speed, withthe utmost a-ttainable econo it�urn, goes sttll further, and attributes the mildness that the motion of the superficialwater of the Atlan- my, and would by their light weight permit of the ap of the temperature on certain portions of the French tic betwe�the Azores, the Cape Verd Islands, and plication of sufficient power to attain a high emer coast to the same cause, that is to say, the warm cur the Antilm's is in great measure a function of the gency speed. rents of the sea. movements of the atmosphere. On comparing the For the sake of illustration, we will take the hull of It is nowadays generally agreed that the Gulf travel of the floats with Brault's'wind charts for July, the British dispatch steamer Mercury, of 3,735 tons dis Stream is soon lost on the surface of the Atlantic, August, and September, it was found that their die placement, which has made a speed of 18'87 knots, with and an endeavor has been made to refer the heat rection sensibly agreed with that of the current that 7,500 I. H. P., having steam machinery weighing 968 C n n e !1'om Le Genie ing action, which it thus could no longer possess; to carried the floats along. - o de s' d tons. If the far lighter IIilhhinery.weighing 115'4 lb. another current that forms a sort of continuation of Civil. pf'rI. H. P., was applied to the Mercury, the same / \ it, and which. after all. is nothing more than a slow , .. 4.I •• power would weigh but 386'4 ons, thereby gaining movement of the surface waters of the ocean from 581 6 tons, which, if applied to ",iter line defense / Insomnia In the Aged and Its Treatment. ' the east toward the west. Hence the question of In 'opening a discussiOIi on this subject, r. and V gun-shields, w?uld produce a swift vessel, with heating through a slowly moving mass of water be Dana said that he had found the informationD c.con- L. great se� endurance, I�v�lnerable to shot an� shell. comes very problematical, and there is now an opinion tamed. m . the text-books upon msomma. .. m the aged Referrmg to the BrItish torpedo boat Childers, we • forming which would attribute the calorificinfluences . findse h h as compound' engmes 8lL 7'11 ft h'Ig h . WI·t h cyI' m- formerly ascribed to the Gulf Stream to an atmo was very s I·Ig ht m' amoun t . I nsomma was ,tno f requent d rs 14 m.. an d 24u ' n. m. d'lame t er an 15 m.. s t·ro k e f in the aged, but when it was present it was sometimes : 72 � � d 0 spheric circulation, and not to an oceanic one. very intractable. Patholo gI's ts thou ht it was due to pls�on. fthese engmeswere amph:f:i to 1,875 . H. :. The circulation of the ocean nevertheless presents . .• . theIr cylmders� would measure 19� � and 34 �m. 'dla- anremla and mulnutritlOn. . The thicke� ned artenal . . m. . considerable interest, and the reason that the ques e t r' "twi h 21 m. s t ra k e 0 f pIS ton. an d wou Id b e 11 9 tion has not been more fully studied is because such walls and the high arterial tension from the contracted : h kidneys, and similar states, which were found in the �. ' . researches require large pecuniary sacrifices, on ac age d ,wouId mI' d' ca t e th at th e bl d supp I y t th e b'ram If -twoIg . such engmes. were apphed to each. screw shait count of the vast field to be covered. 00 0 of the ercury she would have machmery capable of was deficient. The insomnia produced byanremiawas , ru; : . A contribution to our knowledge of this subject, d�velopmg a high emergency power, and of runn�ng characterized by drowsiness during the daytime, the WIth great economy at a low speed,thereby augmen mg however, has recently been made by Professor G. ' Pouchet, who, tbrough the liberality of tbe city of patient falling . into little naps. while at night he was' her sea endurance, as but one set of compound engmes� unable to obtam any rest. ThIS was true of the young wou Id e use d In. eac s h a ft- e th th ers b'emg d'Iscon- Paris, and the co-operationof Prince Albert of Monaco, as we as th eoId . If m' any case we f oun d no actual b h 0 . 11 . was last year enabled to undertake some experiments. d·Isease, I ·t was cust omary t t'ry Iron an d rICh d'Ie t . In nec t e d -there b. yavol'd' mg the great Ifoss. rom f rict· IOn 0 an d a d'la t· IOn mCl'd en t to a I arge engme d eve opmg Prince Albert's sail yaCHt, the Hirondelle, which had the speaker's experience, however, iron did not relieve 1 . a befOnplaced at Professor Pouchet's disposal, was fit the anremia of the aged so as to produce sleep. Alco- sma:l� power. . ting out at Lorient, and it became necessary to make Llght-runmng. , sWlf . t-movmg . engmes, analogous to h o WI·th th e 00 d was anoth er reme d y, an d many . haste, and. in a manner, improvise tbe apparatus to recommen1 d e d r h t grue or h t ml'lk ·th a I co h b e- those. of the torpedo boats. .. m many . features, . are now be used. The following three forms of floatswere de 0 I 0 WI 0 1 b�mg �enerally apphed m mdustrlal est�bhshments, cided upon: 1. Ten copper spheres, one foot in fore going to bed. While. alcohol . would. relieve. some . dlsplacmg the heavy, centrally located engme formerly diameter, formed of two hemispheres screwed- upon cases, there were others m WhICh the msomma was m- use -th e smaII er engmes. b'emg l'Ie d' d'Irec tl y t th e cr a d d app 0 a rubber joint. 2. Twenty kegs similar to those used ; : 'bromides and chloral, even when given in mach ne to be run, ins e�d of running shaftin� to the A � � � . fer beer, and of a capacity of 3� gallons. 3. hun enormous doses, often failed to give relief. Opium was ma�hl?e, thereby avol�mg the loss f�om frICtIOn and dred and fifty ordinary bottles. closed by a selected ano th er reme d y. D r. H . C W d h a d recommen d e d radIatIOn due to runmng. a large engme to produce a . 00 smal power, w h en there IS no more reqUIred.. cork, and capped with rubber. Each float contained that we make our aged people opium eaters and 'alco- I 1 . a request, printed in French, Russian, Norwegian, h o,I dr m· k ers. Th speak er h a d no t f oun d th. at opIUm. ' The .great . power developed by the. torpedo boat type. e . I of engmes IS d ue t theIr' l'llg h pISt on speed, w h' h IS Danish, English, German, Dutch, SpaniRh, Portu a ways agree d WI 'th th e aged ,an d'In h' experIence, 0 . IC ;' 1 ..IS over 1 , 000 ft . m�nu t b u as th e s t earn en t ers e guese, and Mangrabin, that the finder of it ould where opmm. h a d produced sleep, It was sometImes per e; t th d send tbe inclosed paper to the authorities of his . ' . cyl' In d er a t a spee ,d of 1 600 ft . per secan , 1 't WI'1 1 b e country, in order that it might be sent to tbe French fo II owe d b v suc h physlcal' an d men tal d epresslOn as seen a St'lI l h'Ig h er spee d d consequen y gre er precluded its further use. . '.� tl a:·t government, with details as to the place and date, He had been disappointed in bromide and chloral, power, mIght be developed, If It was not for the rac�mg and tbe circumstances under which the float was and considered tbe results of opium sometimes disas- eff�ct produced by the great momentum ofthe reClpro- picked up. t rous. H e recommend e d goo d f d warm d . k s at cat mg part s. . The Hirondelle, having on board the material for . 00 . ..nil The moment urn f th e reClproca ·mg par s IS measur- ht d II d f d' ·th 0 t· t . mg ,an sma o� co ela WI canna....Jls mId'ca. e db thelrO wel. ght muIt Ip· Ied b th e quare f th elr. the experiment, set sail about the first of July, 1885. Valerian and lave_r, hyoscyamine, and lupulin r y � 0 It was agreed that the floats should be put into tlie veloClty,� c nsequ ntly a decrease of weight woul d. sometimes were also useful drugs. Bull ti ! Clinical . � � ? � sea to tbe northwest of Corvo, the last of the Azores. • - e 'lJ, o mIt of a hIgher piston speed and greater transllllSSlOn y, • . On the 27th of July, at a quarter past six in the ooc�e,

011 the 28th. Then the second series of bottles fol regard to economy of fuel at low speed. As the war without any increase of momentum. lowed. The floats were distributed over a line which ship consumes by far the greater part of her fuel sup- The weight of reciprocating parts of an engine of' ran about 14° north by east, and was 170 miles in ply (probagly 95 per cent) at low speed, economy of the type and proportions of that of the Childers, jf amplified to 1, 875 I. and augmented in weight lengtb. fuel at that speed is a very important factor. in the H. P., The place that had been selected in advance for design of her engines. . 50 per cent, which would be sufficientfor those special the operation, and where Prince Albert accomplished As it would require about eight times the power to parts, would, if made of steel, be 1,507'5 lb. If made the latter so bappily. is situated almost exactly upon drive a vessel 18 or 20 knots that it would to drive her of aluminum bronze of equal strength to the steel, the a line which joins the Strait of Florida (through or 10, it will be seenthat engines designed for econo- weight would he only 502'5 lb. which the Gulf Stream enters the Atlantic) and the my9 at high speed would not develop power with econ- If the engin es were run at the same piston speed entrance of the British Channel. omy at low speed, as there would be great loss from that is now attained with steel, and the 75 per cent in It was Prince Albert's opinion that if any of the friction and radiation incident to a large engine devel- I crease of power. made available by the use of the lighter floats reachfOd the coast of Europe, it would be be oping a small power. metal, was held in reserve for a great emergency. they twePll 40° ana <:0· of north latitude ; but up to the At the present time, the steam machinery of war would possess remarkable powers of endurance. present no such thing has occurred. Three of the ships is patterned after that of the merchant service, .. , • I .. floats were picked up, after a travel toward the east, inasmuch as it is so excessively heavy that, if sufficient A G rand Donation to th e National Museum. in which tbey at the same time strangely inclined horse power is applied to attain high speed, the ship is Dr. C. V. Riley. Entomologist of the Department of toward the south. Two bottles and one keg were so loaded down with steam machinery that but little Agriculture and Honorary Curator of Insects in the N a found at the Azores-one of the bottles 10 miles off weight-carrying capacity is left for anything else. tional Museum, has presented to thflNat ional Museum the port of Saint Iria, San Miguel Island, one a The average weigbt of the steam machip�ry of the his extensive private collection of North American mile east of Porto Formoso of the same island, and British Navy is 360 lb. per I. H. P .. with 2$.11>. for the insects, representing the fruits of his labors in collecting the keg at the port of Porto, Santa Maria Island. Iris and Mercury. and 180 lb. per I. H P. for the tor- and study for over twenty-five years. His collection The two bottles had taken 53 days to travel a dis pedo ram Polyphemus, and only 57'7 lb.. per I. H. P. in contains over 20,000 species, represented by over 115,000 tance of 420 miles. The keg, which stranded on the existing first-class torpedo boats, while, the steam pinned specimens, and much additional material pre Santa Maria, !leemedto show that the floats were con machinery of the Chicago is 419 lb.. and that. of the served in alcohol or other metbocls. It is estimated by tinuing their course toward the soutb. It is allowable Boston and Atlanta is 448 lb. per I. H. P. those familiar with the collection to have a money to suppose that the floats, after turning the Azores, The differencebetween 57'7 lb. in the torpedo boats value of at least $25,000. In addition to tbe actual cost to estimate the amount of time continued to travel in the direction of the Cape and 448 lb. in the Boston and Atlanta seems to be a of material, it is "hard Verd Ishtnds. in order to cross the Atlantic and di high price to pay for economy in the consumption of a and labor that such a collection represents. In ac rectly reach the Antilles. or to revolve indefinitelyin small percentage of the fuel. to be obtained by its use, knowledging the: donation, Professor Baird expresses the immense and pacific whirlpool called the Sargasso on rare occasions, for short periods of time, particularly the warmest appreciation for this most generous gift, Sea. However this may be, the positive although when we consider that tbis ponderous machinery itself and his assurance tbat both now and in the future it partial results obtained seem to establish the fact has to be carried at the high speed, and that additional will afford a valuable me,ans of study for the ento that from the latitude in which the floatswere thrown power must be applied to overcome the resistance inci- mologists of this country. This collection is especially overboard, not a drop of the Atlantic's surface water dent to its weight. rich in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, and the latter con- reaches the coast of France. This is a point that now The remedy for this state of affairsis the application tains many rare larvre, blown and in alcohol. As it appears to be demonstrated. If we admit that there to war ships of the light-running, rapid-moving engines, stands, says the American Na turalist. by this gift th !' exists a current or simply a shifting of the wanner constructed entirely of steel and bronze, .similar to entomological collections of the National Museum ue· water from tbe west towa,rd the east on a level with those applied to the torpedo boats, whereby great come nextin importance to those at Cambridge.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC APRIL 10, 1886. ] Jtitufifit !mtritau. 229 yields, such pressures having nothing to over sensibly retard the motion of planets moving through once but the elasticity of the bag, for change of it. Whenever a phenomenon presents itself which come shape in that direction .causes the sand to contract. cannot be otherwise explained, it is referred to the LllDlng Wood to Prevent FIre from Ste PIpes. To radial pressures on its rim, however, it is per aID ether, and there are nearly as many ethers as there fectly rigid, . as such pressures tend further to dilate To the Editor of the Scientific American : are philosophers. It has been said, indeed, that no the sand; when placed on its edge, it bears 1 cwt. I have read much in your valuable paper about less than six different ethers are needed to satisfy without flinching. If, however, while supporting the "Fire,S from Steam Pipes." We have many steam the predicates of the vibratory theory of light. Max weight it is pressed sufficiently on the sides, all pipes in contact with wood, and have tried the use of well found no comfort in the ethers; on the contrary, vanishes, and it is again a rounded bag of lime on the wood coming in contact with the pipes. I he maintained that they were like the asses of the strength gl sand and water." By shaking the into a coated the pipes where they touched any wood, and draln drinker-one always led to anothl-r, necessary loose bag mould, it can be made to take any shape; then, by found that several coats of ,lime or whitewash was a to explain the existence of the first. "As the drawing the excess of water and closing the bag, good preventive against charring of the wood. result, " says Professor Reynolds, "of a long-con off LOUIS .J. SEHRING. becomes perfectly rigid, and will not change tinued effort to conceive a mechanical system the sand shape unless the 'envelope be torn; no amount of .Joliet, III., Feb. 23, 1886. possessing the properties assigned by Maxwell, and, its shaking will effect a change. In this way bricks can •••• • further, which would account for the cohesion of the FIre StealD PIpes. be made of sand or fine shot full of water, and the CrOID molecules of matter, it became apparent that the thinnest India rubber envelope, which will stand as To the Editor of the Scientijlc Ame1'ican : simplest conceivable medium-a mass of rigid granules as ordinary bricks without change of I am surprised to read a letter on the subject of fires in contact with each other-would answer, not one, much pressure ERICAN, also permanent casts of figl1l'eS may be taken. caused by steam pipes, in the SCIENTIFIC AM but all the known requirements, provided th e shape shape; a wet beach, around each foot dated .Jan. 30, 1886, signed by E. P. Clark, stating and mutual fit of the grains were such that, while When we walk along print the sand is seen to change color for some dis that it is impossible to set wood on fire with steam the grains rigidly preserved their shape, the medium tance. This is because the pressure of the foot has pipes working at any reasonable pressure. should possess the apparently paradoxical or anti- changed the shape of the mass under it, and the A few years ago I was in the city of Toronto, and as sponge property of swelling in bulk as its shape was water is sucked in, drying the sand all around. It business took me to one of the largest distilleries in altered." seems paradox that instead of squeezing the water that city, I happened to notice several men opening No one e ver dreamed that the cubic content of a out of beach rigid under foot, it is what appeared to be a covered. drain. On looking into sand in a sack w,as affected by the shape given of that portion sucked in. it, I saw a steam pipe about two and a half inches run- to the sack. Yet, now that we are told all about it, Reynolds has not drawn de ning through it from the boiler room to the cattle we wonder that we did not !See the truth before. If Although Professor resist calling attention to one sheds, several hundred yards away. The steam pipe, the grains interlock, their al.teration of form must, ductions, we cannot themselves. May we not find when it was put there, was covered with wood, or I under given conditions, augment the space occupied. or two which suggest here the cause of rigidity ? The bag of sand is stable, should say that the iron pipe was laid through a large For example, if we shake or disturb a brick wall. it to change its form would augment its bulk. wooden one several inches in thickness, for protection. is evident that we increase its dimensions, because because May not a bar of steel be .. stable for the same rea When the earth and the covering were taken off the the bricks are no longer so close to each other as they son ? Our readers win not be slow, we think, to see trench, all that remained of the wooden pipe that sur- · were. In an ordinary mass of brickwork or masonry that Professor Reynolds has left a good deal to be rouuded the iron one was a pile of charcoal. and as good a well bonded without mortar, the blocks fit so as to explained; For example, to state that a cake of sand sample of charcoal as I ever saw ; the wood was all gone. have no interstices; but if the pile be in any way dis and water is stable because a change of form would Some places the charcoal lay on the pipe as well as un- torted, interstices appear; which shows that the space augment its dimensions, is only to reason in a circle. derneath it. The trench being covered with earth made occupied by the entire mass has increased, as was We naturally ask, Well, why should it not increase it air tight; that I expect accounts for the wood burning shown by a model. At first it appeared that there its dimensions ? and to this Professor Reynolds sup to charcoal by the hot steam pipe. I hope this will must be something special and systematic, as in the plies no answer. It is true that an increase in satisfy persons interested in the matter that hot steam brick wall ; in the fit of the grains together, but volume would lead to the production of a partial pipes will set wood on fire, especially when they are subsequent consideration revealed the striking fact .JOSEPH 'DIX, .JR., vacuum inside, and that in so far the pressure of closely covered. that " a medimu composed of grains of any possible the air outside would tend to promote stability; but Master Mariner. shape possessed this property of dilatancy so -long as this stability ought to be elastic or dynamic stability, Kingston, Canada, March 20, 1886. either of two important conditions was satisfied." not static. Concerning this, no doubt Professor Rey The conditions are that the medium should be con nolds will have more to say. The appara,tus re RestoratI on 01"MagnetIsm by Heat. tinuous, infinite in extent, or that the grains at the quired is extremely inexpensive, and there is no reason To the Editor of the ScientiJi,c American : boundary should be so held as to prevent a rear why a whole army of workers should not attack this To heat a magnet to a red heat has long been rangement commencing. All . that is wanted is a subject with excellent results. Meanwhile. we may known to destroy its magnetism; but from a recent mass of hard, smooth grains, each grain being heid by say that it has long been known to engineers that experiment of mine with two sound magnets that the adjacent grains, and the grains in the outside pre sand, unlike water, exerts under suitable conditions have from want of care lost nearly all their magnet vented from rearrangement. no lateral pressure. For example. bag!! of dry sand ism, I fully restored them by rubbing a red hot iron, Professor Reynolds obtained the necessary condi instead of wedges to carry the M inch, over them until it had become quite cool. The tions by rising a thin Indi bber bag holding six have been employed of bridges. The loads may be very heavy, magnets are better now than when new. This ex pints. This bag being fill 'th clean dry sand, centering . these canvas bags will not burst. If the sand periment was prompted in my desire to prove mag such as is used ·for hour glrtf. ; served for many ex- yet behaved like a liquid, they would be rent in a netism bears to heat as close a relation as electricity. periments: The bag was coupled to one leg of a mer moment by a hundredth part of the load. To Thus we hope soon to be able to make a clearer de- cury pressure gauge, and it was only necessary to strike the centers, it is only necessary to open a small mgnstration. CruS. H. ROBERTS. flatten the bag to make the mercury rise 7 inches in hole in a bag, and let as much or as little sand run Troy, N. Y., March 30, 1886. the leg next the bag; in other words, a partial out as may be needed. A paper plug will suffice to vacuum was established by squeezing the bag. The stop the flow. Dilatancy. reader will naturally ask what woUld take place if no To Professor Osborne Reynolds is due the credit of air found its way into the bag by the way of the .. I •• • making a discovery which promises to be of some mercury. In that case, the resistance to squeezing GerlDanlolD, a New Metal. importance. The discovery' appears to have resulted would be much increased, and when water is used, In the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen (}esell- from experiment, guided ·as much by inductive rea which is non-elastic, the shape of the bag cannot be schaft there is an account of a new metallic element soning as pure curiosity. It is, says the Engineer, a altered at all. discovered by Clemens Winkler. It occurs in argyro- remarkable discovery, in that it was quite unantici " Taking," says Professor Reynolds, "the same dite, a silver ore from the Himmelsfurst mine, near pated, and is, indeed, apparently opposed to past ex bag, the sand being at its closest ordel, closing the Freyberg. Germanium, symbol Ge, has a great resem perience. Of course, it is not really opposed, for na neck so that it cannot draw more water, a severe blance to antimony, though it is distingnished by cer_ ture does not contradict herself; but the precise con pinch is put on the bag, but it does not change its tain well-marked reactions. If the sulphide is heated ditions neces,Sary have never before been secured pro shape at all; the shape cannot alter without enlarg- in the absence of air, e. g., in a current of hydrogen, perly by a philosopher, though no doubt they have ing the interstices, these cannot enlarge without it forms a blackish crystalline sublimate, which at a. been present scores of times when the philosopher drawing more water, and this is prevented. To higher temperature melts to brownish red drops. This was absent. The discovery, referred to at the last meet show that there is an effort to et:tlarge going on, it is sulphide dissolves in ammonium hydrosnlphid�, and is lng of the British Association. was more fully de only necessary to open a communication with a pres- reprecipitated with a white color by hydrochloric acid, - Bcribed at the weekly evening meeting of the Royal sure gauge, as in the experiment with air. The mer and is again redissolved by ammonia. If arsenic 01' Institution on the 12th of February. A special word cury . rises on the side of the bag; showing when the antimony is present, the color is yellow. If heated in has �ad to be coined for dealing with the discovery, pinch is hardest-about 200 pounds on the plane� air, or treated with hot nitric acid, the white germani which word we have used at the head of this arti that the pressure in the bag is less by 27 inches of nm oxide is formed, which is not volatile at a red heat. cle. The title of Professor Reynolds' paper given at mercury than the pressure of the atmosphere; a little The oxide dissolves in potassium hydroxide. If this length is "Experiments : showing Dilatancy, a Pro more squeezing, and there is a vacuum in the bag. solution is slightly acidified, it gives a white precipitate perty of Granular Material, possibly connected with Without a knowledge of the property of dilatancy, on treatment with hydrogen sulphide. The oxide is Gravitation. " such a method of producing a vacuum woUld sound . easily reduced by hydrogen; the sulphide less easily. If we ask any of our readers what will occur if an somewhat paradoxical . Opening the neck to allow The metal is gray, volatile at a full red heat, though India rubber bag containing sand and water, and the entrance of water, the bag at once yields to a less readily than antimony. The vapor deposits small communicating with a bucket of water by means of slight pressure, changing shape, but this change at crystals resembling those of iodine, which do not melt. a tube, be pressed between two flat boards, the once stops when the supply is cut off, preventing In a current of chlorine the metal yields a white chlor answer will be that the water in the bag will be further dilation. " ide, which is more volatile than antimony chloride. squeezed out into the bucket. Broadly stated, Pro Professor Reynolds has as yet drawn few deduc- The acid solution gives a white precipitate with hydro fessor Reynolds' discovery is that this is not what tions. . He prefers to cOIi.tinue his experimental re- gen sulphide. Herr Winkler is determining its atomic will happen, but that, on the c

A New Traveling Torpedo. tIe time past, should lose no time in constructing a tor- ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY. The details of moving torpedoes, as regards their pedo of the proper working size and having it practi- As a few experiments in celestial photography tried steering power, propulsion, and explosive charge, have cally tested. 1' his course is the less objectionable, see- / last year by means of quite rudimentary instruments for some time past formed a special study with Mr. R. iug that the cost is stated to be only about £150. At gave good results, the Director of the Observatory has Paulson, who' has effected what would appear to be any rate, the invention appears to justify prompt and been pleased to authorize the construction of a special some important improvements in these respects. Elec- thorough investigation, in order that its practical useful- apparatus, which we illustrate herewith. tro magnets are the chief agents used in the steering ness or otherwise may be ascertained.-London Times. 4 This new instrument consists of two juxtaposed tele- arrangements, although their exact construction and .... I • scopes inclosed in an oblong rectangular metallic case, Freezl�1C and Me i g Point. o£ Water. arrangement are points upon which the inventor pre- I lt n and separated through their entire length by a thin fers to preserve silence at present. So with regard to Although water usually freezes at 32 degrees F., partition. One of the objectives, of 9% inches aper his improved means of propulsion and the explosive and ice melts when above that point, the result is not ture and 12% feet focal length, is designed for visual charge ; the most that he is just now prepared to state uniform in either case. If water, for instance, be kept observation, and serves as a finder. The other, of 11'4 publicly respecting these is that propulsion is effected in a clean, smooth-sided vessel, and perfectly still, it is inches aperture and 1l� feet focus, is achromatized for a system differing in from any of those at pres- possible to keep it from freezing until it reaches a I chemical rays, and serves for photographing. As the by toto ent employed. temperature of 15 degrees. Under other conditions optical axes of these two objectives are parallel, every Broadly stated, it consists in the use of chemically such a temperature would produce half an inch of ice star kept in the center of the ocular field of the first generated gas, which is utH- telescope produces an impres- ized either for forc.ing a col- sion in the center of the sensi- umn of water direct astern or tized plate of the photo- for causing it to actuate ma- graphic apparatus. chinery for driving a propel- The equatorial is mounted ler. The explosive charge after the English style, that consists of a species of gun- is to say, the center of the cotton po�sessing 50 per cent tube always remains in the more power than ordinary polar axis of the instrument. gnn-cotton, but having an This arrangement permits of equal degree of safety. The following up a star from its steering device is that upon rising to its setting, without which Mr. Paulson is most the necessity of turning back communicative, and this is the instrument near the me- stated to consist of two bat- ridian, and, moreover, it has teries, one pole of each of the advantage of giving the which is placed in connection direct and inverse positions with the coils of two sets of for every region of the hea- electro magnets, from which vens, thus allowing of the leads are conducted to two elimination of certain errors metal pins fixed on a disk of in centering. . insulating material. Both the Like a horary equatorial, other poles of the batteries it is provided with horary are placed in communication and declination circles, and a with a balanced magnetic clockwork movement. which needle of special construction. carries the apparatus along for The metal pins are placed three hours without rewind- one on either side of the nee- ing. In addition, there are dIe, and the course of the tor- . very slow, independent, back pedo having been set, it is movements that permit of started. Any deviation of the holding the axis of the tele- torpedo from its assigned scope upon a given point of course causes a relative move- the heavens, in spite of an y ment of the needle, which slight irregularity in the touches one or other of th e clockwork motion and in the pins, thus establishing the setting of the telescope, or of circuit through the coils of variations in atmospheric re- one or other of the two ma,g- fraction. The photographic nets. An armature connected objective, which is the larg- with the rudder is attracted, est that has hitherto been and by this means the tor- made, consists of a simple, pedo is again placed on Us achromatic system, and, al- right course. The depth of though of eJftremely short immersion of the weapon is focal proportions, is capable also regulated and maintained of covering a field three de- in a similar manner by a ver- grees in diameter without the tically balanced needle. An- use of a diaphragm. other feature is that the tor- Although it has been pedo can be directed toward mounted but a short time, iron ships, irrespective of the this apparatus has already predetermined cou rse, by permitted of considerable means of another balanced work being done. The very needle. reduced chart shown in Fig. A demonstration of the 2 is a specimen of what it is steering powers of the appa- possible to obtain. In a sur- ratus was recently given by face representing an area of the inventor at 15 Cockspur about five square degrees of Street, Charing Cross, a model the heavens, we can count torpedt), about 2 feet 6 inches more than three thousand long and 7 inches in diameter, stars of between the sixth and being used. The model was fourteenth magnitude, two not placed in water, but was only of which are visible to swiveled on a stand, and it the naked eye. We can even was clearly shown that when distinguish in the negative it deviated from the course traces of stars of the fifteenth upon which it had been laid, Fig. 3.-PARALLACTIC APPARATUS AT THE PARIS OBSERVATORY. magnitude, that are too faint- the electro magnetic arrange- ly indicated to show up in the ment-which was, of course, concealed within the tor- in a single night, thus clearly indicating the influence positive. Stars of the fourteenth magnitude exhibit pedo-came into operation and 0'00098 of an inch. It restored it to its nor- of motion on crystallization. If this water at 15 de- themselves under a diameter of mal course. More could not be shown, but it was grees be disturbed in the least degree, the crystals will will be easily seen that points so small as these might stated that a full sized torpedo, 16 feet in length and at once begin to form, and simultaneously therewith be readily confounded with imperfections in the sensi- 14 inches in diameter, had been made and 32 n taken to make many successfully the entire mass of water will gradually rise to de- tized film, were not the precautio tried on the coast in England. On the last occasion, grees and freeze solid. In t.he same way the presence exposures. however, the torpedo had managed to get away from of salt and acid in water retards freezing. Again, it In the annexed chart, each star is formed of a group of its inventor, and had been no more seen. The material has been ascertained by experiments equilateral trian le. each side that if water three points forminljl.an � of which Mr. Paulson proposes to construct the shell be boiled in a glass flask, and the neck of the flask of which is no lon� than 0'0033 of an mch. To the of his torpedo differs from that hitherto used in that it is be plugged with cotton, the water may be cooled naked eye these three points a ppear to be confused a species of papier ma che, of a tough and fibrousnature. down to 9 degrees F. before it will freeze. With regard ittto a single one; b�t, if we examine them by means of The new weapon is to be discharged from the shore to the melting point of ice, the temperature is more a strongish lens, the three exposures will become dis or fro� any ordinary boat, thus obviating the cost of uniform, as tge solid ice is not subject to the law of tinct, and it will then be easy to distinguish in the a special torpedo boat. This feature points it out as motion as water is, but there are ways of precipitating n egative everything that does not belong to the heav valuable for coast and harbor defense, for which pur- the meUing of ice, as has been frequently tested. ens, and to eliminate it. By the ordinary processes. it poses it is the opinion of several naval authorities by Thus, for instance, if a hlock of ice be subjected to a would certainly have required a diligent labor of seve whom it has been examined that it is especially heavy pressure, the melting point can be reduced to 18 ral months to obtain a chart such as we get here in adapted. In view of its apparent merits. it would ap- degrees F., a point which would produce sharp freez- three hours. pear desirable that the government authorities, who ing in a stream or lake, where the ordinary laws of The time of exposure necessary for obtaining an im , have had the matter under conSideration for some lit- nature were not interfered with. age of the stars fill as followS 1

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC APRIL 10, 1886.] J titnfifit �lUtritllU. 1st magnitude, 0'005 s.; 2d magnitude, 0 '013 s.; 3d smoke, and other impurities. These substances are ful substances have been removed. It ifs used for vari magnitude, 0'03 s.; 4th magnitude, 0'08 s.; 5th magni separated and removed by the filter,while the heat ap ous medical purposes, such as the treatment of bron tude, 0'02 s.; 6th magnitude, last stars visible to the plied drives outa portion of the bad or poisonous prin chitis, of throat diseases, of ulcers of all kinds, herpes, naked eye, 0'05 s.; 7th magnitude, 1'3 s.; 8th magni ciples, which become volatilized by the heat. chronic rheumatism, scrofula, sores, and diseases of tude, 3 s.; 9th magnitude, 8 s.; 10th magnitude, 20s., 11th Vegetable pitch may be said to be composed of two the skin. magnitude, 50 s., 12th magnitude, 2 m.-mean magni parts, I)ne portion consisting- of combined dense empy .. f .. .. tude of the asteroids; 13th magnitude, 5 m.; 14th mag reumatic resinous matters of dark color; and, second, A RAILWAY ItA FETY SWITCH. nitude, 13 15th magnitude, 33 m., 16th magnitude, another of liquid nature, which holds in solution the The invention herewith illustrated shows a plan of Ill. ; first part. The acrid and nauseous odor of constructing a switch by which a train moving on the . : . . . the raw pitch is due to the poisonous or main track will automatically close an open switch and . - " . ", ... . " •• �,J ', �':'; . .. ' ;", hurtful substances, some of which are pyro bring the rails into alignment. To this end, sliding . . � . .,. � ; :. ... ligneous acid, formic acid, wood spirit, or blocks are 'mounted to slide in inclined ways securely ';I . ' ' . : : .... ": ' . , ...... • ••, • • ••.

" . ' The dialyzing apparatus is made with vege " ,. '. ' ::' '" table parchment in the usual manner. The .: . dialyzer is placed within a sliitable vessel con ,' , ', " , ; " ; .' :. ", . " :.. taining distilled water upon a level table, care . , . �" . .

'.' : . being taken that the level of the exterior liquid " " ., ' is the same as the level of the liquid contained ;' , .... : � ",... � within the parchment or dialyzer: The whole

'. ',- . ":,' ( is allowed to stand three days, at the end of : 0 ' ; ' , ..•.. which time the exterior water is removed and a new quantity substituted. The first water is then tested with sulphuric acid, and note is "'.. .( :' '.' ' ',' ,-'. ' : taken whether there is any effervescenceor dis .: . �' '- .. . '.� '" .

• 'I ', " charge of carbonic acid. If there is, the dialyzation is continued for three days more, when . ' � , . :- ::'.11.,' .' . . the exterior liquid is again tested in the same . ! • . .. . , ' , . ' ," . manner described. If there is no effervescence, then the operation of dialyzation i,; complete, • . .. '. and the poisonous and injurious principles con ' . � .' . I . • .' . tained in the mixture will have been extracted . �,. .- ' ...... therefrom and carried over to the exterior . � . ' . . � . .. . . :. ' liquid, together with the tmgar and the bicar � . .' . : . . bonate of soda, that which remains in the'dia- . .lyzer being a neutral solution of colloidal and Fig. 2.-PHOTOGRAPH OF A PORTION OF THE CONSTELLA- chemical nature derived from the useful princi- Fig. I.-PHOTOGRAPH OF THE MOON. TION CYGNUS. pIes or components of the pitch, the poisonous or hurtful principles or components having the other passing around a sheave in the inclined way, h. 23 m.-last stars visible with the average of large : been removed. ' then aroudl:l another sheave in the center of the track, instruments.1 , The dialyzed pitch is then concentrated by the ap- to and around a chain wheel mounted in the switch All these figures represent a minimum. In order to I plication of a gentle heat to evaporate it slowly. It is stand. A dog or catch is pivotally connected to the obtain good reproductions upon paper, the time of ex- then mixed with coarse sand, and then evaporate from under side of the locomotive, and when the train ap posure must be tripled. this mixture, with gentle heat, a portion of the water. proaches a switch set for a siding, as shown in the en It will be seen from this table that between the first The sand, after losing the water, will remain damp. graving, this dog stri�es the sliding block, moving it in and last magnitudes the time of exposure varies from 1 Allow this to become cool, and then placeit in a Jixiv the manner indicated by the dotted lines in the small to 1,000,000. (The proportion adopted between the iating apparatus. view, drawing the chain to revolve the chain wheel in brilliancy of two consecutive magnitudes is 2,512.)' This operation has for its object to dissolve the con- the switch stand, thus moving the switch bar to Aside from the construction of celestial charts, we centrated and dialyzed pitch that is imprisoned in bring the switchingand rails in conjunction with the main may mention as another very important study the the sand. This is accomplish y means of a suitable rails. The switch lever rides above a circular rack discovery of asteroids, which has now become possible liquid vehicle, whereby the �_lyzed pitch will be which projects from one side of the switch stand, and through photography. The small stars appear upon liberated from the sand and taken up by the liquid has a yielding roller catch. The various parts are so the negative as, so to speak, a mathematical point, vehicle, and in this manner is constituted the extract arranged that when the main line is open the sliding while the planets are distinguished therefrom by a of dialyzed or colloid pitch. The lixiviation is prepared blocks will be at the lower ends of inclined ways, small, well defined dash that indicates their proper for use with a liquid vehicle composed of alcohol and so they will not then engage with thethei dogr on the lower Illotion, with magnitude and direction, during the time glycerine. side of the pilot;'but if the train is to be switched, the of the exposure. It is thus that we have been enabled The operation of lixiviation makes a complete ex dog is raised by a simply arranged device, so as not to to obtain the track of a small p'lanetof the eleventh tract of the pitch which is imprisoned in the sand. throw the switch to the main line. With some slight magnitude, showing its course through an exceedingly Every portion of the liquid vehicle, when it comes in changes in details, which are set forth in the patent, well defined line amid the fixedstars. In the same (lontact with the sand containing the pitch, becomes this 'form of switch is also adapted for use wh ere there way it is possible to study the is a switch or siding on each side Illotion of the satellites around of the main track. their planet, and perhaps to dis This invention has been patented cover new ones. by Mr. Robert Adamson, of Au The study of double and multiple burn, N. Y. stars will be greatly facilitated, and ...... it will be possible, likewise, to apply Monument to FrIedrich Wohler. photography to researches on the The great German chemist Fried parallaxes. Finally, we Illust cite rich Wohler died in 1882. In recog photometry as one of the branches nition of his eminent services, the o,f astronomy that will now be German Chemical Society at once enabled to collect very useful data proposed the erection of a monu through the use of photography. ment at Gottingen, where most of Let us remark, in conclusion, that his life's work was accomplished. this recent progress has perceptibly A sum of $4,000 has been collected, increased the power of human but as this is not sufficient for the - vision. It permits, in fact, of ob purpose, an appeal has been made taining the image of a star that to American chemists to aid in would remain invisible with instru honoring one who has done so much ments of the same aperture as those to elevate their calling to the rank that photography employs.·-La of a true science. The American Na ture. committee particularly appeals to ...... those who formerly studied under DIalyzed Pitch. Wohler,and to all who are interested The healing properties of vege in the science to which he devoted table resins are well known, and his life. Contributions may be sent extracts therefrom in various forIWi. to Prof. Ira RemRen, Johns Hop are extensively employed in me_ kins University, Baltimore, Md. cine; but they are more or less ob ADAMSON'S SAFETY SWITCH. jectionable, as heretofore no means , THE following is given as a cheap of removing or separating the foreign and hurtful charged with a proportional quantity thereof, and mode of rendering fabrics uninfiammable : Four parts substauces have been used. Mr. Charles J. Ulrici, a each portion of the liquid vehicle takes up a portion of borax and three parts sulphate of magnesia are chemist of Havana, Cuba, has succeeded in obtaining, of pitch until the whole has been completely dis shaken up together just before being required. The by dialysis, a new and pure preparation, which is be solved and all the pitch contained in the sand joined mixture is then dissolved in from 20 to 30 parts of warm lieved to be of importance for medical purposes. to the water, alcohol, and glycerine, these three bodies water. Into the resulting solution the articles to The first operation is the filtrationof the pitch to being powerful andinoffensive solvents, and being the be protected from fire are immersed, and when they separate certain SUbstances, which in its natural state vehicle of which most fluid extracts are made. are thoroughly soaked. they are wrung out and are incorporated with it, such as vegetable remains, This compound or fluid extract of dialyzed pitch dried, preferably in the open air. - New Yo rk r.arbondust, bits of leaves, earthy matters, deposits of thus prepared is of great medicinal value, as the hurt- Times.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 232 J'titutifit J.mtritau� [APRIL 10, 1886. The Pl'lce of LICe. the farm houses of New England. bringing to the of solid meat can be thoroughly cooked in its own BY EDWARD ATKINSON. wives and daughters of the household a little juice in one hour and a quarter, with � cent's worth We have become so much accustomed to measure money income where it is most needed. of oil burned in a common lamp, which may also the price of things in money that it is a little difficult 3. Food. A very economical kind of life is thus ser,:,ethe purpose of lighthig the room while the cook to forget the rates of wages, earnings, or profits, and ,far simple and easy. The difficulty arises the mo- ing is going on. look only at the actual results of toil. But refiection ment we touch the question of food. To the work- The singular merit of this apparatus is that a very will show that that for whieh men and women really ing classes-again using this phrase in its narrowest ample supply of food for a large family may be put work is not money, but subsistence. The price paid sense-one-half the price of life consists in the price into the various receptacles at night, the lamp may for shelter, food, and clothing is the price 'of sus- paid for food. then be lighted, and in the morning everything will taining life. It is therefore an urgent problem for From the best information which can be obtained, be ready to be served. In this method no overcooked millions how to get a good subsistence for less money the price of an adequate supply of food served in food is possible. After the chemical changes caused than they now spend for a poor one. The way for the ordinary way, either in boarding houses or in by heat are accomplished, the further effect of the the working classes to improve their condition is to workmen's families, is from 20 cents to 30 cents a day application of heat is merely to keep the food hot, produce more or waste less. When each one has for the mere cost of the materials. How much is or to render it more tender if it be tough meat. The found out this secret for himself, the labor question wasted in bad cooking after the materials are bought, walls of the vessel being non-conducting, the food will will be practically settled. All there is in it is how each reader can imagine for himself. The average keep hot for many hours after the lamp is extin to answer the all-absorbing question, "What is the cost of the materials in the cities of the East is not guished. price of life'?" far from 25 cents per day. On a larger scale, the in- If this apparatus proves as useful in Common prac- The magnitude of this problem to the people of mates of the jails of Massachusetts are supplied with tice as it appears to be in what I may call my cook the United States appears from the fact that 90 per food in a perfectly nutritious and suitable manner, ing laboratory, a difficult question may perhaps have cent of them trust to their daily work for the daily the food being of excellent quality, at a cost for ma- been solved. Given this or some other cheap applica price of their own lives and of those who depend terials of from 13 cents to 15 cents a day. tion of fuel to the conversion of food, and it is en upon t�em. In the "working claElses," in the nar- Probably no single man or woman ir!. Boston or .tirely possible to buy an ample and nutritious ration, row sense of that term, are reckoned laborers, servants, New York could obtain at any restaurant, or at any in considerable variety, in the city of Boston, at not 7 mechanics, and. factory operatives. with whom may cheap boarding house, a suitable supply of nourish- exceeding cents a day, and to prepare it for use be included teachers, clerks, salesmen, saleswomen, ing food, well cooked, at a cost of less than 30 cents within 8 cents a day. seamstresses, and the like. In the strictly working or 35 cents, probably more. In some of the factory At 14 cents a day, a day's ration may cost, in round 90 $1 $52 class may also be included per cent of all . the towns, like Lowell, mill operatives who have their figures, a week, 01' a year. and consist of one farmers who own their own land, but who work rooms elsewhere, but who get their meals in the fac- half to three-quarters of .a pound of good meat, ,three harder than any of their hired men. To all such tory boarding houses, are served with good, nutri- quarters to one pound of bread, one-half to one persons the price of life is the one question which tious meals, three times a day, at $1.60 to $2.50 a pound of potatoes or some other vegetable, one-half is ever before them. week, or from 28 cents to. 35 cents per day. But in pound of oatmeal, one-half ounce of butter, one ounce There is a somewhat subtile distinction between the these cases the houses in which the meals are served of sugar, a large bowl of tea or coffee with a spoon cost of life and the price of life. The cost is the force belong to the factory corporations, and yield little ful of condensed milk, an orange, an apple, or some consumed. In respect to each individual, it is the or no rent. dried fruit. effortwhich he makes, be it great or small. The true It would therefore seem to be difficultfor a single Add 1 cent;s worth of kerosene oil for cooking, all cost of life is the measure of the actual work performed man, after having expended $120, viz., for rent $50, but the bread, which must be baked elsewhere, and by each person in order to secure the shelter, food, clothing $45, washing $15, and heating say $10, to we have food and fuel for cooking it at $1 a week. and clothing which are necessary, together with the obtain an adequate supply of food without coming This economy is possible in what may be called additional comforts and luxuries which each person to the ordinary rule of spending as much for ood as laboratory practice. How long will it take to make can afford to enjoy, including leisure. By " leisure " for all the reEltof his subsistence, or at least $12� 0 to it common practice ? How long will it take to alter is meant the control of a part of each day free from $150. But yet even this supply involves a very great the taste of the people from fried food and hot bis the urgent necessity of working for mere subsistence. waste if the daily ration be considered in respect to cnit to stewed food and sound bread ? If this can be

It may be that .he who attains such Imsure will the absolute nutrition required. done, as it now seems possible, the price of . welle adopt the definitionof this word which is given by The science of nutrition is now being investigated conditioned life in the city of Boston for food, shelter,a the " old Bohemian " in his cookery book. He says in the most thorough manner, especially in Germany, clothing, fuel, and laundry may be covered by the that "leisure consists in the diligent and intelligent where the. utmost eqonomy has become necessary ill sum of $172, leaving within the limit of $200 a year use of time." order that there may be food enough to go around. $28 for sundries or luxuries.

In contrast with this broad ,view, the cost. a What are"some. .of the results ? Assuming that the Either in this way or by way of combinations on a man's life to the community, whether he be capitalistof average expenditure of working people is 25 cents a more moderate scale, like the " commons " table at or laborer, is jUf!t what he consumes out of the an- day for food material for each adult, it can be conclu- Harvl¥'d College, at a less price, the price of life may nual product, and no more. The price of a man's life sively proved that a sufticient and appetizing daily bill be brought within a very small sum. The waste of to himself is what he pays out of his earnings for of fare can be served at one-half this cost in Boston food appears to require more attention than any his necessary consumption. A man can live at a to any one who knows what to buy, how to buy it, other economic question that is presented to us at very low price to-day, and if he be intelligent, he may and how to cook it. method would imply to a the present time, and, as was suggested at the outset, earn the price at the cost of very little labor. large extent the subst"Stion of the stew pan for the the true labor reform movement might well consist in To measure the price of life, let us suppose that a frying pan. of oatmeal,� farina, and the like for pale teaching the workman how to help himself to get a good single man in the city of Boston puts the question pie and doughnuts, and of good, well-made bread, subsistence for less money than he now spends for a to himself, "At what price can I live independently like that which is sold in New York by the Howe poor one. The price of food is half the price of life, by myself in a small room, or ch11lllming with National Bakery at 3 cents a pound, for dyspeptic and half the price of food is wasted for want of companion in a better room ?" The answer is thata biscuit served hot. knowledge how to buy it and how to cook it. Five $200 a year is the price of a very comfortable sub- The trimmings of the best joints of meat are now cents a day saved per capita would come to over $200 $1,000,000,000 sistence. If he can earn for eight or six hours thrown into a scrap heap, and sold in every mar- a year. 'Do we waste a thousand mil a day's work, he will also live at a low cost and en- ket at from � cent to 1 cent a pound, to be ren- lion dollars' worth a year or not ? This.problem joy a large modicum of leisure. dered into fat. I am assured by a market man in was better comprehended by our Puritan ancestors If the man is really poor, or if he desires to save a our principal market here that enough good meat than by their descendants or by our adopted' citizens. large part of his earnings, the price of his life in is wasted every day from that market to feed 1,000 How to get a good living out of small resources has money may even be reduced to $150 a year. Buthe people or more. Of course, when people become in- become almost a lost art.-Bradstreet's. must be a very intelligent man who can live com- telligent enough to make a selection from this .food fortably on that sum. He must be rather more capa- which is now wasted, the price may rise in some .. Ie •• ble than the average man. It takes a great deal of in- measure. But when that which is now wasted is sub Ca�bonlc Acid and Steam ReacUon. In paper by A. Naumann' and C. Pistor telligence to get the most comfort for the least cost. stituted for sirloin and rump steak, the price of the best a on "The Reaction between Carbonic How is it to be done ? cuts may be reduced. This is the reason why the best Oxide and Steam "-Jour 1. Shelter. Two young men can find a decent cuts even of American beef are cheaper in London as nal of the Chemical SOciety-experiments are described, room in one of several parts of Boston, tolerably compared with the prices in New Yprk and Boston. made with a view of ascertaining the temperature at furnished, which can be hired for $100 a year, or The English know how to make use of the coarse which carbonic oxide and steam react to form carbonic $50 for each, including the care of the r�om and the parts of beef and mutton much better than we do. anhydride and hydrogen. The method consisted in modicum of heat which they will need in winter. If '-'heaverage of the whole beast is higher in price in passing carbonic oxide, freed from carbonic anhydride 80 ,they choose to take care of their own rooms and to England than it is here. We pay the highest price for and oxygen, over water heated at degrees, so as to buy their own fuel, they can do still better. what we call the best part, and we waste the rest, obtain an approximately equimolecular proportion of 2. Clothing. If the man knows where to buy and or else it is sold at a small price to the keepers of the carbonic oxide and vapor of water. The mixed gases were passed through a porcelain tube, the tempera what to buy, he can purchase a full and comforta- jails, to be served to persons in a form which makes it ble supply of clothing, including outer and under gar- better food than three-quarters of the workingmen ture of which was roughly determined by introducing ments, hats, boots, and shoes, overalls and the like, outside the jails can secure for a much higher cost. into it certain salts or spirals of various metals; the re at a cost of $45 ; that is to say, within this sum may I have myself purchased this good meat, which isnow sultant gas was then analyzed· by the usual methods. be included one-third part of the wear of a best over- wasted, at 1 cent a pound, in parcels of ten The following results were obtained: At 560 deg. no re pounds, action took place, at 600 deg. 2 per cent, at 900 deg. coat, of a best pair of shoes, and of a best suit of at which price the market man said he would select 8 clothes for Sundays and holidays ; also a good, warm any quantity per cent, and at 904 deg. 10'5 per cent of the carbonic at any time. Adding to this ten pints oxide was converted into carbonic anhydride. All the woolen suit for every day wear, at a cost of $8.50, to of water, with suitable seasoning, I have made a rich be used up in the year, and all other necessary ar- and nutritious bouillon. Rejecting the bone and leav conditions which militate against a reaction between ticles of good quality. If the man cannot afford $45 ing the stewed meat in the broth, ten pounds re carbonic anh¥dride and hydrogen are favorable to may that between ste�nd carbonic oxide, inasmuch as per year, he dispense with a best overcoat; and mained of very nutritious and appetizing food, at a +10,72) if he be willing to wear yery durable satinet gar- cost not exceeding 1�� cents' for the ten pounds of such a change wo"m"d be exothermic- cal. ments in winter, he can save from $5 to $8 on the $45. food. including the fuel with which it was prepared. and the resultant carbonic anhydride is very stable at A very warm and durable suit of satinet can be pur- It was cooked in an airtight vessel surrounded by hot high temperatures;'while the steam is readily decom chased for $5.50. None of these garments will be of water. In the same vessel-a pine box-in which this posed into hydrogen and oxygen, the latter of which the so-called " slop-shop" order, made at starvation bouillon was prepared there were cooked at the same can burn the carbonic oxide. wages by poor sewing women. The fabrics will have time seven pounds of solid beef in another vessel and paid a profit to the mill owner; the making of the two pints of oatmeal in four pints of water, making Frostlllg Brass Work. garments will have been profitable to the clothier; the in all about twenty-five pounds of food material tho Boil in caustic potash, rinse in clean water, and dip $15 $20 cutters will have earned to per week, and roughly cooked with 1 cent's worth of kerosene oil in nitric acid till all oxide is removed ; then wash the shirt makers $10 to $12 per week. And the sew- burned in a hand lamp. quickly, dry in boxwood sawdust, and lacquer while ing of the woolen garments will have been done in In a smaller vesselof the same kind;three pounds warm. This will give brass an ornamentalfinish.

Soda Lakes in Wyoming. Bac'eriotherapy. the gas was inflammable. He touched a match to seve- " Bacteriotherapy" is the designation appropri A newspaper published at Laramie with the signifi- ral of the bubbles, and each one responded with a blaze. ated for a new method of treatment introduced by cant title of the Boomerang, referring to a recent arti- At night he illuminated the entire eddy with these Professor Cantani, based upon the recognized pheno cIe in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN on the manufacture miniature natural bonfires. Dr. Winslow sounded the menon of the " crowding out " of one species of micro of soda at Owen's Lake, CaL, says that if the right kind eddy, and found that in places the water was ninety organisms by another better suited to the prevailing of men, with plenty of energy and abundant means, feet deep, with a rocky bottom, and at some places hp. 29, 403). conditions (Brit. Med. JO'U1·., Aug. p. In a first were to take hold of the business in Wyoming Terri- could findno bottom at all. His theory was that the experiment, daily inhalations of Bacterium termo, an tory, they would findtheir reward. The writer affirms rocky bottom was filled with crevices of unknown organism assumed to be harmless, on the strength of that in this 'l'erritory, Nature has done all that depth; and from them gas issued and found its way to experiments on animals, were administered to a patient she could to save man trouble. Here there is no ne- the surface, forming the constantly appearing and dis sufferingfrom tuberculosis, through the medium of a cessity for portable engines or for vats. It is appearing bubbles. culture in gelatine diluted with meat broth and dif not necessary to wait a year in order to gather In the mud along the shores of the eddy, and on fused by an ordinary spray producer. Professor Can a crop of soda. Not only have we a cluster ·of islands of similar formation, this gas also found its way tani reports that the tubercle bactlli in the sputum lakes of the solid stuffwithin two hours' drive of Lara- from the depths to the surface. Dr. Winslow inverted a gradually became fewer, 'being replaced by the bac mte, and with a railroadrunning directly to their banks barrel with one head out over a spot on the New York teria, and in less than a month had disappeared alto from this city, but similar lakes are found in various shore where the gas came up out of the ground. Heplac gether, the sputum being no longer capable of convey parts of Wyoming. No pumping or settling is required, ed a small pipe in the other end of the barrel, and in a ing tuberculosis to animals. Meanwhile the patient the soda gathers itself and solidifies like ice. All that short time collected enough gas in the batrel to make had gained fleshand improved in every way. It is ad· is necessary is to dig it out with a pick and shovel, a strong and brilliant flameat the end of the pipe when mitted that, outside the body, these bacteria do not haul it to the chemical works in this city, and work it ignited, which burned steadily night and day.

always so successfully dispose of the tubercle bacilli, up. The soda plant at Laramie has been greatly en- .... , � and that the two kinds of organisms even sometimes larged and improved during the past winter, and will A NATURAL GAB WELL. occur together in tubercular cavities; but the explana now have a capacity one-third greater than it was The accompanying engraving is from a photograph tion suggested is that in the case reported the bacteria originally designed for, yet it will not handle one- of the mammoth Karg well at Findlay, Ohio. The were introduced in large quantities and probably in a third of the yield of lakes on the Laramie plains. Thus photograph was taken by night, and the enormous vehicle more favorable to them than to the bacilli. far only one of these lakes has been drained and height reached by the flame may be judged by con Does this foreshadow a recrudescence of con trast with the derrick in the background. tributions to the official materia medica The capacity of the well is estimated at forty from the animal kingdom ?-Pharmaceut. million cubic feet per diem. Jo urnal...... ••••• Taking Down an Iron Mast. The Palace at Jeypore. An interesting and very difficultmechan Mr. Sala has had the good fortune to ical feat was performed in Akron recently, visit.the Great Palace of Jeypore, and writes in the taking down of an iron electric light about it thus in the London Te legraph : mast 213 feet in height above ground. The Seven st.ories of such wild and lovely struc mast was composed of fifty-five sections of ture as you would expect to see only in boiler plate, each fiftyinches in length awl dreams rise here one abo.ve the other in varying in thickness from one-half inch at rose red and snowy white balconies, oriels, the base to three-eighths inch, five-sixteenths arches, pilasters, lattices, and domes-gay inch, one-fourth inch, and at the top three everywhere with frescoes and floral orna sixteenths inch. The diameter at the base ments. In this lowest floor, which is kept was three feet, and at the top eight inches. -like the second and third-as a winter The entire weight of the plat.e removed was resid'ence, we ' are permitted to inspect a eight tons. A change in the system of street priceless volume, the abstract of the Ma lighting led to the abandonment of the habharata, in Persian, made by the orders mast, and the contract for taking it down of Akbar the Great at a cost of £40,000, and and removing it was given to the BuckeyG illustrated in the most exquisite manner Machine Company, of Cleveland, whose effi with colored and gilfled miniature pictures cient general manager and engineer, Mr. of an incredible delicacy. The Shobha Ludwig Herman, had charge of the work. Newas, floorabove, is full of strange paint From the outset-the mast itself being bent ings on the wall, and arcades embellished out of plumb and in a dangerous condition with gorgeous shells of copper, silver, and the task presented numez:ous and trying foil. Next we ascend to the Cnhabl Newas, difficulties, but careful calculation, coupled or "hall of splendor," shining with pol with cool-headedness and superior engineer ished marbles and colored enameling. ing skill, were adequate to successfully grap Above this is t.he Shish Mahal, the pa ple them all. The method of removal, vilion of glass, with endless patterns briefly, was this : Around the lower sections

wrought in little mirrors let into carved. of the mast, to a height of .twenty feet, a plaster work, and above that we step forth staging was erected. This was composed of upon the Mokt, or "crown," of the palace, uprights caps 10" X 10", sills where the vast flat roof is encircled with braces 2"XS"10,XS" "and , struts 6"X6," all securelyS" xS", shady alcoves and open chambers, vaulted bolted together. From this staging, by by graceful curved cupolas. Beneath lie means of. chain blocks and swivel rods.and the green palace gardens, full of pome peculiarly shaped hooks which took hold granates, palms, and bananas; ana beyond, under the lap of the successive !lections, the the spread of the countless busy streets mass was Ruspended while the work of cut- and lanes, girdled by the walls, aHd over . ting the rivets and removing the sections hung by the encircling hills, topped with carried forward. The hooks in qutstion forts and temples. It is vain to attempt wereWI¥! held in place by an adjustable band any description of that enchanting prospect, three inches in diameter. After cutting more absorbing than any which India her THE J{ARG NATURAL GAS WELL AT FINDLAY, O. away the lower sections, the whole mast was self can offer. Nature and man have here lowered four inches at a time. the hooks allied themselves to produce the most perfect and lovely worked. There are two larger lakes, either one of shifted to the lap above, and the lower section cut landscape conceivable. In green and gold, in rose color which would keep a plant as large as that in Laramie out again. In this way the work proceeded, the mast and white, in distant, dim blues and grays, the gardens going the year round, and in all the supply is inex being held by ten guys, the manipulation of which the city, and the far off walls and mountain and haustible, the deposits being con'stantly built up from required the utmost skill and patience. At one time, ridges of amber, group together at our feet-a pic� some underground basin; but these lakes are not so during an adverse wind, the top of the mast swayed ture to delight the eye and feast.the mind. But how extensive as others in the Territory which have not as fifteeninches out of line, but close wa.tchi.ngan d care can words reproduce Govinda's temple, between the yet been touched. ful management averted all accidents, and the entire

upper and lower gardens ; the snow white sides of •••• • task 'was successfully completed in a remarkably short the Badal Mahal, or "Cloud Palace," on the edge Nat ural Gas at Narrowsburg. period of time. For the first three days one section of the lake ; the dark ramparts of the fortress in the The existence of natural gas. at Narrowsburg was each day was removed; then three, five, and twelve, Illountains, and those long lines of rose red streets discovered in a curious way by' Dr. L. A. Winslow, in and on the last day, twenty-seven.-Iron T1'ade Review. which intersect Jeypore? To complete the rich colors lS56. He was spending the summer at the Murray of the scene, a feast is being given to Brahman ... , . men House, in that village. The Delaware River at that Petroleum io New Mexico. and women on one of the many flat roofs of the upper place forms into a deep and wide lake-like body known palace, and attendants go about bearing the Ma- as Big Eddy. On the Pennsylvania side of the eddy The report that an artesian flow of petroleum had harajah's bounty in the form of cakes and sweetmeats there is a whirl ool so strong that frequently rafts are been disC\)vered i? the southern par.t . of S.anta Fe amid sOllie three or four hundred men and women drawn into it andp kept whirling about for hours and Connty, New MexICo, between the mlDmg VIllages of clad in holiday dresses of crim and purple, saffron sometimes days before they can be turned into the Golden and Wallace, as been confirmed, and sam � pIes taken o t�e capItal� and tested. The . ows and blue, glittering like flo� in the Slln, which channel again. One day Dr. Winslow was rowing on � 011 � shines upon the "City of Victory " as if its people the eddy. After lightfng his p pe he threw through tubmg fty-fivefeet down, and the flow IS re ' the match, � . were indeed· his children. Whoever has viewed that still blazing into the river. Inst.antlya blaze started ported to be COplOUS and steady. The crude 011 burns freely and with g od flam . Several claims have prospect from the palace roof of Jeypore has seen up in the �ater where the match had dropped. It a;' � � India in her inmost grace and beauty. burned with a faint blue light., aud finally went out. already been located lD the neJghborhood of the well. Then, for the first time, Dr. Winslow noticed that I .. • • , .. The Zinc Architectural Works. many bubbles were floating about on the water, and To Remove Nitrate oC Sl1ver Stains. On the night of March 5 the entire starnpillg depart that they appeared frequently, coming quickly up The following is suggested by Mr. George R. Under· ment of the Zinc Architectural Ornament Works of from u,nder the surface. The Doctor, being something wood: Dip the fingers into a strong solution of cupric Messrs. Bakewell & Mullins,. at Salelll , Ohio, was de of a geologist a,nd scientist, knew at once that the chloride. In about a minute the silverwilJ be convert stroyed by fil·e ..The plant will be replaced at once, bubbles were made by a gas that must come from the I ed into chloride, and may then be washed off with and o.rders filledas promptly as permit. at the bottom o.f the r circumstances ground 0.1' ro.cks rive , and that 1 hypo.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 234 Icitutific !mtricau. [ APRIL 10, 1886. to · ENGINEElUNG INVENTIONS. prevent the horee from sinking into the gronnd in the task withhim. and a very interesting letter just at A car coupling has been patented by marshy places. .$pecial. hand, giving in one report the record of results in three A combined step. ladder and adjustable cases. one thonsand miles apart, will serve to show how Mr. Joseph T. Hammick. of Rhinebeck. N. Y. It has this rellef,is.comlng. The writer, Rev. Isaac Leonard stationary and movable drawheads, hinged lifting platform has been patented by Mr. Stephen J. Palmer. THE UNITED STATES IlAIL. of Sperry. Iowa. says : of Dover, N. J. The construction consists of a block and bail. with other novel featnres. whereby the platform On the end of a business house on Market Street. Phil .. I have been able to labor in my oid field beyond al coupling link is permanently connected with the draw mounted on end strips carryinll: steps. and so arranged my expectations. Some Sahbaths have fonr services that adelphia, adjoining the new United States Post Office, bar, etc.. the invention being an improvement on a it may be set up at different heights. making a use there Is an exceedingly snggestlve picture, In two pan and some weeks preaching every evening. ful and safe device for women to work upon about the .. My oid friends express their surprise that I appear so former patented invention of the same inventor. els. giving the old and the new ways of delivering the house. and one which. when folded. takes up but little United States mall. young and vigorous. For this I am largely Indebted to A switch lock and throw bar has been room. The one Indicates a very little to do, with leisure In your Compound Oxygen Treatment. My nephew, Jame patented by Mr. William B. S. Reed, of Brooklyn, N. A gun barrel has been patented by Mr. which to do It. The other. much to do, for which haste L. Leonard. of lona, N. J., writes me that be has been Y. This invention covers a novel construction and ar Is required. To one who is familiar with the I(rowthof able to accomplish more the past season than for fou John K. Ballard. of rangement of parts for an improved device for throw Grayling. Mich. A short distance the postal service, this picture starts a very Interesting years past, alI owing to the Compound Oxygen. in front of •. ing switches, which at the same time serves as a lock its breech end the barrel has an annular train of thonghts. One of these brings back the old .. My Sister, Mr Mary S. Leonard, has gone to Lake groove in Worth, FI ....at the urgency of her physician. She writes for antomatically locking the switch in place, both its bore. the groove increasing in diameter stage-coach and the horseback rider, and the fact that • from the muzzle end toward the rear. whereby the an between these two the work of distributing the mails of me that she discontinued the Compound Oxygen Treat when open and when closed. ment on arriving there, but that she:became so nerv nnlar shoulder is formed in the barrel. so that cloth the country was ·divided. Over against these come to 'i A station indica.tor has been patented mind the facilities of the present day, with the high rate ous th she could not sleep. and became so miserable patched cartridges can be fired wlthont causing the that she hardly ktiey what she was doing. She then by Xr. Watson Fuller, of Atlanta, Ga. The invention patch to catch in the barrel. of postage rednced to figureshardl� more than nominal by comparison. From the external mechanical changes resumed the Treatment. and In one week WM quite consists in combining with a shaft a series of rollers or A steamer for comfortable again. I see mllnythat need the Compound surronnded by boxes, each pair of drnms carry use in the ovens of stoves the mind turns to the contents of the letters. both of drums and ranges has been patented Oxygen, and am not slow In recommending it. You are ing a band on which .a re the names to be shown. and by Mr. Charles F. Han the Old time and the new. neman. of One of the most engrossing topics In which people at liberty to use my letter a.s you desire, with the hope the whole operated by a mechanism to indicate succes Ahnapee. Wis. It is of such construction that others may derive the same benefitsthat my friends that it may be supported everywhere always have had, and always wiIl have, a sive stations in their proper order at different parts of on the ribs or guides usually common Interest is the matter of personal health. and I have received from the use of the Compound a car at th s ti provided in the upper portions of ovens, or otherwise Oxygen Treatment. ,e ame me. A large class of writers. seeing in the public press the A locomotive whistle alarm has been conveniently placed without interfering with the ordi statement of cures by the Compound Oxygen Treat .. P. S.-Two of my friends, whose address I Inclose, nary uses of the oven, so that articles being baked may ment, which has been so widely advertised. at once have applied to me for your address; one in the State patented by Mr. Charles Hnlts. of Torch Lake, Micb. be ,partially steamed or moistened while in the oven. write to the references for fuIler particulars. The pa oflndiana and one In Bnrllngton. Iowa. They want to It is a novel construction. by which a whistle cau see your Treatise. Plea.serespond." he A grain register has been patented by tients who have been cured are 80 numerous, and they operated automatically by inclined guides at the sides have so freely spoken of their restored health, that the These letters show the widespread Interest In thl of the track, whereby a whistle �igual is given auto Mr. Lloyd Nottingham. of Norfolk. Va. Combined divided task has been to many a light one. But one lady method of treatment for diseases. and In the vivid ligh matically by the locomotive before the train reaches a with a body or ca.se. and a wheel having a iateral annu lu Maine writes us that she has answered letters from they throw on the freedom of commnnlcation between crossing. bridge. or other place where a whistle is to lar fiange with a notch or gap. is a second wheel jour nearly e..-eryState. and from some sections very many. ditferent parts of the country, Ilive emphasls ·to the be thonght of how great an Institution Is our United. States regularly sounded. nalcd within the fiange, with a support and two pawls Hon. William D. KeIley, Member of Congress, answers pivoted thereto. located laterally thereto, with a very large number, saying that he owes the good mall. other A Treatise of nearly two hundred pages, entitled ••• novel features. making a simple device to indicate on a health he has enjoyed for ten years to the treatment. Hon. William Penn Nixon. editor of the Chicago Inter. "Compound Oxygen," its mode of action and results, dial the number of counts of certain measures of. grain. giving full and interesting Information, Is mailed free AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. Ocean, receives hundreds of Inquiries a.s to the gen A case for photographic sensitized paper uineness of his testimonials and as to permanence to every applicant by Drs. STARKEY & PALEN, 1h29Arch the Street, Philadelphia, Pa. A wheel plow has been patented by has been patented by Messrs. William H. Lewis and of results. These he answers throngh the mall. as It wa.sthrough a Jetter received from a relative In Boston Mr. Moses B. Farnham. of Germantown, Cal. The con Erastus B. Baker. of New York city. It is a box that end of the that he learned first of the value of the remedy. Once strnction is such tbat when the forward is light tight when the sensitized sheet is wholly within .In a while one too hard pressed IInds It necessary to ask ongue is secured to the neck yoke of the team, the for the box, or being moved in or out of the box, and adapt. relief from part of the task, asJn·the·ca.se·ofa prominent ward end of the machine will be moved or the ed for carrying a roller. to be operated from the exte to on' member of the bar of Topek... Kansas, Hon. H. P. Vroo charge for insertiOn this head is Dollar other side, to cause the:plows to take leave land. the rior of the box, for supplying sen itizti paperas desired. The under � or s man, whose title ca�e through service In the courts for a linefor each insertion ; eight word8 a object of the invention being to facilitate the replow whether b used for making negatives or for photo a term as judge. He is al�o prominent In temperance about to line. to e mU8t be at '[J'IJlJlica/ion ng of summer fallowed land. graphic printiug. work, being Chairman of the State Executive Commlt AdvertlMment8 recei'Vlld ojflCIJ early Thursdaymorning appearin nea:t is8U6. Aerial tile of the Prohibition Party of Kansas. In one of his as as to A check rowing attachment has been navigation forms the subject of . letters he says .. I bave been Interrupted about twenty patentedby Mr. Edward F. Crawford. of Honey Bend, a patent issued to Mr. Ringert Jongewaard, of Harrison, times since commencing writing." This brief statement $350 buys entire patent right of a novel. new kitchen Ill. Combined with a frame and seed slide is a rotary Dakota Ter. This invention covers a construction gives some idea of the value of his time. The reason de 61, haft for operating the slide and carrying the wire signed to rise upon the wind by presenting the nnder for his being called npon on this subject. and letters device. C. A. Bryant, Box Wakefield. Mass. The IH:Jnardhardwood, cleanable. five-walled R frig wheel, with devices whereby the position of the rotary side of an in clined plane thereto. while propelling the written to him, is found In a letter to Doctors Starkey & e e shaft and its wire wheel may be changed, to be operated machine slowly toward it. or to rise on still air, Palen. June 27. 1882, telling of the benefits hiswife had rators are the best. Write- for catalogue ; mention· pa from either side of the machine, making a simple at propelling the machine more rapidly in the desired di received from· their Compound Oxygen Treatment. We per. Grand Rapids Refrigerator Co., Grand Rapids. quote exactly : .. In the interest of sutferlng humanity I Mich. achment to facilitate planting of com in accurate rection. the propeller being driven by the strength of all7lO8tmiracu the send you for publication an account of the Nickel Plating.-Sole manufacturers cast check row. th id r loU8 nickel an e r e . C'UI'8 $ 00 which your Compound Oxygen performed in odes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, etc. 1 ••• A button the case of my wife. Her condition was a very peculiar has been patented by Mr. "Little Wonder ." A perfect Electro Plating Machine. Gabe Felsentha!. of Louisville. Ky. It two pairs of one. She had " complication of dlseases-·dyspepsla, Sole manufacturers of the new Dip Lacquer Krlstallne. lIIISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. ha.s torpid liver, or liver complaint. as her physicians have spring arms projecting from its back, with two an Complete outfit for plating, etc. Hanson, Van Winkle & gled always called It. and general nervous prostration. .• levers pivoted In the extremities of the arms. having an- . Co.• Newark, N. J., and 92 and 9' Liberty St New York. An attachment for tape measures has . If you will referto my description of her case, when gled shoulders. which engage each other when J!Jngine s i s of been patented by Mr. Edward Herline. Jr .• of Hoboken. the I made the first orderfor your Treatment, in December, GrimBkaw.-StlJlJm Cateckism.-A er e N. J. The invention consists in a link and hinged button is arranged for Insertion in the bntton hole and 1877. you will see that she was sutferlnll from severe at thoroughly Practical Questions and Answers arranged when in position to be e point for securing the end of the tape in place, and thus it is worn. making an asil in- tacks of colic and vomiting. These attacks firstcame so as to give to a Young Engineer just the informlltion or cuff � u required to fithim for properly running an engine. By facilitate convenience in the use of such measures. serted collar bntton that will not tear the b t- once In two or three months, when she would vomit her ton hole. self almost to death's door. and until sha would raise a Robert Grimshaw. 18mo, cloth. $1.00. For sale by A mouse trap has been patented by large amount of greeu bile. When her stomach was re- Munn & Co .• 361 Broadway, N. Y. Mr. Lester H. Gear. of Mentor. Iowa. It consists of a A mould for casting solder joints has Guild Garrison's Steam Pump Works, Brooklyn. I lIeved from thiS. she would become better at once. But & f' - I' cage with tilting plates hung in an opening. with step been patented by Mr. Arthur Cunningham. o Louis as soon as a certain amount of bile would again ac N. Y. Pumps for liquids, air, and gases. New catalol(ue an ville. Ky. It is made In two halves. arranged to regis. . cumulate. there would be another attack of COlic d ped onter ends. and a bait suspending hook upon in i

o Supplement Catalogue.-Persons in pursuit·of infor horse power. 3. What is the best means of transmitting The circulating pipes shonld be covered with frost Carbon from hydrocarbon vapor, apparatus f r . . . 338,605 power by pulleys from a horizontal line shaft to one when the conditions are right. There is no better or prodUCing, hard, J. J. McTiilbe ...... mation of any special engtneering, mechanical, or scien . 338,542 tific subject, can havecatalogue of contents of the SCI running at right angles? A. A right angle belt is cheaper process with chemicals, except with are· Carbon, manufacture of hard, J. J. McTighe . . .. . ENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT sent to them free. much in use, and gives as good results as any of the frigerating machine. Carpet sweeper, J. Hinkley (r)...... 10,701 SUPPLEMENT Carriage seats, detachable back for, H. Manke], The contains lengthy articles embracing special angle couplers in the market. The right angle (17) 7 W. F. B.-A locomotive built by 338 the whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical belt has a qnarter twist passing around idlers on a Jr ...... ,53 . . . . . 338,655 science.. Address MUDn & Co., Publishers, New York. 4. the Baldwin Locomotive Works, for the Central Rail· Carriage standard, H. Biggs ...... vertical shaft. The best way of constructing a ...... •.... 338 281 Crescent Steel Tube Scrapers are made on scientific road of New Jersey, has made 75 miles per hour on Carriage top prop, L. E. McKinnon , "rumble " for smoothing chair legs and rounds by strail,ht track, with 5 passenger cars. There are other Carrier. See Trace carrier. principles. Crescent Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. friction, as is done in a hollow drum: and how fnll Oase. See Measure case. Watch case. locomotives in England and the United States that Curtis Pressure Regulator for Steam Heating Appa should such drul):l be filled to give best results ? A. Cash and parcel transfer system, electric, G. F. can do as well or possibly a little better for short 388,663 ratus, Waterworks, etc. Curtis Regulator Works, Bos A good " rumble " may be made from a large, strong Green ...... o •••••••••••••••••••••••••eo ••••o ••••• drives. See SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. ton, Mass. cask by mounting it on a shaft with flanges to bolt to Cash and parcel transmitting apparatus for store for a description of the Baldwin locomotive...... 0. 338,369 The Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches, and Tnbe 231, service, Stearns &; Grant, Jr the heads with suitable door. Charge half fnll with 388,686 24 ...... •.... Expanders, R. Dndgeon, Columbia St., New York. material, and add sawdust or bran sufficient to accom MINERALS, ETC.-Specimens have been Caster, A. C. E'rankel. Centrifugal power, continuous apparatus operated Friction Clutch Pnlleys. D. Frisbie & Co., Phila. plish the work. received from the following correspondents, and ex by, A. J. A. Dumoulin ...... 338,398 Tight and Slack Barrel Machinery a .pecialty. John amined with the results stated. 838, 66 (6) V. E. N.-Choke bore is a slight Centrifugal reel, H. E. Beerling ...... <1 Greenwood & Co., Rochester, N.Y. See illus. adv., p.I58. narrowing of the muzzle of shotguns to prevent the G. B. C.-Nothing definite can be said concerning the Chair. See Invalid ckair. Rail chair...... 338,53H Garden Hose, Linen Hose, Lawn Sprinklers, Hose specimen unless it was analyzed. appears, however, Cbeese cutter. E. L. Liedke ...... charge from excessive scatter. To be done well, a gnn It 2£9 . 118 to be graphite. Its value depends upon the extent and Chimney top, C. W. Carll ...... 338, Reels, Hose Pipes. Greene, Tweed & Co , Chambers should be choked in boring. A good gnnsmith should 338,280 Churn, T. E. Macy ...... St., N. Y. be able to make a fair job. Barrels are brazed to availability of the deposit. Cigarette machine, pocket, L. IJo Arnold ...... 3S8t� Mannfacture of Soaps, Candles, Lubricants, and Glyce gether. Clamp. See Keying clamp. rine. Illustrated. Price. $£.00. E. & F. N. Spon, New 1. £31 (7) W. S. C. writes: We use shavings TO INVENTORS. Clarifying extracts, A. Morand ...... 338, York. for fuel. When we fill up the furnace, sometimes there Clasp. See Spring clasp. New Portable Stationary Centering for rapid of Clip apparatus for trausporting loads by means of & Chucks is pnff, and the smoke will come out round the doors. An experience forty years, and the preparation of . 338,615 free. a I!< e on . . _ centering. Price list Cnshman Chnck Co., Hartford, What is the reason of this? A. Gas is formed, which, more than one hundred thousand applications for pa ropes or cables, Roe B dlingt ...... Clothes drier, H. Normandy ...... SJ8,288 Conn. mixed with the air, is explosive. 2. What is a suction tents at home and abroad, enable us to understand the 338 677 Astronomical Telescopes, from 6" to largest size. Ob laws and practice on both continents, and to pOSRess un Clothes hook, N. Rubenstein ...... , chamber connected to a suction pipe designed for ? COllin,B. Morris ...... 338,607 servatory Domes, all sizes. Warner & Swasey, Cleve A. equaled facilities for procuring patents everywhere. In To ease the motion of the water in the suction pipe addition to our facilities for preparing drawings and Combination lock, J. C. Culmer ...... 338,586 land, O. and prevent hammering. specifications quickly, the applicant can rest assured Comminuted fol.ubstances,method of and appara"-338,430 English tanned Walrus Leather, Sea Lion, Oak, and tUB for manipulating, A. Morand ... . o •••••••0 ••• (8) G.-The ear drums you ask about that his case will be filed In the Patent Olllce without . . 338,259 Bull Neck I,eather for Polishing. Greene, Tweed & Co., Composing stick, C. Frecker ...... $3 delay. Every application, In which the fees have been . 338 5£7 New York. sell for per pair. silver mounted. For mending band nsually to . . . . . , paid, is sent the Patent Olllce the same day Cooking vessel, C. J. Parker ...... 338,625 saw�, scarf the ends with a file to make a lap of three the papers are signed at our office, or received by mail, Copying press, G. W. Williams ...... eighths of an inch. Grind a piece of borax on a piece Cords in the seams of textile and other fabriCS, so there is no delay in filing the case, a complaint we 338 613 of slate or roughened earthenware, with water, to a often hear from other sources. A synopsis of the pa method of inserting, J. Pusey ...... , . . . paste. Take a piece of charcoal, grind one side flat tent laws of the United States and all foreign countries Cotton chopper, J. C. Farley ...... 338,255 Coupling. See Car coupling. Thill coupling. on a stone, and hollow ont a place in the middle a 1'I.laybe had on application. and persons contemplating . . . 338.577 Creamery, N. yingst ...... little larger than the width of the saw, so as to let the the securing of patents. either at home or abroad, are in . vited to wnte to this office for prices, which are low, in Cultivator, Peters & Skinner ...... 338,29£ HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. blowpipe flame go under the saw. Fast.en the scarfed Cutter. See Cheese cutter. Rod cutter. Vegeta- ends of the saw (after dipping in the borax) together accordance with the times and our extensive facilities Names and Address must accompany all letters, ble cutter. d for conducting the business. Address MUNN I!< CO., or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our with small binding wire, such as is use by jewelers. :fll' Y •• olliceSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 861 Broadwa N. Damper regulator, automatic, J. E. Spencer ...... 338,686 information, and not for publication. Then fasten the scarfed part of the blade over the Desk and:seat, school, I. Osgood ...... 338,r>4� References to former articles or answers should ...... 3.'3 8,662 recess in the charcoal with wire pins, seeing that the Desk, cabinet, F. A. Collin give date of paper and paf(e or number of question. 338 Inq Iliries answered In reasonable time should saw is straight. Lay a small piece of coin silver on the Desk, school, J. F. Bigger ...... ,466 not ...... 338,£87 be repeated ; correspondents will bear in mind that Desks. foot rest for scbool, W. P. Conner top at the edge of the scarf, and .ith the blowpipe INDEX OF INVENTIONS 338 678 some answers require not a little research, and, . .. throw the flame under the blade, heating until the sil For which Letters Patent oC the Ditching machine, tile, H. Sullivant ...... , though we endeavor to reply to all either by letter ...... 338 & l ver melts, when it will flow through the scarf and ap Door bolt, S. A. Kintner ...... , 0 or in this department, each mnst ta any advantage (15) Bottles, valve stopper for, A. B. V n Floor arch, C. C. Gilman .. .. W. T. F.-Multiplying the square . .. . . 388,510 Box. See Safety collecting box. Floor, fireproof,C. C. Gilman ...... in a small photographic apparatus to make trans 0'7854 of the diameter by gives the area of the piston ; Brake. See Car brake. floors and ceilings; construction of.fireproof, C. C. parencies for magic lantern slides, Cowan ...... 338,490 ...... 338,517 alxlUt one inch multiply the area by the pressure for the whole s. Brick, concrete block, etc., H. C. Gilman wide, i. he picture on the pre . . 338,2£8 e. , t slide to be that width? sure on the piston. To get the mean engine pres - Broom support, F. S. Capron ...... Foot power machine, W. L. Perry ...... 338,437 . What size stop, if any, should ...... 338, 2£ I need, and how far sure wh en a cut-off· use d req ' res a spec. a compu at Brush, blacking, B. G. Fitzhugh ...... 338,5 the Electro Dynamic Company, of Philadelphia. A...... 338,514 gauge wiII have it tested. Buildings, outer wall of. C .•Gilman ...... Gas conveying conduit, J. Schinneller ...... 338,559 338,388 £ Your lens, if of good quality, may be used · for phot'o Burglar alarm, J. E. Church ...... 338 22 (16) J. S.-Cold cellars, as arranged . . 338,319 Gas regulator, E. C. McCloy...... , graphic purposes in the mauner suggested. You shoul., L. A...... in New York on the plan you state, have a nniform Burglar alarm, C. Tonner ...... Gate. See Railway safety gate. Wagon end employ different sized stop� ; a small stop will make a Butter and other materials, treatment temperature 33 . of rancid, gate. of to degrees Fah. Such cellars ...... , ... . 338,538 camera work deep and sharp but slow. You can make 34 C. Marchand ...... Gate. M. B. & W. Y. Gordon ...... 3.'38,£01 l.'ave a pipe surface of one square foot to each 10 ...... 338,409 ...... 388,298 your own battery for runnh_'f( your motor. Consult Button, H. R. Heath Gate, K. H. C. Preston cuoic feet of space, or 1 lineal foot of inch pipe to 3� ...... 3.'38,269 en SUPPLEMENT, Button, J. S. Hovey Generator. See Electric generator. Steam g e- Nos . 157, 159.� ,We do not know as to . . . . 338,377 cub.1e feet of space. The manner of circulating is of Button and fastening, E. P. Whitney ...... rator. the relative merits of the two IT.otorsreferred to. 338 874 importance. It is desirable that the individual circuit Button fastener setting instrument, F. H. Rich- Glue, manufactUring, K. Upton ...... , (5) ...... 338,417 R. B. asks (1) l"ow to

838.<199 ...... 338.591 A. . 338,662 Hat brim curling machine. R. Elckemeyer ....•. ... Pump, J. P. Iford...... Vacuum pan. B. If'renzel...... 3.'IS . . 338.649 . 338.275 Holder. See Candle holder. Lead or crayon RaUway switch, J. B. Snffern...... Valve. stoP. D. Kennedy ...... (Cincinnati, Ohio, U. S. A.) . . 338.681 . holder. Paper bag holder. Splasher holder. Railway system. H. Wiedling ...... Vegetable cutter. C. A. Seegmueller ...... 838.S06 Exclusive Allentsand Importers for the United States 338,313 338.67<1 Tool holder. Railway system, electric, If. J. Sprague ...... Vegetable slicer. S. C. Norris ...... of the ...... 338.5<16 CELEBRATED Hoof pad. E. F. Collins ...... 838.250 Railway trains, electric Signaling apparatus for. Vehicle coupling. H. C. Ohlsen ...... 338.<138 . ::-: 1l38.258 PERIN BAND SAW BLADES, Hoof parer. Glock & Moon ...... 838.<100 W. F. Ray ...... Vehicle seat lock. W. M. Farr ...... 338.407 . . . . . 838.5&1 sn erio to all oth ers Inquality. finh.h, Houk. See Clothes hook. Railway transfer table, C. Hathaway ...... Vehicle spring, E. S. Smith ...... Wannifrranormityted ofll temr per, general dnrability. . 838.590 Hoo\>fastener. N. Newman ...... 838.6« Railways, conduit for electric and cable, E. E. Vehicle. two-wheeled, C. A. Ellison ...... Saw and . . . 838.372 ...... 338.558 One Peri n DutWARrof S threei ordinary saws. Horse boot. S. Taylor ...... Ries . Ventilator. See Mine ventilator. Rotary ventil- lli ll nufacturers P an n Macbines and . 338.308 other Patent Wood Worlkingl{ lfl achine,·y. Horse detacher. D. Singletary ...... Railways, street conduit for electric and cable. H. ator...... 338,435 838.804 Hose, machine for winding wire upon, J. A. T. Clay ...... Ventilator. W. S. Sayers ...... , ...... 338.<189 338,629 Coultaus ...... Rake. See Hay rake. Vermin exterminator, F. E. Browne ...... 838,318 . . Houses, apparatus for use in dry out, T. W. Car- Reamer. H. R. Tillison ...... Violin tuning peg. J. K. Porter ...... S36.296 . . . 338,480 . . 338.626 rico ...... Recorder. See Watchman's time recorder. Wagon jack. J. J. Williams ...... 3:18.598 . 338,508 Hydraulic jack, C. Huebner ...... Reel. See Centrifugal reel. Wagon, stock, George & Horney ...... 338,246 . 338,664 333,646 Ice cream freezer" J. li\ Brown ...... Refrigerator, well, J. K. Grube ...... Wa.shstand and table, combined, L. P. Ross ...... 838.482 . . . 838.317 Ice machine, O. H. Castle ...... Register. See Fare register. Telegraph register. Washers, manufacture of. C. T. Grilley ...... Indicator. See Station Indicator. Regulator. See· Gas regulat.or. Washing clothes, etc., machine for, Anthoine & . 338 581 . . :�'38,3:!1 Indicator bolt. A. E. Barrett ...... 338;<183 Rein handle. C. K. Barlow ...... ; Thorndike ...... 838,671 Invalid chair. C. E. Anderson ...... 338.:180 Ring. See Key ring. Pipe ring. Washing machine. J. McClure ...... 338,496 . 838,524 Iron. See Sad iron. Rod cutter. 1. Fitts ...... Washing machine, S. W. Higgins ...... 338.515 . . 338,442 Jack. See Hydraulic jack. Wagon jack. Roof, C. C. Gilman ...... Washing machine. F. E. Richardson ...... 'l' ype settina-, etc .• easy . . . 338.4<13 338,360 .. 338.335 . . J. .•..••. ... A...... Ke". convertible. J. H. Shee!...... Rolling m�tal rods, machine for, Reese Watch. Benoit ...... by printed directions.home useFor 338,578 ...... 338.271 KegR, device for branding, H. Zimmermann ...... Rotary ventilator. E. F. Briggs ...... 838.<173 Watch caMe. A. J. Hugle ...... business or ...... d38,M5 . . y 2 838,268 . .. . 338,508 �� Key ring. T. W. Heury ...... Rowlock. H. Finch ...... Watch case stem, W. H. Fltz Gerald...... or pl'eSSelt, . . 3.'IS,458 ... . 838.312 838,500 � fo��!. �r�� Keying clamp. R. S. Abernethy ...... Rubber covered hose. A. Spadone ...... Watch case stems. making. W. H. Fitz Gerald .... for cata gue paperof etc. 838.449 338,.10 type, cRt'ds . . t c Kitcilenutensil. 1. A. Teller ...... Rubber hose. armor for. J. M. Smith ...... Watch case stems, die for making, W. H. Fitz o fa or . . . 838.457 . . . 838.501. 338,502 t v Sad iron, J. G. Whitlock ...... Gerald ...... KEI,SEY Knife. See Pocket knife. . 838.292 & CO., Kn[fe handles, manufacture of. H. C. Hart ...... 838.521 Sad irolls. machine for grinding, Renshaw & Perin 388,301 Watchman's time detector. L. W. Pennell ...... llieriden Uonn.' 78 8.18 ,315 A...... 328.505 Watchman'S time recorder. Tarbox & Taylor ...... Knitting machine. F. Calley ...... 338,<1 Safe lock. E. H. �'lint. . to a wagon givestbe mile. travele4f'rCCl. . . .. 338,470 . OUR. ODOMETER attached Lacing cords. fastening for, W. H. Blaney..... Safety collecting box, O. Nielsen ...... 838.354 Watchmen's time recorders, circuit controlling l.. !OO part to 1000,and repeats. The lize of .. dollar oz.). Pri. . . 338.528 838.293 (2� ...... ta. Only one ever stood test of ime 8 whe"la. No Bprlllgi. A new Ladder. A. T. Hyde ...... Sash fastener. F. D. Livingstone ...... 388.58j device for, L. W. Pennell ...... prinCiple in twould. be well for evel7 . 1l38,352 . " ...... 338,548 .. 8.'IS.295 mecha.nics that il1ventor tI . J. . . . Water elevator, pneumatic. Pohle & Hill...... ,tud:r. as there are hundreds of p'aet'ls in .hich it can be used. Lamp, electric, G. A. Mayo ...... Sash fastener. F. Porter ...... 388,21.� Rig t of use, reasonable. Will be m&iled to iflventotl for ...... 338.3.37 h $2. if Lamp. street. W. P. Butler ...... 3:18.6.."8 Sash fastening device. C. M. Burgess ...... Water meter. piston, Berthon & Debenoit ...... mention SOl. AM: Send for catalogue of our R1:GISTJI:RI.a ,x- 338,574 3.'IS.572 I'JlW. GOOD )IIII' W"''''TED to handle our goods...... • ...... 338,474 . 8TIlUJlI:NTS. ... Lantern, Sill11al.G. Wells Sash, window, P. J. Brosnan ...... Water motor, D. P. Weii' ...... Co., and Ave., Chicago, lll. . . . 338,291 . 338.<129 JloDorunLL ODOKBTU 2 41&8&118 I,athe rest. P. O·Neil ...... Satchels and pocketbooks. clasp for, O. A. Leh- Water tube boiler. E. J'. Moore ...... ! ...... 3'38.332 ...... 838.351 Lead or crayon holder. J. Appleby ...... man. .. Weighing and delivering apparatub, grain, H. &18.611 . . 338,684 ...... 8:18.63S Inauguration of the New Series. Lead or crayon holder. J. Pusey ...... Sawmill set works, A. I. I.loop...... Hndges.. ,581 . . 3.38,434 . 338.539 Lead press. W. A. Shaw ...... 338 Saws. ma.ine for rolling. L. o. Orton ...... Well drilling inachine. R. G. Marcy ...... 338.536 388,253 1886. Th i,.teenth. 1886. Lift or hoist, C. G. Major...... Sd"alfold, carpenter's and painter's. H. Deck ...... Wells. device for withdrawing the pipes from . . . . 338,65<1 ...... 838,427 Lit hographic machines. inking apparatus for. C. Scale. automatic weighing, J. Ball ...... driven. J. Mericle ...... 838.370 . . . 338.266 338.65:J A. Stillman ...... Scale beam. R. L. Hassell ...... Wells. sucker rod for oil. S. K. Whitmore ...... ,W . 338,585 Loek. See Combination lock. Firearm safety Scale, spring balance. C. R. Maguire ...... Wheel. See Tens n wheel. 38 282 .. . . . 388.529 lock. Nut lOCk. Pocketbook lock. Row lock. Screw threadin� device, J. Miller ...... 3 , Whitlletree, J. P. �hnson ...... 338.276 Safe lock. Switch lock. Vehicle seat lock. Screws, die for Bwaging, B. A. Kennedy ...... Winding yarn on bobbins, machine for, G. W. . 338.418 . . &'18,6&1 Locomotive whistle alarm,C. Hults ...... Seat. See Valve seat. Burnham ...... 338,669 1l38.450 ...... 328.5.12 r�o� turner, W. Ingalls ...... Sectional and folding boat. F. W. Urann ...... Windmill. T. P. Levan ...... 338,483 .. . . 338.!138 Lozenge machine, N. A. Clacher ...... Sewing machine cording and boning.attachment, Window bead fastener. C. R. Nelson ...... 338,45<1 Lubricator. Se... Axle lubrlcat.or. Sight feeding E. D. Weyburn ...... Window screen and ventilator. combined, H� W. . 338,420 ...... 3.'18,278 ...... CINCINNATI lubricator. Sewing machine feeding device. T. Lamb ...... Libbey INDUSTRIAL . 838,359 I.umber, device for binding together. J. T. Bar- Sewing machine bemstitching and cording at- Wire. apparatus for drawing, J. Reese ...... 338,834 . 338.61<1 ber. . . tachment. J. Pusey ...... Wire, machine for fastening barbs on, O. R. 338,""0 ...... 338,846 ...... 838.290 Lumber drier. P. B. Raymond ...... ShearlS, F. E. French.... Olsen...... •.... 338,361 Magnets, armature for electro. C. A. Gaiser, Shears, L. A. Nickerson ...... 538,286 Wire, machine for redUCing, J. Reese 338,260. 388,261 • Shirt dickey, J". H. Simonson...... 338,563 Wire nailS, wood screws, etc.) machine for mak- , ...... 338,f 338.277 ...... 388.446 Masher. vegetable. W. J . Johnson ... >90 Shoe blanks. machine for arranging, Z. M. IJane .. ing threaded. T. J. Sloan ...... aSS,602 . . . 338,585 Measure case, tape, W. Keu1fel...... Side bar spring. C. P. Crowe ...... Wire or ribbon, machine for pOlishing metal, J. . 3.'38,527 . 3.38,082 Measure tape. A. '1'. Hyde ...... SIfter, coal, Bullard & Langmaid ...... Logan...... 838.60.1 Op ens Sept. 1st. Closes Oct. 9th. . 338,410 . . 338.650 Measures, attachment for tape, E. Herline, Jr ... Sight feeding lubricator, D. F. Taft ...... Wire ropes and cables. compensator for, R. B...... &'IS .415 The Board of Commissioners propose to rna F. !t. Ireland ...... EXPOSITION. Measuring electric currents, apparatus for, J. L. Signal wires, mechanism for actuating, this display, . . 338,244 ...... 838.597 ...... 388.389 the fil'�t �f the new system, The Huber ...... Clarke. . Wire spooling machine. O. P. Briggs ...... 388.<186 . . ;:138,627 . R.epresentatlve Exhibition of In. Measuring electrical cnrrents, apparatus for, J. IJ. Silk. etc. • swift for. J. E. Atwood et al...... Wire stretcher. J. B. Cleaveland ...... 388.596 ...... 338,576 dustry and Art. Huber...... Skate roller. R. B. WhltzeJ...... Wire, strips, or rods, apparatus for drawing. J. . . 338.258 . . . . . 338.363 Meat tenderer. J. D. Foster ...... Skirt and bustle. combined. L. Dryfoos ...... 338,684 Reese ...... Manufacturas-Art-Inventions-Products. . .. 338,541 . Mechanical movement, G. F. McIndoe ...... Sleighknee, C. E. Belknap., ...... 838,28<1 Wrench. See Pipe wrench. . 1 . . 338,419 Mechanical movement, F. H. Ricbards ...... 338,302 Smoker's appliance. S. E. Lawrence ...... 838,<12 Wrench, :H'.Kruegermann ...... Metal rods or wire, apparatus for reducing, J. Soldering machine, can, D. M. Monroe ...... 338,672 Wrench for twisting wire, Cussius Overpeck ...... 338,659 Open to the World. ,...... 838.362 honorable record attained by these . . . . _ � � The Reese ...... Spectacle frames. mechanism for makiua. S. Z. Expositions since under the au spices th A...... 338.340 1870, of e Metallic balls. machine for making hollow. De Ferranti...... DESIGNS. Chamber Commerce, Board of Trade and Ohio . . 838,658 . . . 838.309 of Bisbee ...... Splasher holder. A. R. Smith ...... Mechanics' Institute, will be f lly maintained. . . . . 16.578 Box. W. C. Estes ...... u Meter. See Electric meter. Water meter. Spring. See Phaeton spring. Side bar spring. . 16,587 . . &'IS .267 . . . M!lI. See Gr[nding mn!. Spring, C. C. Hearle ...... Drawer handle. A. J. Roux ...... NO COMPETITIVE AWARDS. . . . 16.579 388,495 . .. . 338.526 . . . . Mine ventilator, H. Davies ...... Spring clasp. Holdsworth & Foley ...... Mantelpiece. E. Hardy ...... All Articles will he Entered for Exhibition Only. . . 338.428 . . 16.582 16.5&1 Mosquito canopy, R. Mitchell ...... Square miter and circle scriber combined, W. F. Oilcloth, C. T. & V. E. Meyer ...... to . For full particulars, address . . 338.378 . . . Motive power 'lngine,P. W. W!lIans ...... Seargeant .. , ...... 838.orter, J. A. Bemis ...... 388,467 Cigars, cigarettes, and smoking and chewing to- 338,386 . . 13.119 Musical instruments. reed plate for, F. J. Brand .. Stopper. See Bottle stopper. bacco. W. Duke. Sons & Company ...... 338.257 . . . . 13.118 ...... Corset covers, B. Altman ...... Necktie fastener, B. M. Fish ...... Stove. cook. N. O. Bond ...... 338.<172 13.128 . . . 338,4<18 . . 838.252 . Nut lock, W. P. '1' eed ...... Stove back. O. Daman ...... Flour. wheat. W. Lea & Son" Company ...... 338,62<1 3:J8.4t>6 . . . : ...... 13.126 Nut lock, M. W. Tucker ...... Stove door handle, J. G. Whitlock ...... 388.455. Guano. C. Spear. Jr ...... 338,530 . . 338.507 . 13,121 Oil cake, manufacture of. W. V. Kay ...... Stove door knob and handle. J. E. Gaitley ...... Hair reviver, W. Moro ...... -Ovens.attachment for. bake. L. B. Linthicum ..... 338.279 Preparation for treatment of the c[rcnlation and . Stoves, vapor burning apparatus for cook, Brown 13,120 Overshoes, clasp fastening for, F. Richardson . . . . 388,555 & Frain...... 3.38,328 organs connected therewith, J. J. Mack & Co ... 838,358 338.528 . . . . . 13,123 Packing, asbestos, R. N. Pratt ...... Strainer for water and other fluids.R. H. Hey . . .. Soap. lanndry. Pugsley. Dingman & Co ...... VAN' DVZEl'i'S . 388.262 Paint composition, J. McArthur ...... 8::i8,MO Street. scraper and snow plow. G. G. Gibson ...... Stoves, ranges. heaters, and furna,ces. and the 338,544 1•• Paint, composition for removing', G.W. Moore.• .. Stretcher for conveying wounded persons, W. H. parts thereof, Richardson & Boynton Company 124 338.349 Mechanical Boiler ;eaner. Painting bobbins, etc., machine for. L. C. Bald- Johnstone ...... Ypsilanti mineral water and all the various pro- . " ...... ,... 338,380 ...... •38,f >68 . .. . 13.127 Takes out all mud and scale win ...... Strut connection, hollow. A. T. Hyde ducts of the same. T. C. Owen ...... forming prope.rtiesfrom the 838,558 Pan. See Vacuum pan. Sulphltes, manufacturing, Ritter & Kenner ...... water of Steam Boilers, ...... 838.641 Printed e i a Pants. attachment for, H. J. Lyon .. : Supporter. See Stallion testicle supporter. Stock- A copy of the speciflcatlons IfJld drawing of ;o� �fii p� f��s. S b �� Paper, apparatus for the manufacture of, C. J. any patent in the foregoing Ii.t. also of any patent fcircular. :Manufactured� : j by Ing snpporter. 1866. 25 Richardson ...... •...... 338,864 Switch. See Railway switch. issued since will be furnished from this Officefor VAN DUZEN, . . Paper bag holder, D. M. Karns ...... 838.274 Switch lock and throw bar. W. B. S. Reed ...... 838.<141 cents. In ordering please state the nuinber and date CINCINNATI, O. . . . 3.'38 .511 361 Pavement. C. C. Gilman ...... Table. See Railway transfer table. Tailor's cut- of the patent desired. and remit to Munn & (Jo.• . 3&8.381 METAL GOODS. Pavement, concrete, A. L. Barber ...... ting table. Turntable. Broadway, New York. We also furnish copies of patents STAMPED . . &'IS ,25machines, band cutter and feeder for, as T 8da a a next 338.395 . . 838,637 ul' ppe l' in Pklfv.wheel. M. P. Farnham ...... S. M. Graumlich ...... }(lIlmDlmved Stone Chauneling lachiuM, 338. 2 . . . . . " ... 838,465 Pocketbook lock. G. Hood ...... 41 Tiles! manufacture of, Bayer & Pnchta . . . Ga dders, Qunrry B rs PIng .....•...•...... 338.251 338.222 Remington Standard Type- , Pocket knife. Crandall & J opson Time register and alarm. electriC. C. W. Whited . . Writer n 3:J8.612 and Fell ther and Pocket knife. J. Pusey ...... Toe weight. G. E. Twambley...... 388,680 1))'[118, . 3:J8.2&! Purchasers per general Qual'l'yill� Macllinery. Pole ti P. carriage, G. L. K. Morrow ...... 3.38.608 Tool handle. A. Gilliam ...... ; ...... 3:J8.322 mitted to return by Post. See Fireproof post. Tool holder. E. Waters ...... Send fur full deSCriptive catalogue. . . 388,652 Express C. O. D. for Press. See Copying press. Filter press. Hay ':roolholder, F. W. Weiss ...... full purchase price AMERICAN STEAM BOILER INSURANCE CO., - . 45 Wllllnm 8trt'e.t. New York. press. Lead pres!. Torpedoes to railway rails, instrument for attach 99; 338.666 . 338,807 at any time within Printing machine, chromatiC, J. T. Hawkins ...... ing. A. B. Shaw ...... Write for Special Blanket Form$5, No.000 gives complete . . t ...... 338,679 thirty days. thus protection to property, and pays for a life and $50 Printing machine. cyUnder. C. B. Cottrell ...... 838.392 Trace carrier S. & W. E. Swengel. . weekly for six months for injury. Printing machine, stop cyUnder. C. B. Cottrell .... 838.3:lO Trap. See Mouse trap. giving an opportnn 338,314 . . Jty for comparison Printing machine. yarn. E. J. Stephens ...... Truck, car, W. 1-1. H. Sisum ...... :...... 338,368 . . 838.<123 338.425 with other ma Printing machines, inking apparatus fOI, W. Tube expander, W. 1. B. McHale ...... to Eld.cc>Of Arc and In caSyndelleents"te ght :n:::L. . 338.:166 ...... 328,357 chines. ],i inK Scott ...... Turn table. G. T. Parry Electric J,jllht and I'ower. Tuyere, W...... 838.5<18 Motors, Dynamos, Lamps, and Batteries in aU varieties. Printing machines. sheet straightener for sheet G. Miller ...... Wyckoff, Seamans & Rl'nedict, •• .• • . . ••• •• Electro-Dynamic Co 294 Carter St Philadelphia. delivery all\>aratus of, C. B. CQttrQll. . .. 83Il,1j91 UlIlbreUa or parllSQI,J. T. Smith...... �.,. 838,586 339 Broadway Ne.... York. W. W.Grisc om, (JonsultintrElectrical Engineer.

BURNHAM THE NEW " GRESHAM " PATENT Joshua Rose's Great Treatise on SELF�OILING Steam Engines. Antomatic sream IN P-U,ESS,FOR EARLY PUBLICATION. Antomatic Ro-8tartin� Inioctor. Modern Steam 1�ngjne8. An Elementary Treatise t t i a Invalnablo for nlOe on Traction, Farm, Portable, ENGINE �� g�\;��k :Ii�� ;�\i �� r� : D�a�fn� B�� Giving Full Explanations of the Construction�� of Modern Mariue, and Stationary Enillnes of all kinds. No Steam Engines ; Including Diagrams showing their act. Handles requil·ed. Water Supply very dlmcnlt to nal Operation; Together with. Complete but Simple Ex Catalogne sent free by planntions of the Operations Of Various Kinds of Valves; break. Capability of restartlug Immediately, Valve Motions, Link Motions, etc., thereby enabling antomatically, after interruption to fe ed from any the Ordinary Engineer to clearly Under�tanf;lthe Princi cause. Reliable and ()heap. ples lnvolved in their Construction and Use, and to Plot Out their Movements upon the Drawing Board. By YORK, PA. JOSHUA ROSE, M.E., author of " The Complete Practical Machinist." IllustratedPrice, by over 400 engravings.of postage Tn ODe Bole Manufaoturers inthe United Btates and Oanada, t $6.00, tree to MII// ��:i�Subscriptions&. wtllnow be pn.yableo'llpubUeatioio. �lfr ' rooeived, bo�1;,E';.�:Et�;:::':l·�"1i�e�'f'�;�oof�\is:r:= furnish . Na,tha,n Ka,nufa,cturing CO. /lis address to 92 & 94 LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK. HENRY CAREY BAIRD &. CO., INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS & IMPORTERS, SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 810 Walnnt Street, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. and Ventilatinll JUST PUBLISHED. ICE. REFRIGERATI NG WI1'HERBY, RUGG & RICHAaDSON. Manufacturers of Patent IV ood Working Machinery of every descrip tion.R. Facftities unsurpassed. Shop formerly occupied bv Ball & ('0 .. Worcester, Ma"s. Send for Catalogue. - PULLI!�YS Electro ORDER FROM OUR A Practical Treatise on the Electrolysis of Gold. Silver, " SPECIAL LIST." C k Deposl itions 4c. �¥��il!l� :�tr�r�e�:��:i� :n"3��.Pa:��W�g� JOhnTJ��llIfg. tric Machines, Thermopiles, and of the Mate N. CJO.Y. FINISHED rials and Processes used in every Depart BUFFALO, ment of the Art, and several chapters THE IMPROVED on Electro-Metallurgy, with numerons Illustrations. Rider Air Pllm�in� En�ine By ALEXANDER WATT. Hot For City or Conntry Residences, Crown 8vo, 568 Pages, Price, $a.OO. Horizontal and Vertical. Burns Coal, Wood, or Gas. Safe, Simple. D. V A.N NOSTRA.ND, Publisher, Dredll'ing Machinery, Durable. 3.000 in use. Send for Flour, Powder, Slate and Illustrated Cat.alogue.. A." Nos. �3 MDJ'ray and �" Warren Streets, Flint Mill Machinery, Tur New York. """�-""'7'""7-'<'-'r-'- bine Water Wheels; & CO" 34 Dey 8t , New York Mfg Oo., York, Pa" U. B. A. SAYER York. / Illnstrated �ataiogue IMPORTANT BOOKS. Tbemostsuccessful Lubricator DRAWING sent on applIcation to A f e n i for Loose Pulleys in nse. A� �fi��t\��'!' i"n N:e ��Fc� ys �,J: steep or fiat, VAN DUZEN'S PA'l'ENT a 1:t'.�'foE n n he ��e �n: For eROOFSe OF oALL DESCRIPTIONS, LOOS E PULLEY OILER. INSTRUMENTS. w�'��tW:�\�:k�' ��W::;u7 \!I:s �� ::, �J �e�o� a��. �� Jgi;� ::e�e�� e�d f��iS��\�dnlirJ:t;;�fed'P=�� Highly recommended by those who BOURNE. C. E. New edition, much enlarged and mostly let. Address have used them for the past two rewritten. Illustrated with 212 woodcuts, for the most years. Prices very reasonable. Every part new in this edition. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00. CorW.tla H.dt STEWART,Street. York. 74 n New c e ,�h��lt �a:.e our I'opular Exposition of Elecu'icity, wit.h PAINT, for Roofs and �-actory and ��:t�o�� w�. ll; s f e Asketches of some of its discoverers. By MARTIN S. FarmIRON-FIBRE BuIldln�s. VAN DUZEN & TIFT, CincinnatI. O. i 7 f ��t;rio �1��\g1°��ne�al �:a�� a� ��t��l�C:n� i��: a o o .rn'J"a�P��{i.�ii1�;�i\1ie !��tJs �:�lo�:� r� its��: application. . NEW YORK BELTINC AND PACKINC co. Class Jnterests : their relations to each other and t.o Oldest and I.argest llIannfactnrers in the United States 01 government. A study of Wrongs and Remedies, to ascertain what the People should do for Themselves." By the author of "Conllictin Nature and Life i "Re FileFiles. Card.Sent post Forpaid cleaningon receipt fonus : their Difficulties and Possibilities." 12mo, of 15 cents. cloth. Price $1.00. .,.._- ..... For mark. VulcanizedTO MECHANICALRubber PURPOSES. Fa brics Steel Nallle Stamp. ing name on wood, metal, tools, etc. :1·16 D)'narno-Electricity : its generation, application,GEORGE ADAPTED transmission, storage. and measurement. By or:l-8letters. ):'16is best size for Tools. B. PRE COTT. With 5<15 Illustrations. 8vo, cloth. AND r e cts. per letter, post paid. $5,00. S , P ic 25 for tracing RUBBER BELTING, PACKING, HOSE, Tracingn or Copying rWheel, Bell's Electric Spealdng Telephone: Its inven. OO:EI.:EI.UGIr .A..'Z'E:X> �; 1;�� co t a Od i0 Mats and Matting, and Stair Treads, &'0. G .. -. ��4 S:r��B�� :, ��t� �; Gi��E ��C:��riT� W�l\i a3b'B�s� i!: r.r screws and nut&.- Price, to c ut r.:4Jnch ��: $:1.05 ; 3.8 $:1.05 ; :1·2 $:1.10 ; 5.8 tions. SVo,cloth. Price $4.00. ... $1.25';. 3.. 4" sale by all booksellers ; $:1.40; 8 $1.60 ; I $:1.10 ; I $2.35; For or will sentbe ElZOYOLE TXH..ES, OA n. SP!B.XNGS. 1.. :1"4 11-111 paW, recetpt o price. l>y mail,post. 0'11 f H. OHEEVER, Treas. Ne"" Yo:rk Eelt ing and. l?acking Co., John Wilkinson Co., 7t3&o f8{Va�a�hrA�� 'th;��go, Ill. JOHN Warehouse, Park Row. D. APPLETON &; CO., Po.bllshers. JOHN D. CHEEVER, Dep'y Treas. 15 opp. Astor House, N. Y. 1, 3, & li Bond Sneet, New York. Branches: 308 Chestnut Street. Phila., 167 and 100Lake Street, Chicago, and52 and 54 Summer Street, Boston. WANTED. SaO A WEER and ex· ------penses paid. Valuable outfitand particulars To sell our Rubber Stamps. Free Catalogue free. J. F. HILL & CO.. Augusta, Maine. I T PAYS to agents. FOLJ AMBE & Co .. ClevelaLd, O. Bibb's Celebrated Origillll HELP BALTIMORE FIRE-PLACE HEATERS, 'r o warm upper and lower rooms. FOREIGN PATENTS. The handsomest, most economical 'j'heir Cost Reduced. Coal Stoves in the world. THE ONLY MACHINE IS B. C. BIBBand 6.Salesroomsi SON In Foundry. Office The expenses attending the procnrlng of patents s u r f l 39 and 4-1 Light Street, most foreign countries having been considerably reo �� !�1 �fd�� h� �f:r� o� l:6��r work. Baltimore,Md. �t:t�J.1hat knits a regular, right-angled hee such as is knit SLATE MANTELS. 8 HABBLEIZED duced the ob.tacle of cost Is no longer in the way of by hfLnd. IJirSendJor Circulars. large proportion of ourInventors patenting their inven That narrows olfthe toe. tions abl'oad a c l �rt��g: :!� �l��i��F �� size without a KeY1e mailed CANA IJA.-The cost of a patent In Canada is even seam.��:� ��t�� •• LoCk. on receipt o(prlce. e b o ed 325. us Dial Chest Lock r $2.50 less than the cost of a United States patent, and the S F o In. wood, , 300. l h f 1 1.50 ic::i� t��b�� l�t �r s��::c w� %��' Beveled "Drawer H" in. U former includes the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, :."lew �t:� an 310. 9 in." 1.75 That knit3 elastic seamed-stitc\i Suspender with . :1:, : " "u 1865. " "Closet 1 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and Mani button-holes. :ill " Sa Ii U � in. iron, 2.50 395, H U prife g Latch Lock. tn. 2" in. 'I'hatk nits the Afghan Stitch, Cardigan Jacket sLitch, S n 1 to 8.00 toba. II �See u a 227. thia issue. . Fancy Ribbed stitch, the Raised Plaid stitch, the Nubia � Tilenumber of our patentees who avan themselves of stitch, Shell stitch, Unique stitch, Tidy btitch, etc., etc. m s r tedarticle, page lt is now the Standard Machine for Manufacturing, :M:XLLE:EI. LOCK. 00., the cheap and easy method now 01l'ered for obtaining and the 813 to 821 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. patents In Canada Is very large, and Is steadily increas Only Family Knitter th21t fllls Bill. Ing. the ENGLA ND.-The new Engllsh law, which went into For further particulars address iorce on Jan. 1st, 1885,enab les parties to secure patents Lamb Knittin� Co., in Grea.rltaln on very moderate terms. ABritish tbpae Machine Mannfactnrin� tent Includes England, Scotland, Wales,Ireland and Box CHICOPEE FALI.IS,MAS S.,U. S. A. Channel Islands. Great -Britain Is the acknowledged ali, financial aud commercial center of the world, and her goods are sent to every qnarter of the globe. A good VIOLIN OUTFITS invention is like to CoulltlD!\" of Bow ly realize as mnch for the patentee &lad VloIID, Box•• In Enp:land as bis United States patent prodnces for 'feaeller. lent to aDr partof at hwue. and the Ullited 8tahe BOOKlfU1'ER ENGINE. him the small cost now renders it possible �=�!�.� oBuo 8dar8'trial Compact, Snbstantlal. Econom for almost every patenteein this country to secure a pa I:: Ical, and easily managed : guar� tent in Great Britain, where his rights are as well pro beforebaJ'Ulr. anteed to work well and give full power claimed. Engine and tected as in the United States. Boiler complete. including Gov· O'I'HEltCOUN' I' It lES.-Patents are also obtained ernor. Pump, etc., at the low on very reasonable terms tn France. Belgium, Germany, . . . . $240 Au'tria, Russia, Italy, Spain (the latter Inclndes Cuba friil'o"AslllPOWER .. . 00 and all the other Spanish Colonies), Brazil, British India, Australia, and the other British Colonies. �� :: :: :::::::: �� FORTY p�t on car� at. s'PrtD.iitie� An experience of years has enabled the �JAMES LEFFEL & CO., � publishers of �' HE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN to establish Springfield.OhiO, competent and trustworthy agencies in all the principal Or 110 LibertySt., New York. foreign countries, and It has always been their aim to � New Catalogue of Valuabl& Papers SUPPLEMENT, have the business of their clients promptly and proper containedee of charge In SCIENTIFICAMb;1

JENK-IN·S B R 0 S. ' VALVES. Gate, Globe, Angle, Check, and Safety. TH� AM�RI�AN �� T��rH�NE ��. Inside "aee, eae" inRI'lion ,,:icents aline. 95 MilK ST., BOSTON, MASS. Back PaRe, ench insertion ••• $1.0p aline. MANUF ACTURED QF BEST STEAM METAL. (About eight words to a line.) Engravings may head adverti8ements at the same rate The Jenkins Disks used in these Valves are manufactured under our 1880Patent, and wm stand This Company owns the Letters Patent per line, In/ measurement. as the letter '[YJ'e8S. Adver any degree of steam pressure, hot and cold oils, or acid. tisements must be received at publication...... qffice early To avoid imposition. !ilee that valves al'e stamped "Jenkins Bros." as granted to Alexander Graham Bell, March as Thursday morning to appear next issue. in "EN':K.XN'S ElR.c:>S., 7th, 1876, No. 174,465, and January 30th, 11 John St., New York. 13 So. l<'onrthSt .. Phlln. 19 Kilby St., Boston, 1877, No. 186,787. To Business Men. The transmission of Speech by all known The value of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN as an adver forms of Electric Speaking Telephones in tising medium cannot be overestimated. Its Circulation fringes the right secured to this Company is many times greater than that of any similar journal y the above patents, and renders each now published. It goes into all the States and Territo ries, and is read in all the principal libraries and reading individual user of telephones not furnish rooms of the world. A business maD wants something I ed by it or its licensees responsible for such more than to see his advertisement in a printed news unlawful use, and all the consequences paper. He wants circulation. This he has when he advertises in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. And do not thereof, and liable to suit therefor. let the advertising agent inllnence yon to snbstitute some other paper for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, when selecting a list of publications in which you decide it is for yonr interest to advertise. This is frequently done, for the reason that the agent gets a larger commission from the papers baving a smull Circulation thanis allow ed on the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. I Mention this paper. }:""or rates see top of first column• of this page, or ad .. E Sda fJ�jz,Jor St�I' }{\� �rs. dress C ,& MUNN & CO., Publisbers, Unequaled for wa ter packing, and for oil pumps. In I rope form of all 361 BI'oadway, New York. A.WS �� SAW sizes, I � 1", etc. S m o �::l':: t W' S }O, l(, %, � ' %, !I(. %. full address for a copy of Emerson's Book t i I a e of WS. We are IIrstto introdnce NATUR- ��;\�'!iNa! I � � AL !SA put together! . A GAS for heating and tempering. Saws A wer Y,'iiPackCk��g with it--take e e P V g none out-add a rou nd whenever there :��it;�� i��h::s�� E�bli� �� l� re�� is room for it. MILLER PACKING WORKS, W prices. Address ': W 13BSButtonwood St., Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. EMEUSON, SlUITH & 00. (I.tIl.), S Beaver Falls, Pa. S .

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� �SAB'�S�O'S1< ItW.'dOHRoofing, Building Felt,NS ' The Most Popular Selentlftll Paper In the World. Steam Packings, Boiler Ooverings, Fire Proof Paints, Oements, Only $3.20 a Vear, includinll:Postage. Weekly Etc. �2 Numbers a Year. Samples and Descriptive Price Lists Free. H. JOHNS M'f'G CO., Tbis widely circulated and splendidly !Ilustrated W. 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y. paper Is published weekly. Every number contains six ' 75 Randolph St., Chicago I 170 N. 4th St" Philadelphia. teen pages of nsefnl infoImation and a la1'le numberof Address JOHN A. ROEBLING 'S SONS. Manufactur Original engravings of new inventions and dIscoveries, -� ers, 'l'renton, N. J. , or 117 Liberty Street, New York. -A B AND FINe GRAY I RON ALSO ST EEL Wheels and Rope for conveYing power long distances. representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery --- 'J CASTIN GS FR� SPECIAL eRN S Send for circular. ALL£ L!::: � c, New Inventions, Novelties in MechanIcs, Manufactures, Y. "I. FINE TINNING JAPi\- PAl' � AS D� EVllN � CO \.: FINISHING NNING :;"""If'f( Chemistry, Mectricity Telegraphy. Photography, Archi TI-IOM LEHIGH AVE & AMERICAN ST PHILA ,_-"N D _'c tecture, Agriculture. Horticultnre, Natural History. etc. All Clnsses of Uenders lind in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN a popular resume of the best scientific in· INtERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR BOILER AND PIPE COVERINGS. formation of the day; and it is the aim of the publishers ' ABSOLUTELY to present it in an attractive form. avoiding as much as NJ w Ne F:l.re Prc:>c:>f. possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, Liqu&� � ! this journal aJl'ords a constant supply of instructive ICE-HOUSEm . AND�p'-!:q� COLD ROOM.t� -BY�! R. LICHT and CHEAP. reading. It is promotive of knowledge and progress In G. Hatfield. With directions fnr con.tructlon. Four every community where it circul"tes. SCIENTIFIO AMERICAN SUP SCIEN. PLEMENT,engravings. Contained In EASY TO APPLY. Tel'ms of Sub8crlption.-one copy of the 69. Price 10 cents. To be hadat this oflice TIFIC A.MERICAN one e u.nd ot all newsdealers. will be sent for lI ar-52 numbers postage prepaid. to any subscriber In the United States or Canada, on receipt of three dollars and twenty cent.. by the publishers ; six months, $1.60 ; three months, $1.00. Clnbs.-One extra copy of the SCIENTIFIC AMERI CAN will be supplied gratis for eve'I'IJclub of five at $3.20 ache ; additional copies at same proportionatesubSCribers rate. The safest way to remit is by Postal Order•. Draft, or Perfect SmallSteam Yachts. No smoke or nOise, sim Express Money Order. Mon,iy carefnlly placed Inside ple, safe; fuel, water gas ; 3 cylinder engines. Send st ° of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly addressed, � M��i�� ?S., Chioago,lll. seldom goes astray, but Is at the sender's risk. Ad "'![.M�KI'1�Nu*�lt dress all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., pay· able to :tv.:CUNN &; CO., 36 1 Broadway New York.

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