Noy . 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER. 399
bending moments from the unit of the forces S. The These are the conditions of the statically undetermined THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL HALL AT latter expressions would simply be added as so much structure, and it is now to be made statically determined. KENSINGTON* additional work done.J In the first place, the whole of the [right half, which The first step is to decide which are the additional bars and forms an elastic support for the left half on the line C C, is CALCULATION OF STRESSES IN THE ROOF PRINCIPAL supports ; their removal would make the structure statically removed, and in place of it are put the two forces H and V AS AN ELASTIC STRUCTURE ACCORDING TO THE determined. In most cases this can be decided in various and a bending moment M. This is always admissible when PRINCIPLE OF WORK. ways. we cut through a solid beam. It will be observed that under It is now generally known that the principle of work can all circumstances these forces and the corresponding dis be applied to the calculation of strains in elastic structures tances which the left half yields under them—viz., A*£, Ay which are statically undetermined, and it will therefore be and the torsional angle A (f>, will be identical with or oppo sufficient to state in the following paper the theory broadly, site to those of the right half, and that from this fact three referring for its full development to the numerous works equations can be derived, from which H, Y, and M can eventu on the subject. If a force S be made to act upon any ally be calculated. But the removal of the right half alone point of an elastic structure, and if it yields to this force does not make the left half statically determined. It would a distance A l, the force has performed work to the be necessary, besides, to remove five bars ; but in order to amount of £ S A l- At the same time the structure B, keep the calculation within practical dimensions, bearing resists, and while yielding some of its parts are elon in mind that one more bar nearly doubles its length, one gated, others compressed, and still others bent. Each B\ of the five had to be selected to remain in the statically of these deformations represents an amount of work which determined structure. The bar which seemed to be of in each single case can be expressed by means of the least influence upon the stresses of the structure, if it were following data (1) The length of the part; (2) its sec- ir left to remain, is No. 16, Fig. 2; and it was assumed that tional area—moment of inertia in case of bending; (3) the this bar would under all circumstances have an equal and stress—bending moment —which is in it; and (4) the opposite stress with No. 17, although this is only approxi- modulus of elasticity of the material. The principle of The present structure contains two kinds of parts, viz., mately the case. The four bars taken out and replaced by work requires that the sum of all work represented (1) such with a close and more or less complicated lattice- forces were then Nos. 22, 24, 25, 26, and the stresses in by these single deformations should equal £ S A l- The factor £ can be omitted, as it occurs in all expressions. In a statically deter mined structure the stresses are found without kV having regard to the elastic deformation of the parts, and an equation of the nature here Fig. Z . LojtfL. described would only be used for calculating A l, i.e.y the deflection of the structure under the f<£, 4. 67 T. ' force S in the direction of S. But in a statically undetermined structure fo — there are more parts or more points of support than are absolutely necessary for its stability; .3 APT. Let v3~Xoii8 and inasmuch as these parts receive stresses and -4 '*s *4.13 T. the supports pressures, as well as the necessary parts and supports, the stresses and pressures y>4-30T. in the latter are modified by their presence, and 2 ^...... the extent of the modification will largely depend 3-70 T. on the extensibility and compressibility of those ■—I additional parts or supports. The mode of $-i*- treatment of such a structure then prescribes Y 3-70T. that forces S', S®, . . . .—unknown quan 6-21T, tities—be introduced in place of the additional parts or supports ; that the stresses from these forces in the remaining determined structure be calculated in the usual way. Further, that the for expressions S1 A ll, S® A . . • be formed, ? ______..-•**•* ______3 85 T. 14-72 T, 3 13 T. _y FiocacL JjooloL xtv Tons »> 0-61 T. jy OooousicnjCfJL JjoouLh » 1170 T. » M 28-39 T 18-41 T- aJb 30Tbs -p.f* siip. »> jy ypuicb Treasure. >» »> ^/•843^ ¥ iyZSi DistajtjC& ocpccrb of J\FocLn JFtCbj~-3£- 0 *T /' i y7T>' ' '0-41 T.*f \ * jo-70 T. 83'- 0- \ \ Z4 \ , ■-$ $ £ -V \ W \ \ 20. \ 13 Floor Ixjte 4? 8? 2 <1 £ 18 14 work —cross-lined in Fig. 1—and (2) single bars. The them were denoted by S2S, S* 4, S®-*, S* fl. The parts former can be treated as solid beams, that is to say— treated as solid beams were divided into a number of sec- although this is not quite accurate—forces acting upon tions —viz., Nos. 1 to 9 and 28 to 39. It was assumed that in case of a perfectly firm support, but not = 0 in them will bend them, and compress or extend their in each the bending moment and the axial stress was case of an elastic bar or an elastic support — and, neutral fibres as if they were solid, the latter will be only equal from end to end. Fig. 2 is then a diagram of the finally, that for each S an equation be constructed of the compressed or extended according to the compressive or statically determined structure, which also contains the form referred to above. It would then be possible, by tensile stresses which are produced in them by the forces. final results of the calculation illustrated by funicular solving these equations, to determine the unknown quan A A are the principal abutments of the structure, B B are polygons. Upon it act ten different forces —yiz., H, Y, M, tities S, and with these all the stresses and deflections that flexible connections which can be regarded as hinges, D the four forces S, the fixed load, the wind pressure, and may be required. The general form of these equations is and E are ball pivots, of which the lower ones are fixed the occasional load on the gallery floor. Accordingly there as follows : points, but the frames A E are free to move horizontally are ten _ diagrams of stresses, and their contents are em- X rx n X e* n s b at E. The concrete in which the frames are enclosed can bodied in the Table A on next page. - m* Sz = S1 2 z 50 r=s n sibility of the parts, viz., length divided by product of w + adhesion to the iron parts were very great, because the + . . . + in x 2 )® area and modulus of elasticity, 10,000 tons ; the ninth Ini modulus of elasticity of concrete is much smaller than Itan x « n that of iron. In the present case the concrete enclosure column contains the expression A e for the flexibility of + S“ 2 ™x (Tx * TABLE A. O-22. a24. u25. o- 20. pi1. pv. pM. p22. 2 4 2 5 2 n o- 41. o-' . load, p . p . . p . pres S S load. feet. super S M M M of 107 A e tons. 107 m. tons. part. load, load. irH 107 m. ffV IQ7 m. a-11107 m. 1 1019 -0-995 +0-105 105 + 0-5 + 9-1 +1-0 - 0-234 + 348 - 20-25 - 1401 -1013*9 + 107-0 + 52-50+ 955-5 +105-0 2 1019 -0-950 +0-305 105 + 4-4 +26-9 +1-0 - 1-937 + 333 - 94-24 - 2732 - 968-1 + 3io"8 + 462-0 + 2824-5 +io5'o 3 952 -0-870 +0-495 97 +11-7 +43-4 +1-0 - 4-975 + 527 -226-29 - 7124 - 828-2 + 471-2 + 1134-9 + 4209-8 + 97 -o 4 952 -0-750 +0-660 97 +22-2 +58-0 +1'0 - 9-075 + 729 -394-44 - 16600 - 714-0 + 628-3 + 2153-4 + 5626-0 + 97 "o 5 1019 - 0-602 + 0-803 105 +35-4 +70-2 +1’0 -14-422 + 866 -578-91 - 33707 - 613-4 + 818-3 + 3717-0 + 7371-0 +105-0 G 644 -0-424 +0-910 62 +51-0 +79-5 +1-0 -20-639 + 840 -756-36 - 61733 - 273-0 + 586-0 + 3162*0 + 4929-0 + 62*o " 7 442 -0-131 +0-990 -0-066 - 0-322 87 + 64-9 +83-6 +1-0 + 3-377 + 5-159 -32-452 + 385 -830-46 - 92303 - 57 9° + 437 ’6 - 29-17 — i42'3 + 5646-3 + 7273-2 + 87-0 + 293-8 + 448-8 8 317 -0-090 +1-000 -0-045 -0-290 201 + 74*2 + 84 * 6 +1*0 + 8-014 +11-350 -34-480 f 264 -854-80 -115359 - 2853 + 317-0 14-27 91-93 + 14914-2 +17004-6 +201'0 + i6io "8 +2281-4 9 317 -0-032 +1-000 -0-016 -0-213 512 + 82-0 +84-9 +1-0 +11-995 +16-800 -34-480 f 121 -860-32 -135170 1014 + 317-0 5-072 67-52 +4i984 '° +43468-8 +512-0 +6141-4 +86oi -6 10 913 +3-31 +4-27 +0*038 +0'431 +0‘538 -74-795 -5549 -21-01 +3022-0 +3898-5 +34-69 + 393"5 + 491'2 11 2038 + 0-64 +1-77 + 0‘021 +0‘667 +0'832 -12-05 73-8 + 20-09 +1304-3 +3607-3 +42-80 +13587 +1695-6 12 2038 -0-64 -1-77 -0‘021 -0’667 -0-832 f 12-05 + 73-8 -20-09 -1304-3 -3607-3 -42-80 -1358-7 -1695-6 13 3598 -0-485 -1’35 -0 016 -0‘509 -0-634 + 9-19 + 86-8 -15-33 -1745-0 -4857-3 -5757 -1831-4 -2281-1 14 1057 +0-970 +2-70 +0‘032 +1-018 +1*269 -18-38 - 173-6 :+30-65 + 1025-3 +2853-9 +33*82 +1076-0 +i34r'3 15 2214 - 0-78 -1-06 - 0'013 -0‘399 -0-498 + 7-22 +1040 -12-03 -17269 -2346-8 -28*78 — 883-4 -I102'6 16 2751 fl-27 +1-72 +0'020 +0‘648 +0-808 -11-71 -1680 + 19-53 +34938 +4731-7 +55-02 +1782-6 +2420-9 1 17 2109 -1-27 -1-72 - 0-020 - 0‘648 -0‘808 111"71 +16S0 -19-53 -2673-4 -3627-5 -42-18 -1366-6 -1704-1 18 1673 -0-01 +1-35 +0-016 +0'509 +0'634 - 9-19 +1166 + 15-33 - 50-19 +2258-6 +26-77 + 851-6 +1060-7 19 494 -2-13 -1-06 -0-013 +0’401 +0*502 1- 7-22 +4420 -12-03 -1052-2 - 523-6 - 6-422 + 198-1 + 248-0 20 1640 +0-03 -1-35 -0 016 -1*099 -0'634 1- 9-19 -1166 -15-33 + 49-20 -2214-2 -26-24 -1802-4 -1039-8 21 757 -1-98 - 3-27 - 0'038 -2’031 -1*538 + 22-265 +2150 -37T0 -1498-9 -2475-4 -28-77 -1537-5 -1164-2 22 2791 23 2765 -1-67 + 1-000 + 4200 -4617-6 +2765-0 24 1244 25 7619 26 1134 27 1659 -1-120 -0-780 2-039 -1858-1 - i294‘o 28 644 -0-590 -0-342 192 -2-40 - 3-50 4- 3-50 4- 3-30 0-60 - 1*75 - 380-0 220*3 - 460-8 — 672^0 4- 672-o 4- 633-6 29 644 -0-590 -0-342 192 -8-20 -10-50 4-10-50 4- 9-80 2-09 -15-75 - 380-0 - 220-3 -1574-4 - 2015-0 4-2015-0 4-i88i"6 30 537 -1-00 -0-504 -0-695 239 + 10-8 + 10-5 +0-125 -9-80 -12-25 4-14-10 4-13-93 - 0-920 4-2484 -103-87 - 18221 -14-05 - 537*0 - 270-6 - 373-2 + 258-1-2 + 2509-5 + 29-88 -2342-2 - 2927'8 4-3369-9 4-3329-3 31 537 -1*00 -0-504 -0-695 445 +31-8 + 31-7 +0-375 -7-00 - 8-75 4-13-80 4-15-26 - 0'920 4-2481 -324-73 - 54413 + 4-90 - 537*0 - 270-6 - 373-2 + 14151-0 + 14106-5 +i66-9 -3115-0 -3893-8 4-6141'O 4-67907 32 537 -1-00 -0-504 -0-695 445 +53-3 + 53-0 +0-625 -4-20 - 5-25 4-13-80 4-16-80 - 0‘920 4-2484 -539-64 - 90755 + 11-99 - 537"o - 270-6 - 373-2 +23718-5 +23585-0 +278-1 -1869-0 -2336-3 4-6141-0 4-7476-0 33 537 -1-00 -0-504 -0-695 239 + 75-3 + 74-2 + 0-875 -1-40 - 1-75 4-14-10 4-18-71 - 0-920 4-2481 -747-00 -127245 + 6-95 - 537*0 - 270-6 - 373-2 +17996-7 +17733-8 +209-1 - 334'S - 418-3 -I-3369-9 -4-447 1 "7 34 491 +0-476 + 0-737 631 — 0-907 - 0-369 4- 1-193'- 222’0 4- 3-80 4- 77-0 + 2337 + 361-9 - 572-3 - 232-8 I 35 421 + 0-476 + 0-737 541 - 2-167 - 0-369 4- 0*991 - 185-0 4- 9-20 4- 118-0 + 200"4 + 310-3 -1172-3 - 199-6 36 421 + 0-476 +0-737 541 - 3-326 - 0-369 4- 0'789 - 148-0 4- 11-60 4- 118-0 + 200‘4 + 310-3 -1799-4 - 199-6 37 421 + 0-476 +0-737 541 - 4-435 - 0-369 + 0-587 - Ill + 9-00 + 88 - . 0 + 200-4 + 310-3 -2399-3 - 199-6 38 421 + 0-476 +0-737 541 - 5-544 - 0-369 + 0-385 - 74 + 3-00 4- 22-0 + 200’4 + 310-3 -2999-3 - 199-6 39 726 + 0-330 707 - 3-000 4- 0-091 - 37 0-80 - 20-0 + 239-6 - 2121 "o sixteen numbers obtained from Table A is as follows :— It may be noticed that the expression mz S2 in Equation I. form; but we have besides three outer forces, H, Y, M, + 2097-393 is simply Alz, the elongation of the bar Z. As we have and in analogy to Alz we have here the movements + 3001-274 Z = 4 additional bars, we have also four equations of this Ax, A;/, A 4> • + 3001-274 + 3079-528 The equations for the left half are then as follows :— + 3621-599 + 1168-706 0=4- 85,117 S22 4- 96,620 S24 — 124,666 S26 — 134,511 S26 — 241,578 H — 220,599 V — 2,613 M + tn 0 = 4- 96,620 S22 4- 121,050 S24 — 157,610 S25 — 169,244 S26 — 297,687 H — 279,925 V — 3,316 M 4- tM 1 tT + 3823-214 O = —124,666 S22 —157,610 S24 + 430,041 S25 4- 458,091 S2(! 4- 1,456,023 H + 1,487,770 V 4- 17,557 M 4- J25 f 1 ’ + 2931-020 O = —134,511 S22 —169,244 S24 + 458,091 S25 + 557,493 S26 4- 1,892,348 H + 1,938,750 V + 22,879 M + t26J + 1431 952 + Ax = — 241,578 S22 — 297,687 S24 4- 1,456,023 S26 + 1,892,348 S 6 4- 8,410.430 H 4- 9,104,563 V + 109,872 M + (H) 262 847 + Ay — — 220,599 S22 — 279,925 S24 4-1,487,770 W5 + 1,938,750 S 6 4- 9,104 563 H + 10,357,739 Y 4- 130,363 M + A > III. + 1403-676 + A OOOO = —134,511 S22 —169,244 S2-i 4- 458,091 S2-i 4- 557,493 S2-^ + 1,892,348 H — 1,938,750 V 4- 22,879 M 4- £2-®) < - 279924-696 > a = — 241,578 S22 — 297,687 S24 4- 1,456,023 S2A + 1,892,348 S2-£ + 8,410,430 H — 9,104,563 Y + 109,872 M + £H ") From this example it will be clear how the other sums + > = — 220,599 S22 — 279,925 S24 + 1,487,770 S2! + 1,938,750 S2-£ + 9,104,563 H — 10,357,739 Y + 130,363 M + Zv > III. are obtained. > = — 2,613 S22 — 3,316 S2A + 17,557 S2_S + 22,879 S2-° + 109,872 H — 130,362 V + 1,804 M + £M j '— Nov. 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER 401 The equations III. have been alluded to before, and cal values and combine III, and III, into three equations, had assigned to them, Experienced architects, while from what was said there it follows that the distances These equations give the numerical values of H, V, and allowing for wrought iron a factor of safety of 4 will A x, A y, and A nx visited our coasts a short time ago, and reflect that for a . 31 $ £ o m p k J a M It is not necessary to solve the equations II. for the - 08 considerable portion of the year nearly as bad weather may 3 4 0 P © s.®; r+- o Sis CD o CD II right half independently; the results IV. will be similar CT3 be expected in most parts of the world. At the same time a m + s ^ s r S O ® ?0 s- gsv a | ' S , f CD ® o g to IV. with this difference that - V is put for + V, and that t R o C we expressed an opinion that exceeding a certain displace the quantities t for wind pressure are omitted, as the wind ment was equally detrimental, because then the principal pressure is assumed to act on the left half only. The characteristic of such craft disappeared, and they no longer f t to \ \ results IV. can therefore be written down without calcula \ could be said to possess an element of defence in the \ \ \ diminutive target they offered to the enemy’s fire. As, tion. The remainder of the calculation has already been \ \ \ J however, a number of these vessels, called torpedo cruisers, indicated. The numerical results are found in the follow \ ing table r \ have been built, and are likely to increase, we propose now S to examine the type in greater detail, and show that our Table B. \ \ Z depreciation of it is not ill-founded. \ \ Fixed load. Wind pressure. \ Occasional load. -jc- \ Let us take the Scout as the first of this type designed \ * J \ S22 = + 8-013 tons. S22=-1588-64 super.ft. S22=-3'447 tons. \ by the Admiralty Constructors and built in a private yard. ' S24 = -13-801 „ S24 = +3817-06 „ S24=-5-679 >> \ As stated in our previous article, she was the answer to S26 = + 2-563 „ S25 = - 425-38 „ S^5 = -l-109 >> ------ ! the oft-repeated demand for a thoroughly seaworthy tor S2o= -12-899 „ S20= + 3882"83 „ S2<,=-4‘479 Cs )) "T H = + 11-804 „ H= + 60216 „ H =+08014 „ pedo vessel. But it was considered necessary, in order to V = 0 V=+ 30117 „ V =+0-1667 „ comply with some imaginary demands for a large coal M = +90-807ft. tns. M = - 2447 ‘93ft. x sp. ft. M =—14'674ft.tn s. supply, as well as to furnish her with four 5in. guns, that S2-^-12-899 tons. Si? =-128917 super, ft. 82-° = - 2 232 tons. her displacement should be 1400 tons, while her speed was 15-75 Si? = + 2-563 „ S= = + 148-04 Si?= + 0-243 „ to be under 18 knots. The torpedo equipment is of a S2i=-13-801 „ S2i=-128177 S2i=- 2133 „ ...... Si? = + 8 013 „ S22 = + 487-82 S«® = + 0-645 „ k - most varied and eccentric nature. As opinion seemed equally divided among experts as to the superiority of Table A contains the strains from the units of the forces, submerged or above-water bow discharge, the authorities which are now given in Table B, and the products decided to have both in the Scout, and consequently tubes S2 2, a2 2, H a H, &c. ,will be the strains, which must be Fig if. have been fitted in the stem above and below the water line. added to the strains in the statically determined structure Obviously, however, one of these plans must be the best, in order to obtain those in the actual statically undeter and in a vessel not intended for ramming, the balance of mined structure. If this is done for the three cases of 'k advantage seems to incline to the submerged discharge loading, and if the maximum and minimum stresses are M~M. from this position. It gives greater accuracy to the computed for the various parts, we have, for example, in the torpedo and protection to the tube. On each side six sections of the main ribs above point B the extreme *1 ^ of the ship are four above-water tubes, with various strains per square inch of area, assuming a wind pressure -o: / degrees of training, while right aft is another on the mid ___ of 30 lb. per ft. sup. r 8 * ship line for stern discharge. As might have been antici & Bottom flange. Top flange, ^ 1 / pated, the deck was found to be inconveniently crowded, 1 2 "11 . P60 ...... tons. I and the two midship tubes on each side have been removed. 2 to ... 315 „ 8 / l She thus remains with seven, enough, it would be imagined, 3 co ... 3-41 „ ! 4 CO ... 3-01 „ I to satisfy even those who advocate a torpedo broadside ! CO / I 9 5 ... 1-29 „ M Where numerous positions for torpedo discharge are 6 . 2-83 ... 1-73 „ r2 I I / provided, it is unnecessary to give training to the tube, The two extreme stresses in the columns D E—No. 10—are which necessitates a larger orifice, and complicates the fit \ ! / — 72"25 tons and - 33"96 tons. The smaller of the two is of ± tings. Fixed tubes have a simplicity highlydesirable with interest in regard to the question whether the structure such a weapon, as it is usually found that the deflection of could ever be lifted up from the ball pivots of these We next make a sketch of the positive and negative the torpedo, due to speed of ship, varies with the angle columns by the wind pressure, -considering that they are moments in the system—Fig. 4—and divide the girders from the keel at which it enters the water. If this angle not held down by bolts or any other arrangement. into six sections, each 5ft. 8in. long, which is sufficient for be a permanent one, it is only necessary to know the effect It will be seen from the above sketch of the calculation our purpose. At the centres of these sections we mark the of different speeds, and make the necessary allowance. that a great deal of labour is involved in a case like the pre following quantities: — For accuracy of travel it is essential that the torpedo should sent, where the number of additional parts is great —viz., Length A x in feet 5‘66, 5'66, 5"66, 5"66, 5'6G, 5'66 not be ejected from any great height above the water, as 7 against 3 in an ordinary fixed arch. In some instances Moment of inertia J- 34-68, 20-28, 14'52, 14'52, 20'28, 34'68 such action is extremely liable to disarrange the internal numbers of almost equal value have to be deducted from in ft.2 in.2 mechanism. About 4ft. should not, if possible, be exceeded ; each other, and the remainder is of great influence upon Distance x fromm } 2-833, 8-5, 14-166, 19 833, 25’5, 31T6 but in the Scout the foremost orifices appear to be consider the succeeding calculations; it is therefore necessary to end in feet ably higher, so that erratic results from them may be antici calculate with very long numbers, and this difficulty grows Positive moments 7 08P, 18-41P, 24-07P, 24-07P, 18-41P, 7'08P N egative moments M or M1 pated. The utility of the right astern tube is questionable, extremely fast with every additional unknown quantity. as the torpedo must be subjected to the disturbing influences Many engineers contend that structures which are diffi Then we have y = ^ 2 —, i.e., of both propellers for a portion of its run, and we should cult to calculate are not so good as simple structures, and E I imagine that the tube on each quarter would be sufficient should be avoided. Others, who only see in this a desire E y = + 533-42P - 28'312M (1) for stern discharge without this objection. We have heard to avoid labour, contend that, if properly calculated, a E y = + 28-312M 1 . . . (2) that, owing to some question of stability, the coal supply complicated structure is as good as a simple one. Between In the calculation of the cast iron columns we can inte of the Scout has been diminished and a large quantity of the two views it is difficult to find an immutable principle, grate correctly, and taking- the moment of inertia of the iron ballast added. This is hardly credible, but if a fact because much depends on the nature of the case and on column at 2"85 ft.2 in. 2, and the modulus of elasticity at would at once eliminate her only valuable point, that of the margin of safety allowed. Boofs which are mostly -} of that for the girders, we have— proceeding long distances at speed without replenishing constructed with a greater margin of safety, with regard to her stock of fuel. Failures in the construction of war the loads which actually come upon them, than railway ships are not so uncommon as to render the statement 1775 — ^7 bridges, might well bear a little more of the uncertainty = 1 [lf76 -(M—M,) M2] xdx impossible. attached to complicated structures, if advantages can be 34 fE.2-85 17-75 It is difficult to assign a comprehensible part to such a o attained in other respects. The present structure seemed vessel in a fleet action. Is she expected to close with to constitute such a case, and it was only doubtful what ]5-75 an ironclad before the action becomes general, or wait degree of accuracy in the calculation was necessary, and 2y = 1 17-75 -at- 2 x + 2 (M-M0 + Ms xdx until smoke is thick and a partially disabled monster gives how much time, accordingly, should be spent upon it. 34 -2- E. 2-85 L 17-75 17-75 her an opportunity of approaching unobserved 1 But a It may be mentioned that the present calculation was O vessel of 1400 tons is not easily obscured or manoeuvred completed by one person in seven weeks of ordinary office or among a number of vessels in close proximity to each time, and this being only a small portion of the time re E y = 26-77 (5-25 M - 5-25 M, - 3;625 Ms) . . (3) other. She will not be difficult to hit, and every shot will quired for the design of the structure, shows that the result and tell on her unprotected hull and exposed torpedo tubes ; was worthy of the trouble. It is also only due to Mr. she is thus liable to dangers from which the torpedo boat L. Mertens to state that he did the greater part of this Ey = 237-58 (-2-625 M-5-25 M,+6-25 M4) . . (4) or a smaller vessel is free; and though men will always be elaborate calculation. 5-66 . 13 Putting P = = 3 "683 tons, and solving the ready to face them, it is hardly just that they should have It was stated before that the columns D E had pivots at 20 to do so without some chance of success. If, again, we look each end, and it may here be of interest to state why they four equations, we find — upon the Scout as a cruiser, by virtue of her four 5in. were not connected at top and bottom in the ordinary guns, her inferiority is still more apparent. Without any way. We will assume, then, that they were firmly fixed M = 51-05 M, - 18-23 M - M, = 32-82 Ms = 37 ’42 foot-tons. thing larger than machine guns she would have no at both ends, and calculate the bending strains for the case pretension to be other than a special torpedo vessel; but that the two adjoining panels of 34ft. length of the gallery Dividing by the moment of resistance of the . column now she has sufficient gun power to offer a weak defence 32-82 floor are differently weighted, the one with the fixed load 5"70 ft. in. 2, we have at the top a strain of = 5-76 to an ordinary cruiser of equal size and speed. Her and the other with the fixed and occasional loads together, 5*7 torpedoes would be of little value, because an action the latter being 1 cwt. per foot superficial. In order to make 37*42 tons, and at the bottom a strain of — ■ = 6 "56 tons per between them should be practically decided before they the calculation easy, we also assume that the said occa 5*7 r got within torpedo range by the superior gun fire of the sional load be placed on every alternate panel, adjoining the square inch in the extreme fibres. Adding to this the cruiser. An armament of quick-firing six-pounder guns two panels under consideration ; we further assume that the three tons uniform pressure which the column has to bear, would have been much more useful to the torpedo vessel; piece of the girder between the neutral fibre and its bottom we should have a maximum strain of 9"56 instead of 3 but it seems quite impossible for the authorities to give up flange, which is 2ft. deep, is infinitely more rigid than the tons if the pivots had not been made. It is clear that the idea that every ship must perform all the functions column. On the other hand, we assume that the neutral these strains would be increased still more by any action that an extended empire entails upon our Navy. It would fibre of the continuous facia girder's is a straight line, of moments in a plane at right angles with the one here appear as if the Admiralty, after concurring in the design although it has the form of an arc of 9in. rise in 34ft. The considered. Many cast iron columns in existing buildings of the Scout, began to realise her defects, and approved two assumptions will probably balance each other in effect. are in conditions similar to those here assumed, and the of only one other of the same type being constructed, viz., I ig. 3 is, then, a sketch of the deflection of the system only reason why they stand is that the breaking strain is the Fearless, not yet completed. Eight larger vessels, much exaggerated. Drawing the tangents to the neutral considerably higher than the strain which the calculation known as the “Archer” class were then commenced. They 402 THE ENGINEER. Nov. 19, 1886. exceed the Scout by 200 tons, and have six 6in. guns ; so in materials and workmanship are throughout of the highest THE HAULBOWLINE DOCK WORKS. quality. In another impression we shall publish sectional this respect are infinitely more powerful, while their torpedo The annual inspection of Government works at Haulbowline equipment will he about equal to thatvessel as nowarranged. engravings of these engines. was made on Monday by Lord George Hamilton, M.P., and Lord They are also designated as torpedo cruisers, but have as In addition to the two engines which are now being shipped, Charles Beresford, M.P., attended by Lord Walter Kerr, secretary Messrs. Sharp, Stewart, and Co. have contracted with the com much claim to be ordinary corvettes, and would be more to the First Lord, and Mr. Yorke, who arrived in the harbour on pany for eight more of the same type. There are already on the Monday in the Admiralty yacht Enchantress. At Haulbowline useful for the protection of commerce than any other Swedish portion of the line four engines built by Messrs. they were waited on by a deputation, composed of the committee purpose. Instead of eight we require twenty to at once Black, Hawthorne, and Co., which are arranged to work coupled recently formed at a public meeting held in Queenstown to urge replace the obsolete corvettes and sloops now struggling back to back -when required to haul heavy loads. upon the Government the necessity of continuing the works at from port to port at a speed of five knots. It is not a Haulbowline, and their object in seeking an interview with the little curious to observe how one nation follows another in Lords of the Admiralty was the furtherance of the same ends. It was explained that there were 500 men employed in the works ship construction, whether the principle of design be good LEGAL INTELLIGENCE. and if they were thrown out of employment in the present or bad, satisfied to attain some superiority in speed or time of exceptional depression, great poverty and inconvenience armament. Thus we find two of these so-called torpedo IN THE COURT OF APPEAL. would arise. They suggested that the graving dock should cruisers—the Surcouf and Torvin —just laid down at Cher (Before Lords Justices Cotton , Bowen , and Fry .) be lengthened. Lord George Hamilton, in replying, said the depu bourg and Rochefort respectively for the French Navy. THE GERM MILLING COMPANY V. ROBINSON. tation were anxious in seeing that whatever money the Govern The dimensions are to be: length, 312ft.; breadth, 31ft.; ment could spend in the neighbourhood in Government works Judgment was given on Monday in this case, which came before should be spent in such a way as to be of the greatest benefit to displacement, 1850 tons. The engines are to give a speed the Court upon an application for a new trial under somewhat the community. That was a position that any local body of 19| knots. Their armament is to consist of two peculiar circumstances. The plaintiffs were the assignees of letters in authority would take up. Their lordships ’ position, how 5|in. guns forward, besides quick-firing and machine patent dated the 17th of July, 1875, and granted to Thomas Muir ever, was not one of unlimited control over the public funds. guns. Five positions are to be arranged for the discharge for “improvements in the manufacture of meal and flour from He and his colleagues were charged with important duties in wheat, maize, and other grain, and in obtaining a valuable product of torpedoes, one on each bow and beam, and one aft. Our connection with the Navy. Their business was to obtain during the said manufacture, ” and the action was brought for the from Parliament such sums as were necessary to add to neighbours have wisely refrained from making these purpose of restraining the defendants, Messrs. J. and H. Robinson, the efficiency of the Navy. That included, of course, expenses vessels bristle with tubes like a porcupine, as they know who carry on business as millers at Greenwich, from infringing the upon dockyards, factories, and all building and apparatus that a few efficiently fitted and worked are likely to be patent. The invention, as described in the specification, consisted which were necessary to keep her Majesty’s ships in a state of more satisfactory than a greater number placed in any in separating the germs from the fleshy parts of the wheat, in efficiency. But they had no right to go to Parliament, and they using only the fleshy parts in the manufacture of meal and flour, position where space can be found. There is little to would be exceeding their province if they were to ask them to and in obtaining the germs by themselves as a valuable, nutritious, grant sums of money for the purpose of relieving local distress be said in favour of these vessels either to take a torpedo and novel product suitable for feeding cattle, for making flesh which might exist in any particular locality. He had looked very within its range of an ironclad, or to play havoc with com forming biscuits, and for other purposes. The case was tried carefully into the past history of the dock, because it had been merce, as now advocated by an influential writer in France. before Mr. Justice Stirling in June last, and in the course of insinuated in Parliament that the Admiralty had departed from As regards the former, it seems to be quite overlooked the trial the inventor, Mr. Thomas Muir, who had obtained their original undertaking, and had in some way broken faith with the patent on the 17th of July, 1875, and assigned it to the that, as all large ironclads are now provided with several Queenstown. The fact was that the Government never undertook plaintiff company in 1882, was examined as one of the plaintiff ’s to build more than one graving dock. In the original scheme it positions for the discharge of torpedoes, the vessels we have witnesses. During his cross-examination, Mr. Muir stated that in was pointed out that a second graving dock could be constructed. described will be liable to this attack in addition to the June, 1875, he had himself sold freely and in the ordinary course The dock contemplated was to be 410ft. in length. In 1878 it was various projectiles freely poured into them above water. of business flour manufactured under the process for which the suggested that it might be advisable to increase the length of the But for this eventuality the torpedo-ram would have made patent was obtained. Mr. Justice Stirling, upon hearing this evi dock in order that it might take in any of the great transatlantic dence, said he must decide, under the circumstances, that there greater headway, and gunpowder still further receded. liners which might be incapacitated to require repairs. The pro had been a public user of the invention before the date of the posal to extend the dock was seriously contemplated by the These cruisers would, no doubt, seriously affect our com patent, and that consequently the objection of want of novelty Government. It was found that the dock could be only extended merce if we were not prepared with vessels of equal speed, raised by the defendants must prevail. Judgment was accord to the length of 478ft,, owing to the formation of the ground. It but more powerfully armed, as far as guns are concerned. ingly entered for the defendants. The plaintiffs thereupon made was clear at the time that any dock of the length of 478ft. would In fact, one of our pressing needs is about twenty improved the present application to this Court that the judgment of Mr. not be long enough to accommodate the steamers of the Trans Justice Stirling might be set aside and a new trial had, on the corvettes of about 2000 tons, to take the place of the atlantic class. The more recent additions to the Cunard and other ground that the evidence given by Mr. Thomas Muir for the plain liners had attained a dimension of more than 500ft. in length. O Class, few of which have now a speed exceeding 12 tiffs, that he had sold flour manufactured by the patent process in Therefore, to extend the dock to 478ft., which was the greatest knots, and whose armaments are in most cases obsolete. June, 1875, prior to the grant of letters patent to him, was a mis ever contemplated, would never meet the requirements of Trans Such an addition would put an end to all the vague take, and not in accordance with the fact, and that the plaintiffs atlantic liners; while, on the other hand, the dock of 410ft. was generalities we hear of our commmerce being impeded were now in a position to prove that such flour had not in fact quite sufficient to accommodate any vessel in her Majesty’s Navy, been sold until some months after the date of such letters patent. either by merchant steamers converted into cruisers, or and as their primary object was to accommodate ships in her Sir Charles Russell , Q.C., Mr. A ston , Q.C., and Mr. Chad - Majesty’s Navy, the Government did not feel justified in increasing the swift unarmoured vessels with which all the principal WYCK H ealey appeared for the appellants, the plaintiff company, the dock to the length proposed, which would be only adding expense nations are now providing themselves. and submitted, upon the affidavits made since the trial and the without attaining the object of accommodating the Transatlantic As far as the term “ torpedo cruiser” is concerned, our correspondence now produced, that Muir in his evidence given in liners. Therefore, he could not hold out to them any hope of own ships of the Mersey type might fairly come under this cross-examination had been manifestly in error, and that the state increasing the length of the present dock or building a fresh dock. designation, as they are to have a very complete torpedo ment that he had sold flour under the patented process in June, The notice that was given by the superintendent was to prepare 1875, was in fact contrary to the truth. the workmen ’s minds that in a certain time the greater portion of equipment as well as high speed. In addition to above The A ttorney -General , Mr. Romer , Q.C., and Mr. Carpmael , the work there would be completed, in which case they undoubtedly water discharge, the Mersey is to have broadside sub for the defendants, contended that this application, which was would have to look for employment elsewhere. He hoped it would merged tubes. The great difficulty hitherto with these absolutely without precedent, must be refused. The Court must be clearly understood there was no proposal to reduce materially has been to get the torpedo away without injury when the regard with great suspicion affidavits made after the trial and for the number of men who were employed at present during the ship is proceeding at a high rate of speed. Thisis partially the purposes of the present application. The patent was in reality coming winter. They were quite ready to concede to the point for two processes —the production of germless flour and the new which was first proposed —that was, as far as the coming winter overcome in the Polyphemus by the projection of a bar product called “ germ meal.” It was at the time believed that the was concerned, they would make no practical reduction in the previously, which guides and retains the torpedo until its important discovery was the “ germ meal;” and that, and not number of men in their employment. After the winter, and coming tail emerges from the tube. To this principle there are “germless flour, ” was the product which Muir desired to bring to to the financial year, they would find the greater bulk of the work com serious objections, and in the Mersey a plan is to be tried perfection and to exhibit. There would be no reasonable doubt, pleted. Under ordinary circumstances they should put out tenders in which the bar is dispensed with. If successful, it will however, that he was making and selling “germless flour ” in June, to invite contracts for the plans for the subsidiary and other works 1875, in his mill as altered and fitted up according to the patented necessary to complete the dock. That had been the practice of remove the chief obstacle to fitting ships with under-water process; and the affidavits made by Muir’s foremen upon the the Admiralty. The Admiralty had resolved not to adopt that torpedo discharge on the broadside. The next advance in present application were explained by the fact that their attention course, but complete the remainder of the work themselves, which torpedo cruisers will probably be the 3000 ton ship with had been directed solely to the “germ meal.” would enable them until April, 1887, to continue the employment speed of 25 knots. When we arrive at that stage, the Mr. A ston , Q.C., replied. of the great bulk of the men who were in their pay. Lord Justice Cotton , in giving judgment, said that the Court speedy appearance of the 4000-ton protected torpedo had power to grant a new trial when something had been done ram may be predicted. In the meantime, we hope this inadvertently or by mistake, or where there had been a mere slip, country at least will not be induced to abandon the small even at the instance of the defeated party. But in such a case the ELECTRIC LIGHTING AT CANNOCK CHASE torpedo vessel in favour of the more costly and less new evidence tendered to the Court must be considered very care COLLIERIES. efficient type when intended primarily for offensive tor fully in connection with the evidence given at the trial in which During the meeting of the British Association a paper was read pedo warfare. the mistake was alleged to have occurred. Upon the evidence now on this subject by A. Sop with, which has some points of interest. adduced —which his lordship went through at some length—he was The author pointed out the convenience and economy in utilising of opinion that the Court ought not to come to the conclusion that the ventilating fan engines for working dynamos, on account of the the statement made by Muir at the trial that he was selling in regularity of speed —which apart from the requirements of an EIGHT-COUPLED GOODS LOCOMOTIVE, SWEDISH June, 1875, freely and in the ordinary course of business “ germless installation is kept within a limit of 1 to 3 per cent., such variation AND NORWEGIAN RAILWAY. flour, ” as distinguished from “germless meal,” was erroneous, and being a gradual diminution or increase—and the fact that such Two engines of the type we illustrate on p. 408, have just that there wras not sufficient evidence to satisfy the Court that engines run continuously night and day. The fan itself acts to there had been any slip in the proceedings so as to justify the some extent as a regulator, as the tendency to run away on been completed by Messrs. Sharp, Stewart, and Co , for the granting of a new trial. The application, therefore, must be switching out of lights is modified by the increasing resistance of Swedish and Norwegian Railway. This class of engine was refused. the air ; vice versd the putting on of load and consequent tendency decided upon by the company ’s engineers, Messrs. Wilkinson and Lord Justice Bowen concurred. In his opinion there was ample to slacken speed is reduced by the diminished work done by the Jarvis, of 3, Victoria-street, Westminster, as the best adapted jurisdiction at any stage of the proceedings to inquire into the portion of power required for working dynamo, amounting to from for dealing efficiently with the exceedingly heavy mineral traffic truth and justice of the case, and the powers of the Court were 7 to 12 per cent, of the usual working power of engine, may be upon a line of this character. It was selected, after some quite as large for correcting a slip made in the witness-box as an considered an advantage. The addition of counter-shafting in modifications by the company ’s engineers, from one of Messrs. error in a written document. Had any case for the exercise of cases of slow running fans, or singlepulleys incase of quick running Sharp, Stewart, and Co. ’s own standards originally designed by that jurisdiction been here established ? He could not forget the fans, is an easy and inexpensive matter. them, and supplied to various foreign railways. It is a type of deliberateness with which the date of June, 1875, was given by Allusion was made to the small extra consumption of coal in Muir in his evidence as the time when he sold flour manufactured practice, and the merely nominal value of the slack which is engine which developes great power, and is capable of hauling according to the patented process. And when a new date for the consumed. In further connection with the working expenses, viz., over 2000 tons on the level, and the wheels are kept sufficiently sale was now fixed, some very good ground for coming to the con replacement of lamps, it was mentioned that the underground near each other to enable the engine to traverse moderately clusion that the second date was better than the first ought to be workings in vicinity of shafts—extending to 200 or 300 yards — sharp curves, while the weight is evenly distributed upon them. given. The invention was divided into two parts—first, the admit of lamps being worked considerably below power with Solidity and simplicity in every respect have been especially separation of the germs from the fleshy parts of the wheat so as sufficient effectiveness, and actual lives were given —including aimed at in view of the difficulties occasionally met with abroad to produce “germless flour; ” and, secondly, the obtaining the pro breakages —showing at one pit an average of 2270 hours. Themen in effecting repairs. The Westinghouse brake has been adopted duct called “ germ meal.” It would not therefore do for Muir to who are required to act as examiners of machinery, and have no by the company ’s engineers. As the rolling stock will consist prove that “germ meal” was not sold in June, 1875, unless he specifically regular work to do otherwise, replace lamps, and chiefly of double, hopper bottom, iron ore wagons, constructed to could also show, in correction of his former statement, that he was attend to any occasional work connected with installation. As a carry a load of twenty tons, they, as well as the engines, will be not making any substantial sale of “ germless flour ” before the matter of fact the three installations now working at Cannock date of his patent. Upon this point his Lordship had formed a Chase have not necessitated the employment of an extra man. equipped with the Westiughouse brake, as being the best means strong opinion that “germless flour ” had been sold before the The only original feature—at least, the author presumed it to of controlling such heavy loads. patent was obtained. He concurred in holding that the applica be so —is the utilisation of old iron and steel pit ropes for main The following are the leading particulars :— tion of the plaintiffs must be refused. and branch cables. From four to five miles of rope are worn out Outside cylinders :— Lord Justice Fry gave judgment to the same effect. Admit annually, varying from fin. to ljin. diameter and over, and the Diameter ...... 20in. ting, as he did, that the Court had jurisdiction in its discretion to conductivity of this has been proved to be about one-seventh that Stroke ...... 26in. grant a new trial on the ground of mistake or inadvertence, he Boiler of Krupp’s iron; — of a copper cable—of high conductivity —of similar dimensions. In Diameter ...... 4ft. 5in. felt bound to say that it was a discretion which ought to be exer the case of shafts, in order to avoid the injurious effects of water, Length...... 12ft. 7in. cised with very great caution, as otherwise a person after seeing the ropes are encased in wood boxes strung down the side of shaft Fire-box of copper : — the effect of the evidence which he had given in the Court below and roughly insulated on brackets. Underground, one of the ropes I ength...... 6ft. Offin. would be enabled to reconsider his evidence, and put the case is simply wrapped with old brattice cloth or tarpaulin. On the Width...... 3ft. 5§iD. which had broken down on its legs again. As against the clear surface the ropes are laid in brick channels filled in with gas tar Height...... 4ft. lOJin. statement made by Muir in the witness-box, he felt bound to say Tubes of Howell ’s homo, iron :— and coal dust, but it appears from the last trials that it is sufficient Number...... 192 that the evidence now adduced in support of this application was to lay the ropes side by side in the same material; there is no Diameter ...... 2in. vague and unsatisfactory. It was not shown what flour if not appreciable loss of current. The fact that old ropes are only worth Heating surface of fire-box .. 116 sq. ft. “ germless flour ” was being made in Muir’s mill between May and a few pounds per ton enables a profuse use of cables to be made, ., tubes 1295 sq. ft. August, 1875, and in his opinion the plaintiffs had not made out and at one of the installations the current is conveyed a distance of Eight wheels coupled, diameter 4ft. Sin. any primd facie case for granting a new trial. nearly 13,000 yards —double distance —with a resistance of only Wheel base ...... 15ft. 5in. ‘05 ohm, nearly one-half of which is due to the insertion of a (The front and hind wheels have side play.) Tender, capacity of tank 1800 galls. length of ’a3 high conductive copper cable. Number of wheels .. 4 A New Water Softening and Purifying Company .—The pro A brief description of the last installation —which includes Diameter 3ft. 6Jin. spectus is published of a new company, to be known as “ The Con lighting of all surface works —extending over five acres—the under Water stations being at considerable distances apart, the sumers’ Economic Water Softening and Purifying Company, ” and ground workings in vicinity of shaft, and, at a distance of 620 to according to the public announcements it is to be a branch or sub 700 yards away, the church, schools, and houses was given. The engines are provided with water lifters capable of rapidly filling company formed in connection with, and under a guarantee from, author remarked upon the practicability of economical extension of the tender from natural sources of supply along the line. The the Atkins Filter and Engineering Company. The company will installations by utilising old material such as ropes, old rails, water engines have been constructed under the supervision of the com carry out the water softening and purifying system as adopted at and gas mains, and gave the resistance of the latter as tried in one pany’s chief locomotive engineer, Mr. J. W. Mann, and the Henley-on-Thames and elsewhere. case. Nov. 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER. 403 RAILWAY MATTERS. NOTES AND MEMORANDA. MISCELLANEA. The Montags Review says that the Government has definitely The amount of crude platinum mined in America in 1885 was Mr. G. Ling wood , superintendent of the Southend Waterworks, rejected Messrs. Siemens and Halske’s project for a Vienna city about 250 troy ounces, valued at 187 ‘50 dols. This is exclusive of has accepted the office of resident engineer of the Biidgtown — railway. about 300 ounces of iridosmine, for pointing pens. Barbadoes —Waterworks Company, and will leave England at the commencement of next year. The Mont Cenis and Mont St. Gothard Railway crosses the The production of metallic aluminum in America last year Alps at elevations of 4370ft., with ruling gradients of 1 in 33 in the increased from 1800 troy ounces in 1884 to 3400 ounces in 1885, A NEW departure is being made in Kensington, with the sane case of the Mont Cenis line, and 1 in 40 and 1 in 38 in that of the valued at 2550 dole. Aluminum bronze, containing 10 per cent, tion of theUnited Telephone Company, in theshape of a syndicate, St. Gothard. The Brenner and the Semmcring Railway have aluminum, was made to the amount of about 45001b., valued at on the American system, by means of which the tradesmen place ruling gradients of 1 in 40 to 1 in 43. The railway over the 1800 dols. themselves in telephonic communication with their best customers. Blue Mountains, Australia, attains the summit by an almost con tinuous gradient of 1 in 30 to 1 in 33. The Moniteur Industricllc states that a mixture of oil and Important works for additional coal-shipping facilities at Blyth graphite will effectually prevent screws becoming fixed, and will are about to be undertaken. The intention is said to be to remove A n extraordinary accident occurred last Friday on the railway protect them for years against rust. The mixture facilitates nearly the whole of the quay from the ferry-boat landing to the between the stations of Peypin and Sisteron, in the Department of tightening up, is an excellent lubricant, and reduces the friction of fish jetty, and provide for the broadening of the river and the the Basses Alpes. A landslip from the Mont Gerves fell on a train the screw in its nut. enlargement of the channel, so as to give turning space to steamers. which was passing at full speed. One first-class carriage was crushed by enormous blocks of stone. . The engine was thrown The annual death-rate in London per 1000 from all causes, The Dover Town Council have resolved to promote a Bill in over, and half of the train was buried underneath a mass of earth which had been 17'4 and 16'7 in the two preceding weeks, rose last Parliament to acquire control of Dover Harbour, now vested in a and stones, which is estimated to measure 300,000 cubic metres. week to 17 9, and exceeded the rate in any week since the middle board, of which Lord Granville is the chairman, and the other The driver of the engine, the guard, and one woman were crushed of August last. During the first six weeks of the current quarter members are representatives of the Admiralty, Board of Trade, the to death, and seven others died subsequently. the death-rate averaged 17'2 per 1000, and was 2'7 below the mean railways, and the Town Council. The Council contemplate exten rate in the corresponding periods of the ten years 1876-85. sions to accommodate the growing continental traffic. O n Saturday night Whalley Viaduct, embracing forty-eight arches, on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, subsided, it is The deaths registered during the week ending November 13th in M. DE Lessees has returned in perfect health from his voyage reported, 18in. The subsidence was discovered after the Scotch twenty-eight great towns of England and Wales corresponded to to America, and the Times Paris correspondent says:—“Heaffirms express had passed over. On Monday the whole of the northern an annual rate of 19 "5 per 1000 of their aggregate population, which that the canal will be opened, as he has always said, in 1881), even traffic was diverted through Burnley. Recently the viaduct was is estimated at 9,093,817 persons in the middle of this year. The if the most difficult part of the cutting is not then complete. The repaired at a cost of £14,000. The viaduct spans the river Calder, six healthiest places were Brighton, Sunderland, Derby, Birken portion then navigable will demonstrate to the most sceptical the banks of which are of a treacherous nature. The head officials head, Sheffield, and Bradford. In London, 2565 births and 1420 that the work will be completed wiihin a period short enough to of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company yesterday deaths were registered. justify all the hopes originally entertained. ” visited the scene of theoccurrence, and a further disastrous develop A ccording to a French contemporary, a good transparent cement The statue of Liberty on Bedloe ’s Island, New York Bay, is to be ment of the event is expected. may be made from the following recipe;—Mix in a well-stoppered illuminated at night from the torch of the statue, which will The total numbers of accidents in the first, second, and third bottle 10 drachms of chloroform with 12^ drachms of non-vul- contain eight electric lamps, of six thousand-candle power each, the quarters of this and last years in America, with the number of canised caoutchouc in small pieces. The solution is easily effected ; light from which will be thrown directly upward, making a power broken rails, were when finished add 2^ drachms of mastic, and let the whole ful beam and cloud illumination. Four or eight lamps, of six 1886. 1885. macerate from eight to ten days, but without heat. A perfectly thousand-candle power each, will reflect their light upon the statue, B.oken Per Broken Per Total. white and very adhesive cement is thus produced. illuminating it, and causing it to shine forth in bright relitf. rail. ceLt. Total. rail. cent. First quarter.. .. 273 .. 23 .. 8'4 .. .. 447 .. 67 .. 15-0 Chamois leather, so much used in the laboratory and experi The Royal Commission on Ordnance, and upon the system under Second quarter .. 234 .. 10 .. 4 3 .. .. 218 .. 8 .-. 3-6 mental rooms, may be cleaned by rubbing into it plenty of soft which patterns of warlike stores are adopted and the stores Third quarter .. 341 .. 4 .. 1 2 ... 259 .. 8 .. 3T soap, and then laying it for two hours in a weak solution of soda obtained and passed into the service, held its preliminary meeting and warm water. At the end of this time rub it until it is quite on Tuesday, at 2, Victoria-street, Mr. Justice Stephen presiding. Total 848 .. 37 .. 4-4 ... .. 924 .. 83 .. 9'0 clean, rinsing it in, clean warm water, in which soda and yellow Sir Archibald Alison, Sir Walter Barttelot, M.P., Vice-Admiral For some time past a movement has been on foot amongst the soap have been dissolved. It should then be wrung dry in a rough Salmon, Dr. John Percy, and Colonel Alleyne, secretary, were also inhabitants of Sandhaven and Rosehearty, fishing villages, situate towel, pulled, and brushed. This process makes the leather soft present. The Commission sat for several hours, and arranged the a few miles to the north of Fraserburgh, with a view to getting and pliable. manner of taking evidence, and then adjourned until 11 o ’clock Wednesday. railway communication established between them and the latter A ccording to experiments by L. C. Levoir —Jour. Chem. Soc.— place. In the end of last week the directors of the Great North of the hardening of Portland cement depends on the disruption of A deputation from the Royal Dublin Society, formed 150 years Scotland Railway received a deputation on the subject, and each granule of the cement after it has been baked and moulded ; ago for the promotion of manufactures, industries, and arts, waited expressed their willingness to co-operate with the local promoters it is then covered with moisture and calcium carbonate ; colloid on Saturday on the Cork Chamber of Commerce and Shipping, to of the scheme. They agreed to work the line and guarantee 2^ per silicates are also formed, which are gradually converted into obtain their co-operation in a movement having for its object the cent, from its opening, with an increase contingent on certain crystalline modifications, a change dependent on the temperature. foundation of an Irish Department in connection with the Man specified increases from the traffic it yielded if the promoters found Experiments are quoted to show that the silica plays the most chester Exhibition next year. The deputation mentioned that they the capital, £40,000. The proprietors and business men of the important part in the process. Cements, otherwise good, were had already received encouraging support in Belfast and Dublin. district are to make an effort to do this. shown to give efflorescent deposits on their surfaces, some of The Cork Chamber unanimously approved of the project, and a The first railway in New South Wales, viz., the line from Sydney calcium sulphate due to the sulphur of the coke used in the manu committee was appointed to further the object in view. to Paramatta, fourteen miles in length, was opened for traffic in facture, others of sodium carbonate, from the conversion of sodium the autumn of 1855, or just a quarter of a century after the rail silicate into carbonate by access of air. It is often said that it is not the falling but stopping so shorA way system had established a footing in Europe. This line had that hurts a man. The British Medical Journal reports the case M. H. Moissan has given a simple method for purifying chromic been undertaken by a private company, but owing to financial diffi acid from sulphuric acid, and states the action of anhydrous acid of a workman who fell a distance of 110ft. from the steeple of a culties encountered before completion, the Government, having upon several simple bodies. Oxygen and ozone are not affected. church. In his fall he broke a scaffold, and, after passing through obtained an Act enabling it to purchase the railway and plant, took If a mixture of chromic acid and sulphur in excess is heated, they the roof of an engine-house, broke several planks and two strong over the line, and at about the same time undertook the construc combine with a very brilliant light, forming a brilliant lecture ex joists, finally falling on some sacks of cement. As a consequence tion of the short line of railway from Newcastle to Maitland, nine periment. As soon as phosphorus and chromic acid meet, under of this fall, one leg was broken, several small bones about the teen miles in length, which had been projected by a private com- proper conditions of heat, there is an explosion and incandescence. wrist were dislocated, and the back and hips were bruised, notwith . pany. Thenceforward railway construction has been carried on On heating a mixture of dry chromic acid and arsenic, there is a standing all of which the man left the hospital where he was almost exclusively by the Government. combination with brilliant light. Chromic acid when melted and taken for treatment in twelve days, with his broken leg in splint of Two men, charged at Crewe with having on two occasions maintained at a temperature of about 200 deg. violently attacks the plaster of Paris. Evidently there is a good deal in the way the fall placed obstructions on the North-Western Railway with intent metals, which are easily oxidised. With sodium there is an explo is made. to endanger the lives of passengers, pleaded “Guilty.” At last a sion with great heat and light. It is said that a material called cork stone is extensively used for pair of these diabolical villains have been secured. It appeared A ccording to experiments detailed by E. Michel—J. pr. Chem. building purposes in Germany and Belgium. Patents were secured that on November 1st a goods train passing near Liverpool Bridge for its manufacture in 1880. It is claimed for it that it is a nun- encountered three bolts laid across the metals. The obstruction —the setting of cement is dependent, firstly, on the addition of water, which should be as limited and uniform as possible; conductor of heat, cold and sound. The base of this material con caused the engine almost to leave the rails. The prisoners were sists of pieces of waste cork, such as in many trades are thrown seen going away from the spot as the train passed. The second secondly, on the density and intimate mixture of the materials; and, thirdly, on the formation of calcium carbonate. Of the three out unfit for use. These pieces, cut down to about the size of a charge was of endangering the Scotch express on November 2nd. pea, are mixed with a cement, consisting of mortar and clay, until The Scotch express left Crewe Station for the north at 1'42. In principal constituents of cement, silica, lime and alumina, all are chemically active, but the proportion of lime need only be slight; each single particle is thoroughly coated with the cement, after passing Liverpool Bridge, at nearly the same spot, the engine ran which they are pressed into the proper shape and dried. F rom over an iron bolt, a nut, and an iron boiler burr, which had been the alumina determines the rapid setting, but the silica the per manent hardening. The chemical change which conditions the this manipulation results a porous body, resembling in appearance laid across the metals. The train had thirteen coaches on, with the so-sailed Rhenish alluvial stone, but of much less spe over seventy passengers. Fortunately the engine kept the rails. setting only takes place to a slight degree, and is principally restricted to the surface. Analyses are given to prove that on an cific weight, that of the cork brick amounting at most to 0 30 The Canadian Pacific Company is now engaged in constructing average not more than 5 per cent, of the material becomes or 0'35. a new and large bridge over the St. Lawrence at Lachine, to be chemically combined. The alkalis play no important part in the Taking the average amount of organic impurity contained in a completed within twelve months of its commencement, and the setting. 125 miles of line to complete the Ontario and Quebec Railway, and given volume of the Kent Company ’s water during the nine years bring it direct into Montreal, will, including a very large bridge In a paper on the “ Tension of Saturated Vapours over Liquid ending December, 1876, as unity, Dr. Frankland finds the propor over the Ottawa river, be completed this year, though tenders were and Solid Substances, ” by W. Fischer—Ann. Phys. Chem.—the tional amount contained in an equal volume of water supplied by only sent in at the end of May last. This bridge, the length of author proves experimentally that the tensions of aqueous vapour each of the metropolitan water companies, and by the Tottenham which between its abutments is 3454ft., will consist of fifteen spans, over ice and water respectively at 0 deg. C. are not identical, but Local Board of Health, was:—Kent, 0'5; Colne Valley, 0'6; New the roadway being carried on steel and iron girders. The two deep that the vapour tension curve of ice lies lower than that of water River, 0‘8 ; East London, 1*3; Chelsea, 1'5; Tottenham, 1‘9; channel cantilever spans, of 408ft. each, will give 60ft. clear head for corresponding temperatures, the two curves meeting at the West Middlesex, 2'0; Grand Junction, 2 7; Lambeth, 2'8 ; South way for passage of ships. The remaining spans, viz., eight spans melting point. This result was predicted by Kirchhoff from cal wark, 3’5. The Thames water sent out by the Chelsea and West of 240ft., two spans of 270ft., three spans of 80ft., afford 28ft. of culations based on the mechanical function of water in the two Middlesex Companies again contained the very small proportion headway, sufficient only for smaller craft. The contract for the cases, (1) in which water at Odeg. was directly converted in of organic matter which characterised the samples during the three superstructure has been taken by the Dominion Bridge Company, vapour at 0 deg. ; (2) in which the water at 0 deg. was first con previous month?, while the supplies of the Southwark, Grand Lachine, and includes provision for about 2800 tons of steel and verted into ice at 0 deg., and then into vapour at 0 deg. A quotient Junction, and Lambeth Companies exhibit a noticeable increase in 800 tons of iron. difference of 0 044 mm. for the two curves was obtained. The this respect, although the proportion is by no means excessive for only experimental results extant are those of Regnault, leading this season of the year. All the samples were clear and bright. The accidents on the American railways during last September to conclusions opposite to those of the author, but they are few in are classed, as to their nature and causes, as follows by the Railroad number. The establishment of electrical communication, using the earth Gazette: —Collisions: rear, 38; butting, 17; crossing, 3. Derail alone as a conductor, may, the Electrical World remarks, be said ments: broken rail, 1; broken frog, 3; broken bridge, 2; spreading Glass , porcelain, and metals can be soldered by an alloy to be a “philosopher’s stone ” to electricians. Not that such a of rails, 7; broken wheel, 3; broken axle, 10; broken truck, 1; made as follows —at least, a contemporary says so, we have not method has not been hit upon and tried with some degree of broken draw-head, 1; broken brake beam, 3; cattle on track, 3; tried it:—Copper dust, obtained by precipitation from a solution of success, for such is the case; but there is one great drawback to land-slide, 2; wash out, 2; misplaced switch, 15; open draw, 1; the sulphate by means of zinc, is put in a oast iron or porcelain- such systems, and that is their uncontrollability. Following its rail removed purposely, 1; malicious obstruction, 1; purposely lined mortar and mixed with strong sulphuric acid, specific gravity natural course of seeking the path of least resistance, the current misplaced switch, 2; unexplained, 11. Other accidents: Boiler 1'85. From 20 to 30 or 36 parts of the dust are taken, according to passing through the earth as the only conductor does not dis explosions, 2; steam chest burst, 1; broken parallel rod, 4; car the hardness desired. To the cake formed of acid and copper there criminate between two instruments, upon only one of which it is burned while running, 1; total number of accidents, 135. Eight is added, under constant stirring, 70 parts of mercury. When intended to act, causing interference, and hence any extended collisions were caused by trains breaking in two ; five by mistakes well mixed, the amalgam is carefully rinsed with warm water to application on this plan seems futile to attempt. Professor in orders or failure to obey them ; four by failure to use signals remove all the acid, and then set aside to cool. In ten or twelve Dolbear shows a new method of telephoning without wires, properly ; three by misplaced switches and two by fog. Of the two hours it is hard enough to scratch tin. When required for use, it which is adapted for short distances. But here again, as is pointed broken bridges one was a small wooden one ; the other was a new is to be heated so hot that, when worked over and brayed in a out, the lack of discrimination on the part of the current, if the iron span, which was probably knocked down by a derailed car mortar, it becomes as soft as wax. In this ductile form it can be expression may be allowed, does not permit of more than one com striking the end strut. spread on any surface, to which it adheres with great tenacity munication to pass at one time. Still, his method is interesting, when it gets cold and hard. This alloy is intended to be used to and may be of service in some situations. From an inquiry as to how far the population of the metro solder such articles as will not bear high temperature. polis is making more or less use of the Underground Railway for It is sometimes a little difficult to find the real meaning of some purposes of locomotion, it appears that in the year 1871, when The total commercial product of coal of all kinds in the United of the American papers which publish engravings and text upon the population of the metropolis was returned as 3,254,300, the States during 1885, exclusive of that consumed at the mines, engineering matters. The American Mechanical Engineer either total number of persons who travelled on the six metropolitan known as colliery consumption, was 95,834,705 long tons, valued at changes its opinions so quickly or forgets so readily, that before it passenger-carrying lines was about 140 millions, being an average 152,919,108 dols. Of this, 32,265,421 long tons were Pennsylvania has filled one page it sometimes contradicts itself. Both the of forty-three travellers per head of the population. In 1881 the anthracite, valued at 72,274,544 dols.; whileof other coals, including following paragraphs we extract from one page: —“Devices for population had increased to 3,832,400, and the total number of bituminous, brown coal, lignite, and small lots of anthracite pro dispensing with exoentries on steam engines are numerous, but have passengers transported on the same railways to 217 millions, being duced outside of Pennsylvania, the production was 63,569,284 long the disadvantage that they introduce about twice the number of an average of fifty-six travellers per head of population. At the tons, valued at 80,640,564 dols. at the points of production. The working parts and details to be kept in order, without any corre end of 1885 the population of London was practically 4,000,000, total production, including colliery consumption , was Pennsyl- sponding benefit. It will be a long time before the excentric is and the number of passengers carried by the above six railways vania anthracite, 34,228,548 long tons ; all other coals, 64,840,668 deposed. For its specific purpose nothing has yet appeared which was -24 millions, being an average of about fifty-five travellers per long tons ; making the total absolute production of the coal mines is so simple and direct, so cheaply made, and so easily kept in head, or one less than the average found for 1881, when no of the United States 99,069,216 long tons, valued as follows :— order, or so universally understood by all who have charge of steam exhibition was open. This would appear to indicate either that Anthracite, 76,671,948 dols. ; bituminous, 82,347,648 dols.; total, engines. ” Then in describing Cawley’s “positive ” valve gear it says, a much smaller percentage of the total population travelled, or 159,019,596 dols. The total production —including local consump- “This is a simple form of valve gear having a positive action which that those who did made greater use of tramways, &c., and less tion —of anthracite, was 1,052,792 tons in excess of that of 1884, renders excentrics unnecessary, although supplying a corresponding use of the rail. These facts, a writer in the Times says, are and its value was 10,320,436 dols. greater. The total production motion to the valves. An excentric is a clumsy expedient for calculated to create a little uneasiness as to the future of our of bituminous coal was 8,889,871 tons less than in 1884, but its giving motion to a slide valve, because virtually it is but a crank great passenger-carrying railways. So far, at least, as the metro- ' value was 4,930,582 dols. greater. The total production of coal of with an abnormally large pin : and the great friction due to it, po is is concerned, it is tolerably evident that the increase of all kinds shows a net loss in tonnage of 7,837,079 long tons corn- although often overlooked in general practice, becomes very passenger traffic is neither keeping pace with the increase of pared with that of 1884, but a gain in value of 15,251,018 dols., apparent when an attempt is made to convert rectilinear into popu a ion apart from special Exhibition traffic—nor with the the increase in value being due to an average increase of 25c. per circular motion. ” This may not be either change of opinion or increase of capital and working expenditure. long ton, The total value is about the same as that of 1883. forgetfulness, but an evidence of perfect impartiality. O THE ENGINEER. Nov. 10, 1886. m 1 7m € mm i ■ V/, mmmmm. \ mm m 4 A y % •; 'Sm, A TO 1 34° m i ;t «isfly o tAyAf o m. % i )> y N, nr ■ Vs n A W y^4j>*/4 r -1 - ~ I \ o < ■ — Nt.4ir ^r|^pS!^^g^r.z3c---ir ! ■ m 4, z'.jOi—1|~ —if'. )r ■v ^-il->------^*-v- v. y-/------V! A ------4T1------^X- Si U" —-v#-y~Aii . 44?/® $ ! PUMPS. !! (g jiliiSiliiiiiiiilliiill \. . . _.Jilift — ./ -Q- jn. !i! J --li? @ ill —-LU- “XTOl 3l*~1-HUI-- :s ——-—--j- 4tz#—zrjt—gt -zir—4z- —ii i AND ^“-=4 . ^>ii n-w y—i r<--T====^EJu|ggp L-i-:-:-: «I 1 r □ § StlffS « ST x; 3 \Y// \ / W PJ \ ii / y>»i!x /AS y mmm""r...... _____ 33 D a f= in! P r=^ M illlii o ENGINES i _L. CYP—------X-^fTt ENGINEEES. t J u -- OF ® r@r <8>1 «■ -----ur 412. y > n; EEITH, ? N ____ .Jte£JA_.._. page r n A see "0^1 AJ&g ’xjfi'xjf ?bUouj fiylclms„% L / P / ANDEESON, £ — ii description J S. AND LiiJ n n i i Mi i ] j [ ! (For K $ i ¥ ! 1 nn i 1 1 R / r S EASTON 0 f = t W — nn ?!l !i iD ! R i: MESSES. i ! ir^ i • E c tfffti nr T = t o i ? 00 A .—.m------ !------n W n rLUTK>&lg ‘ t g> ~ ' ( ! S~ -iii------01 ruo r\')ovFu.j i; g t I 3n K3 _QnnrJ A ir i nq? i^q 7r^ Z3 JL © otWi□1C AMSTERDAM : iw h™ flto; % i----- |._4------i 1 i'l ■ 4- w,. o O wm 7m m ■ ft AA At - t a n k fr o m f—‘ si f 6 t "•'*■4, ** f* w a le r ‘ V._ V \d ea j~ / id ~ .0 In let 11 Nov. 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER. 405 idaivM NoidwvHinos EFFLUENT r & «n FOR PE PI o / Honoui iNaniddB l/) 5 i JL3TNI 3JVM1B ~13A3~I /WOT OUTFALL S[J M vSStl % EJECTOR i il UJ < o I PIT SLUDCE SFvVAC 0. I s /(?11 : AND SLUDGE I m £ i LEVEL 5V,/ & SLUDCE vraf JMmhhsp EJECTOR C&MI PIT I:'! si AND I Ip,1 ■ i , i LOW I?cH Tit <2J i NM - i + i ? N I ■ SLUDCE I ■■ n i (« ?>. i/ T- \\ INLET l>1, I M □ i 3^'^m S vHosia 3aoms//» i;; I i____ _ni \h i M ' i m •Jllo; D i 5sm \ \ i \ LL SEWACE il ' \! gfli iMB8 Ip« ■ |! m FLOATING i I RESERVOIR ■ l\ UJ I SEWACE M .UNDER i LEVEL / n m»i i LOW S r 6 i WORKS. i 'SEWER f! ti (ten < i in EJECTOR f «J ~u LEVEL □ E D 'ui ■& n . ■ I LOW 3DNVU1M3 m EFFLUENT i i 8 i i i RE5ERV0IR I I EJECTOR ENGINEER. 40G.) SEWERAGE m WEST RESERVOIR ; C.E., page EFFLUENT see EAST BENNETT, iij I-It description ii G. p Ji: PIPE B. ts OUTFALL (For fej H31VAA NOXdWtfHinOS If LU 5 W. AND Ifl I? h RESERVOIR .-w ME. M Iff,| 7------ii HonouHi j.N3nnjd_3 HP I s/,s///////.11'/'.v y////////1VI ■I SEWACE EAST O —J EJECTOR H- O HOLE J£fc |fil! I I w I — f ; "hJiti ft/pbaw 1 LEVEL ' i fi§D, *£1 i SOUTHAMPTON FEED JT -iWnra \_ SLUDGE il il nir.vji IStfii . V-LOW n 7? I III ■ ' =l- [jSESVACE 8 rll am V®x n!S RESERVOIR WEST HR iHHi / " !! J | f 11.SV3 UI0AH3S3d - SECTION NEW SLUDGE ■ 11 -sl ! ) l 33VM3S ii ■'AWWW'' !• la l l EJECTOR EJECTOR 33NVH-LN3 RECEIVE \ ' LJ cc 11 7 PLATFORM \ o: u 1 RESERVOIRS INLET v o ^ PRECIPITATION jj;«_ OF B LEVEL I UJ - I 7 / Ul i/» >. RjS a. / id THE EFFLUENT 5 T A N K T 0 ? 7 fr / HIGH UJ > SEWACEINLET FFFLUENT I- UJ PLATFORM / 11 ?7 a-1 Si I / SURFACE s* m H.L.SEWACE /// / PLATFORM 3 ! / m j / x I / (J ___ / I 7 MAIN 7 s -J LMLLE. AIR Ilk LJ / U) a EH / SECTION J / U1 3 / PLAN 3 _l / s / COMPRESSED mm -CELL IP I / .i. -J / m . ! P7 111 -J / RESERVOIR / 31 m u u ft II ft |7 - ii L0NCI7UDINAL i WEST 1 11 . ■ . . C\f \ DESTRUCTOR PLATFORM IDs i si 11 I— Mfw i/ ^ Ml IPfm/ 1 I 1 IT I1 < 1 i -0 091 I____ J s> 1 ROADWAY I TO is I i mil i 1“ DOORS u ftut 1 t 11 T T 7' fil INCLINED 1 IRON 0) i ENTRANCE . 406. THE ENGINEER. Nov. 19, 1886. of the feed openings. These ashes being dry and warm absorbs displacement. All these vessels are to be of the best and most NEW SEWAGE WOKKS AT SOUTHAMPTON. the moisture in the sludge before it reaches the bright fire. The modern design, having the highest attainable speed, and to be We publish on page 405 a plan of the arrangement adopted at quantity thus to be treated does not amount to more than three constructed in accordance with the plans and specifications Southampton for the disposal of town refuse and the clarification tons in the twenty-four hours. In connection with the works a approved by the Secretary of the Navy. Proposals for the con of sewag-; at the Platform outlet by a scheme drawn up by sludge cell is provided, and the sealed main will discharge direct struction of cruisers No. 1 and No. 2. and the two gunboats, Mr. W. B. G. Bennett, the borough surveyor, embracing fea into it if necessary, a stock being there kept for sale if the authorised by the Act of March 3rd, 1885, will be received tures of an interesting character, recently brought into success demand exists. At the bottom of the cell a drain, covered with “ from all American shipbuilders whose shipyards are fully ful operation. In July, 1885, the scheme was presented and a grating, will be constructed, so that the water can be drained equipped for building or repairing iron and steel steamships, was sanctioned by the Local Government Board on the 5th out of the sludge, and, in a few hours, it will become sufficiently and constructors of marine engines, machinery and boilers. ” of August. The refuse collected from house-to-house in dry to admit of its easy removal and conveyance. It may be Satisfactory evidence that the builders are such builders Southampton amounts on an average to forty tons a day, and the stated that the precipitation of the sewage has been in operation or constructors must accompany the proposals or be submitted problem hew to dispose of this remained so far unsolved that for the past fifteen months. Pending the construction of the to the Department in advance. Proposals for the construction there had been a “dust heap ” of as much as 3000 tons in mains connecting with Chapel and the completion of the of the protected double-bottomed cruiser No. 3, authorised by the yard at one time. The advantages of Fryer’s destructors destructor, the sludge has been carted there, and the whole the Act approved August 3, 1886, will be received “ from every being brought under notice, a deputation was appointed to visit hitherto disposed of in a lump sum for £125. Sufficient power American shipbuilder and other person who shall show, to the Leeds, Nottingham, and London, where the process had been is provided for treating the remainder of the town sewage dis satisfaction of the Secretiry of the Navy, that within three adoptel. The committee advised the Corporation to adopt the charging at Belvedere outlet, where the “ABC” tanks can be months of the date of the contract he will be possessed of the system, the estimated cost of the works being £3300, which, if utilised under this system. An ejector arrangement, previously necessary plant for the performance of the work in the United borrowed for sixty years at 3J per cent., would give an annual adopted at Southampton, for operation at the east side of the States which he shall offer to undertake. ” The evidence thus outlay of £132. Whilst the committee were dealing with this Bridge-road railway bridge, and which is used to lift the sewage required must accompany the proposals or be submitted to the subject, they had also under consideration the necessity of from the Marsh low-level districts for transmission to Belvedere, Department in advance. Proposals are divided into four classes, clarifying the sewage before it was discharged into the river at and to prevent the flooding at high-water which was once so and may be made under either head, as follows —proposals for the Platform outlet. The whole question remained in abeyance great a nuisance, is worked from the same air receivers. hull and machinery, proposals for hull only, or proposals for for nearly a year, clarification experiments being meanwhile con The system of chemical treatment of the sewage at the Plat machinery only. ducted at the Platform, and at length, in June, 188.5, the Special form is based on the fact that iron and alumina, in a soluble Special proposals will also be entertained for the construction AVorks Committee unanimously decided to recommend the form, when placed into sewage, produces a precipitating action, of hull according to the plans and specifications approved by Council to adopt the reports of Mr. Bennett, the borough sur and the practice has hitherto been to purchase from the manu the Secretary of the Navy; the contractor to put in engines, veyor, and to treat the sewage according to the plan proposed by facturers the alum cake, but the alum cake is now produced on boilers, and appurtenances of any design which he may consider him, and to apply to the Local Government Board for sanction the sewage premises. By means of patent porous carbon, to a more suitable than those called for by said plans and specifica to borrow the sum of £2700, the estimated cost of carrying out large extent, the sludge becomes deodorised and rendered tions, not to exceed, however, in weight, nor in the space the work, for a term not exceeding sixty years. The scheme of innocuous, and, being rendered destructible, can be treated in to be occupied, that allotted in said plans and specifications, treatment involved clarification at the sewage reservoirs on the the destructor. Without the use of presses, which is attended but no such proposal will be considered unless accompanied by Platform and the discharge of an effluent equal in purity to the with much expense in many other towns, the sludge will dry full and complete plans and specifications of such proposed standard required by the Rivers Polution Commissioners, spontaneously by exposure, so that a material which can be easily engines, boilers, and appurtenances, and a satisfactory guarantee together with the removal and absolute destruction of all solid granulated and will readily mix with the land for the purposes of the results of the same if adopted. matters. It had occurred to Mr. Bennett that the Fryei’s of manure is thus obtainable. Amongst the other methods tried More suggestive still is an advertisement of the same date, destructor might be utilised for the double purpose of destroying at the Platform was the ordinary process of precipitation by intended to stimulate the steelmakers of the United States to house refuse and garbage and the disposal of the sewage sludge lime, but this broke down in consequence of the foulness of the produce armour and guns. “ The attention, ” runs the adver remaining after the discharge of the effluent, the tanks at the effluent. The carbon is mixed with water in a small tenement tisement, “of all steel manufacturers of the United States is Platform being adapted for the process of clarification. These at the bottom of Lower Back-of-the-Walls, and is run into the hereby invited to the requirements of the Navy Department in tanks are in duplicate, and are worked alternately, one being at main sewer through a pipe, and by the time the reservoir is the way of armour-plates and heavy gun forgings, for the rest while the precipitation is in progress and the other filling reached the whole materials are thoroughly amalgamated, and prosecution of work already authorised by Congress. This up, a constant flow in the sewers being thus kept up, precipitation and clarification at once commences, this process advertisement invites all domestic manufacturers of steel to and obviating the tidal locking which had hitherto been taking about an hour. For each tide 2 cwt. of carbon is used, specify, in competition with each other, upon what terms they found so inconvenient. Formerly these sewers were “locked ” the cost being about seven shillings a day. will engage to prepare for the production of and produce the for about sixteen out of the twenty-four hours, but now—for The cost of the destructor complete will be about £3600. forgings and armour-plate required for modern ordnance and this part of the scheme has been in operation for a year—the Messrs. Bull and Sons were the contractors for the shaft, armoured ships ; and no bids will be considered except such as flow is continuous. These tanks receive the sewage of a district inclined roadway, engine and boiler-house, and brickwork of engage to produce within the United States either all the gun- containing about 13,000 inhabitants. The drainage accumula destructor. Messrs. Manlove, Aliiot, Fryer, and Co., of Notting steel or all the armour-plate —or both—specified in this adver tion at the Platform amounts to 500,000 gallons in the twenty- ham, supply the destructor and construct the cells under the tisement ; nor will any bid be accepted unless accompanied by four hours, the greater portion of which gravitates to the tanks, personal supervision of their sanitary engineer, Mr. W. Warner. evidence satisfactory to the Department that the bidder is in the rest, representing the comparatively small district drained Messrs. Hughes and Lankester, of Chester, were contractors for possession of, or has made actual provision for, a plant adequate by the Western Shore sewer, passing independently through iron the ejector. The cost of the sewage portion of the works was for its fulfilment. Bids are hereby invited for supplying this pipes laid under the tanks right into the tide. The tanks about £2800. The annual outlay, Mr. Bennett believes, makes Department with the under-mentioned material: — About hitherto, as we have already suggested, could be discharged only but little difference in the present rating. 1310 tons of steel gun-forgings, of which about 328 tons will be at low water, but under Mr. Bennett ’s scheme it was necessary, A ir-compressors employed at Southampton Sewerage Worl's .— for guns of 6in. calibre, 70 tons for guns of 8 in. calibre, and in order to render them independent of the tide, to provide The present engines are a modification of a small plant that 912 tons for calibres between lOin. and 12in.—both inclusive. some method of discharging the effluent, and of raising the low was put down at the installation of the Shone system, when the These forgings to be delivered rough bored and turned, level or Western Shore drainage from the pipes into the tanks Corporation decided to sewer one of the low-lying districts on and when in that state the heaviest forging which enters for the purpose of treatment with that coming from the high that system. The original steam and air cylinders were 9in. into the construction of a gun of each of the desired calibres will level, before being passed into the tide. With this view two of diameter, whereas the present steam and air cylinders are 9in. be about as follows:— 6in., 3^ tons; Sin., 5 tons; 10in., 9^ tons; Shone’s pneumatic ejectors were suggested by Mr. Bennett, one and 14in. diameter respectively, and have a stroke of 18in. The 10|in., 91 tons; 12in., 12^- tons. All these forgings must be to be placed below the invert of the low-level sewer, the second steam cylinders are worked without a condenser, with a cut-off delivered within the following times from the closing of a con being placed at the outfall end of the reservoirs below the of about three-quarters. The heat from the destructors is tract, viz.:—For 6in. guns, twenty-eight within one year, and inverts in a specially constructed chamber, to raise and discharge sufficient to supply the engines with steam, the pressure of the remainder within eighteen months; for 8 in. guns, within the effluent and sludge alternately by an ingenious arrangement which varies from 401b. to 80 lb. In substituting a 14in. for a two years; for lOin. and larger guns, within two and a-half sugge.-ted by Mr. Bennett. Connected with the large ejector 9in. air cylinder, improvements were made in the inlet and out years. Preference will be given for earlier deliveries. Also there is in each reservoir a pipe, the mouth of each of which is let valves, which were designed by Messrs. Shone and Ault, and about 4500 tons of steel armour-plates, to be of the best mate shackled to a buoy which rises and falls on the ball-cock prin which work very satisfactorily. The action of these improved rial and manufacture, shaped accurately after patterns to fit th„ ciple, and keeps the pipe-opening a few inches below the surface valves has been tested by compressing air into two air receivers form of each vessel for which intended and of such sizes as may of the effluent. The inlet in this arm is covered with a per and also into 4500 lineal feet of Sin. air main, having a collective be required, varying somewhat as follows :—20 D. by 8 ft. by 12in. forated plate, which prevents the passage of solids, and the capacity of about 1130 cubic feet. The pressure in the air thick, 17|ft. by Oft. by 17in. thick, ll^ft. by 44ft. by 6in. thick. advantage of the arrangement is at once obvious, for, precipita receivers rose from 0 to 22 lb. above atmosphere in 7 | minutes There will also be thinner plates.” tion commencing at the top, immediately the clarification is per after the two compressors had made 300 revolutions, The There is at present no plant in the United States competent fected to a certain depth a valve automatically opens which theoretical quantity of free air for the two air cylinders, 14in. to produce the thicker plates named, and it is certain that unless admits the effluent to the ejector, whence it is discharged at diameter and 18in. stroke, is 1925-2 cubic feet. The actual the Government is prepared to pay an enormous price, it would once. When the whole of the effluent has been dealt with, the quantity delivered was 1744'7 cubic feet. The barometer stood not pay to put up plant to roll the comparatively few plates buoy rests upon the floor of the tank, the mouth of the arm at 29in., showing that the atmospheric pressure was 14-251b. on needed. If such works are established at all, which we-doubt, keeping above the sludge, at a sufficient height to prevent any the square inch. The ratio of compression at 22 lb. pressure is then the United States must compete with our own makers for of it passing into the tide, and then other valves are automati equal to 36‘25 -f- 14‘25 = 2 544. The total quantity of free air those foreign orders which alone can keep a large plant going. cally opened whereby the sludge is admitted into the ejector compressed into the receiver is therefore equal to (2"544 - 1) x and transmitted to Chapel Wharf by pneumatic force through a 1130 cubic feet = 1744'7, assuming none of the pressure to be sealed main, nearly a mile in length, to be dealt with there as due to increase of temperature. The useful effect is thus hereafter described. This main is of 5in. cast iron pipes, and, nearly 91 per cent., which, considering the character of the The Flow of Gases .—At a recent meeting of the Paris Academy leading from the reservoir, passes along the Platform and Canute- compressors —which make no pretensions to high efficiency—is a of Sciences a note on the unequal flow of gases was read by M. road and across Bridge-road to the Corporation yard, where the very satisfactory performance. Haton de la Goupilliore. Having in previous papers given a com destructor is erected. The sludge is passed along this main, and For working the sludge ejector 401b. of air pressure is required, plete analytical solution of the various problems connected with such portions as cannot be disposed of for agricultural purposes this subject, the author here determines the true character of his but for working the sewage ejectors 10 lb. only is required. formula; in their relation to experimental applications. will be burned with the refuse and garbage carted from the town When sludge has to be ejected one of the air cylinders is discon every day, not a vestige beyond this escaping the furnaces. The nected from one of the steam cylinders, and both steam cylinders Blast Furnace Slag .—A new industry has been started in market price of refuse for manurial purposes has been about Middlesbrough, the object of which is to utilise blast furnace slag are then made to compress air in one air cylinder. By this in a somewhat more definite and systematic manner than has Is. 6d. a load, but the supply is more than equal to the demand, means the higher pressure of 401b. is attained; but as this work hitherto been attempted. The works where it is carried on belong hence the problem which is now about to be satisfactorily solved. is intermittent, and does not involve more than about one hour’s to a limited company, the managing director of which is Mr. J. A. This joint and combined work of refuse and sewage disposal and compressing per day, the arrangement is a convenient one. The Jones. One of the objects of the company is to make paving sets. treatment embraces novelties which have not before been applied arrangement transmits the resultant sludge back to the wharf a These are produced by pouring blast furnace slag into metallic for this purpose in any other town in England, and it is claimed mile away. Previously to the completion of the works the moulds, and then allowing the castings to cool slowly in an anneal by Mr. Bennett that these will be worked for almost nothing whole of the sludge was lifted out of the reservoirs and carted ing furnace. Without annealing, slag.cast in whatever form is per annum. in covered carts at a cost of nearly £500 per year. All this is certain to fly to pieces by the unequal contraction which takes The refuse destructor consists of six cells or furnaces, each now saved. place as it cools. With annealing it can be cast into being capable of destroying by fire between seven and eight almost any form, and when finished is as hard and tough as a tons of refuse and garbage per day. Everything in the borough basaltic rock. Inasmuch as these sets are as serviceable as those which is obnoxious will be collected and, for the greater part, which are hewn from whinstone, and much more shapely, the THE UNITED STATES NAVY. manufacture and sale of them is of itself a good thing for Cleveland immediately destroyed, any portions usable being sold, but on and for all purchasing districts. But there are further manu the condition that it is at once removed. As the collecting carts Secretary Whitney seems determined to give the United factures. It has been found that if slag which has been annealed arrive at the works they will pass up the inclined railway and States something like a navy. Several advertisements have be pulverised, and mixed with cement in certain proportions, and discharge their contents direct in the cells. The burning will. be recently appeared in the New York papers of much interest. pressed into moulds, and put aside for, say, three months, it sets continuous, day, night, and Sunday. In connection with this One is to the effect that the United States Government into a peculiarly firm, hard, and solid mass. The value of destructor, and inserted in the main flue, is a 30-horse power will pay 15,000 dols. for the best designs for ships of war. A these qualities was soon perceived, especially as applied to the multitubular steel boiler through which the whole of the gases lecturer at Greenock the other day is reported to have manufacture of concrete flagstones. Consequently the company from the burning mass must pass to the shaft. A bye-pass is characterised this advertisement as an attempt to bribe officials referred to is now making these and laying them down for foot also provided in which a smaller boiler is inserted ; the object of in the employ of the British Government. This charge is con paths, railway station platforms, and so forth. The standard size of flagstone is about 3ft. by 2ft. by 3in. They are exceedingly flat this bye-pass being to enable the main flue to be cleaned or sidered in America to be captious. The naval officials of the and smooth, and unusually hard on the surface. When laid down repaired without stopping the works. No obnoxious fumes United States fail to see why the Government may not supply in place, they form a beautifully even surface, far superior to what will be perceived from the burning, and a great improvement its needs in any open market; or why England, which builds is ever obtained with the best Caithness flags. Town surveyors has been made in this district of the town by widening the road ships of war for various countries, should draw the line at always prefer pavements laid with flags to those mads by con and providing a large and open space. The steam generated in furnishing plans to the United States. Commodore Walker, creting in place; for in the former case one or more flags the boilers is utilised for driving an engine in the engine house Admiral Luce, and Constructor Wilson have published their can be taken up and laid down again should there be any adjoining, which compresses the air that passes into two large views on the subject, and they all regard Mr. Whitney’s act as settlement of the foundation below, or should it be necessary to receivers near the destructor, and thence by a four-inch main to beyond fair criticism. “ New York, ” says the special correspon get at any pipes or drains. But if an unjointed concrete pavement the Platform reservoirs, where it is automatically drawn upon dent of the Standard, “ has had some experience in bribery, but is interfered with, or any settlement takes place below, it can by the ejectors and used by them when wanted. Not only does never again be put into as satisfactory condition as at first. Inas in no case has bribery been attempted through the medium of much as Middlesbrough is a seaport town, and flagstones and this compressed air work the ejectors, but it also furnishes a an advertisement in the columns of a newspaper.” paving sets are articles required everywhere, it is to be hoped that means of dealing with the sludge resultant from the precipita Another advertisement is dated October 29th. It invites they will henceforth be exported coastwise and abroad. In this tion, forcing it along the sealed main already referred to. The tenders for one cruiser of about 4000 tons displacement, one way something tangible might be done at once to find employment main passes up over the destructor, valves being placed imme cruiser of about 3700 tons displacement, one heavily armed for the idle to tide over the long-continued depression of trade, diately over the furnace lids, and can then be discharged at the gunboat of about 1700 tons displacement, one light gunboat of and at the same tiiije to prevent a further accumulation of slag in pleasure of the workmen in charge upon the ashes in the mouth about 870 tons displacement, and one cruiser of about 4400 tons the vicinity. Nov. 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER. 407 tension which accompanied the three curves have been omitted. thought they would have learnt the lesson from exhibited facts, LETTEES TO THE EDIT0E. As this is an important point in connection with the subject, I and with no idea that any man would, after what they so learnt [We do not hold ourselves responsible 'or the opinions of our would be glad if you would insert them next week. First curve, by the fact of an unrecorded exercise of 17-horse power by the Correspondents. J wrought iron, limit in tension 20,1601b. per square inch; second engine, have gone on to treat such a load to an unbalanced brake curve, wrought iron, limit intension, 32,4801b. per square inch; as they would treat the pull shown by a balanced one, and with STEEL PROJECTILES. third curve, Bessemer steel, limit in tension, 54,0001b. per square out allowing for the added clip action on what they had seen to be inch. Ed . C. de Segundo . an unrecorded load. B. M. Marchant . Monsieur ,—Permettez-nous de vous adresser quelques observa 2, Aldridge-road Villas, IVestbourne Park, November 12 th. November 16th. tions au sujet de votre article, “Steel Projectiles and Armour, ” page 390, de votre numero du 12 ct. [We prefer to leave Mr. Marchant’s letter without comment. He Nous avons eu deux tirs a la Spezzia avec des projectiles de Sir,—On reading Mr. J. W. Millar's letter, I was struck by has requested us to carry out a trial of his engine to which we 15 cm. contre une plaque du Creusot de 45 cm. d ’dpais seur—le leren what appeared to me to be the very high average modulus of have consented, provided an agreement as to the mode of trial can Avril, 1886, le 2eme le 27 Septembre, 1886. rupture obtained by him; and as it is well known that he has be arrived at. Up to the time of going to press, however, we have Pour le tir d ’Avril nous fabriquions pour la premiere fois de si conducted an extensive series of experiments on the strength of received no reply to this offer. —Ed . E.] petits projectiles, et pour nous rendre compte de ce qui convien- cast iron, I think it would be exceedingly interesting if he would drait le mieux, nous avions fourni des projectiles de differente give a sketch of the testing machine he uses, and also state what Sir,—I have read with interest a letter upon the Marchant qualitc, nous reservant de fabriquer ensuite la qualite qui s’etait le quality of metal entered into the composition of the bars. engine by “ L. P. B.,” published in your last issue. As an old mieux comportde au tir. Dundee, November 16th. Geo . C. Douglas . pupil of Professor Bankine ’s, I would like to ask “ L. P. B.” when II n ’est done pas etonnant qu’ii ce premier tir nos projectiles ne and where the Professor taught that saturated steam was liquefied se soient pas comportes de la meme fa^on, nous savions que cela DIRECTORIES. by compression, if the heat due to the work done during compres devait arriver. C’etait pour nous un tir d ’etude. Sir,—In reply to the letter of “ B. T,” in your issue of the 5th sion were not abstracted? and, vice versd, when and where did he Tandis quo l’usine Krupp arrivait la, avec un materiel cssaye inst. on the subject of “charging for entry of names in Directories, ” teach that saturated steam during expansion, and performing work depuis longtemps dans ses polygones, il nous suffisait ace premier we undoubtedly do limit the number of entries of each firm in our upon a piston, was superheated? I was never taught so at Glasgow tir d ’Avril d ’avoir un projectile superieur pour regler notre fabrica Trade Directories. Practical experience has shown us that, as a University in 1870, nor does his treatise on the steam engine show tion ulterieure sur ce type. general rule, six trades fairly represent the limit of the number of y thing of the kind. On the contrary, take Article 283, page 385, Aussi, de 3 que nous avons connu les rosultats du moi 3 d ’Avril, manufactures that a firm actually carries on. There are, of course, where Professor Rankine says: “It appears by computation that nous avons fabrique et livre au gouvernement italien un nouveau many cases where this number of entries would not suffice, and when steam is expanded in driving a piston, and receives no heat lot d ’obus pareils a celui qui avait le mieux reussi. in many such cases the hard-and-fast line is relaxed without any from without, a portion is liquefied. ” Moreover, as to the different Le 27 Septembre dernier on a tirfl trois obus de ce nouveau lot extra charge. Without some limit, however, to the number of views taken by Professors Rankine and Clausius, according to avec les penetrations suivantes entries allowed, many firms would insert their names under trades “ L. P. B.,” we find at the bottom of page 386 as follows: “ The with which practically they were not connected. principle just stated as to the liquefaction of vapours by expansive No. 1, peneti" de 240 mm. ) rebondis«ent sans dd formation We may mention a typical case that occurred on the compilation working was arrived at contemporaneously and independently by n -C: !; :: of one of our trade books. A well-known first-class firm, in London, Professor Clausius and the author of this work in 1849. Its accu tandis que les obus de l’usinc Krupp avaient pdnotre dans les m6mo in an extensive way of business, requested us to insert their name racy was subsequently called in question, chiefly on the ground conditions under some eighty different trades, including “Railway Locomotive that steam, after having expanded by being ‘ wire-drawn ’—that is No. 1, pdndtrd de 220 mm. j Manufacturers, ” and insisted that our book would be incorrect to say, by being allowed to escape through a narrow orifice —is No. 2, ,, 223 mm. / robondissent sans fentes. unless the entries were made as requested. One of our staff having superheated, or at a higher temperature than that of liquefaction No. 3, 226 mm. / called on the firm, it was admitted that no.rail way locomotive had at the reduced pressure. Soon afterwards, however, Professor Ce tableau ctablit la vraie comparaison entre notre fabrication ever been made by them, “ But,” said they, “ we could make them William Thomson proved that those experiments are not relevant ccurante et celle de l’usine Krupp. if we received any orders for them.” An explanation of the against the conclusion in question, by showing the difference Pour plus de details sur le tir, voir 1 'Engineering du 15 Octobre objects and the plan on which the book was compiled resulted in between the free expansion of an elastic fluid under a pressure dernier, page 401, qui a probablement eu ses renseignements par the firm admitting that to insert the entries as proposed would be equal to its own elasticity, when the energy developed is all com notre reprdsentant s\ Londres. misleading, and the entries were reduced to some half dozen trades municated to external bodies —such, for example, as the piston of (Par proc ’n Jacob Holtzer et Cie.), that correctly described the business carried on by them. an engine. ” II. A. Biiustlein . 51, Great Queen-street, London, Kelly and Co . If saturated steam be admitted into a non-conducting cylinder Acieries d ’Unieux, Loire, le 15 Novembre. November 11th. and expanded, then compressed back again into the boiler in con tact with the water produced by the work done during expansion, horizontal engines . the indicator diagrams of the two performances will be absolutely railway bridge oyer the riaciiuelo . Sir,—A s a constant subscriber to your valuble paper, I take the identical. If, again, the cylinder be heated by a jacket supplied liberty of writing to ask if you or any of your readers would kindly with live steam, so as to prevent liquefaction during expansion, Sir,—I have pleasure in answering the questions contained in give the benefit of your experience on a question that has arisen then to put the steam back again into the boiler would require Mr. T. Graham Gribble’s letter which appeared in your last issue. between some friends and myself on a matter that I fancy will be of actually more work to be done upon it than it gave out while The vertical member of the main truss, to which he refers, namely, interest to most engineers. expanding; but at the same time its temperature when entering that maiked A I, is a tie, and cannot under any condition of load The point at issue is simply whether, in the case of a horizontal the boiler would be higher than that of the live steam in it, and ing be subjected to compressive stresses. The form of cross sec steam engine, it is advisable to carry the piston-rod through the the amount of extra heat imparted to the boiler would be exactly tion —four channel irons —was adopted as the one best adapted to back cover of the cylinder and support it on a slipper guide, The equal to that which it received from the jacket during expansion, meet the requirements of the articulated junction of the cross advantage claimed for this over the single rod with piston at the which heat was, of course, abstracted from the boiler. girder with the main truss. The zig zag bracing was introduced extreme end is that there will be less wear on the cylinder. This With regard to the end of the compression curve near the point for the sake of uniformity with the other verticals. argument is met by the very plausible objection that the deflection E of “ L. P. B.’s” diagram, I do not see how the steam could The greatest stress upon A I—neglecting its own weight—is of the rod itself, increased by the further weight of the piston possibly be liquefied, and turned into red-hot water. It would be equal to the reaction at the end of the cross girder where loaded block in the centre of its length, entirely obviates any advantage highly heated steam, at a density equal to that of water at 32 deg. with its maximum live load. This stress is transmitted by A I to that supporting the piston-rod at each end should give. That it is Fah., and by no amount of compression, unless the heat developed the joint A, where it divides, ^-jths of it travelling down the a mooted point between engineers is obvious from the number of by the work done were abstracted, could it be liquefied. How have inclined strut A II to the left-hand abutment, and the remaining large engines built by good makers with and without this attach the various gases been liquefied? Not by compression in non-con- T\th down the tie A IC to IC, and thence through the other braces ment. If said to be an advantage, is it worth the extra first cost ducting cylinders, but by taking away the heat developed by to the right-hand abutment, both increments being, of course, of slipper, guide and stuffing gland, and the up-keep of the latter ? compression entirely, and furthermore reducing the temperature of compressive in their nature. W. H ugh WOODCOCK. And again, would a deep piston —recessed, of course, to lighten it the compressed gas by a powerful cooling medium. As to the top 6b, Victoria-street, Westminster. as much as possible —not be a better plan to adopt to save wear in of “ L. P. B.’s” diagram, about which he appears to be troubled, 17th November. ------the cylinder ? If you consider this a matter of general interest, its shape depends entirely upon whether he wishes to make a closed AN OLD PUZZLE ABOUT THE STRENGTH OP BEAMS. and have space, an insertion would much oblige. cycle of it or not. If he intends to stop when the volume of the Galashiels, November 12th. Long Piston Rod . compressed steam is equal to the volume of 1 lb. of water at Sir,—Mr. Segundo, in his letter in your last issue, expresses 32 deg , and not force it back into a receiver at the pressure it himself so obscurely that it is difficult to determine exactly what LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE HISTORY. would then have, then the cycle is not a closed one, and would be he means. He states that “ the results of tensile and transverse represented as in Fig. 1. If forced into a receiver as just stated, tests of specimens cut from the same piece of material show the Sir,—In your report of the meeting of the Institution of Civil same marked difference between the calculated stress—from the Engineers Mr. Woods is reported to have said that the new loco E formula M = /Z—at the elastic limit in bending and at the limit motive Samson conveyed 107 tons of merchandise from Liverpool nE in direct tension as exists between the breaking stresses in bending to Manchester, and that it was looked upon as an extraordinary and direct tension. ” performance. I remember the first journey the Samson made Now it is already known from Spangenberg ’s experiments that from Liverpool to Manchester, when she took fifty-two trucks the elastic limit in bending is different from thatin tension; but I loaded with cotton weighing about 252 tons, and she was followed am entirely at a loss to know what that curious fact has to do with by the Goliath with forty-eight trucks similarly loaded with about the question raised in my paper. If Mr. Segundo doubts that the 240 tons, making a total of about 492 tons, being the whole of the formula M = / Z is strictly true within the elastic limit, what he cargo of a vessel which was discharged direct into trucks and sent has to prove is that the stress for a given bending moment is not straight away to Manchester. After the trains had passed Eccles that given by the formula. But up to the elastic limit the deflec I walked down the line for some distance with Mr. Forsyth, and ] tions of a bent bar agree with those calculated on the same we found four of the fish-bellied rails with which the line was laid assumptions as those on which the formula M = / Z is based ; so broken. I am under the impression that these rails were only the diagram will be closed at E—see Fig. 2—theoretically with a that there is even experimental evidence that M — f Z is accurate 281b. per yard, and not 351b., as mentioned by Mr. Woods, square top ; in no case could it be pointed. up to the limit of elasticity. though upon this point I am not quite certain. I think you will “ L. P. B.” has grievously mixed up pounds and cubic feet of Mr. Segundo has come to the conclusion that the lateral find the exact weights of these two trains in the Manchester water at 32deg. Fah.; but that does not interfere with that which connection of the layers in a bent beam influences the dis Guardian of that date. R. Stannard . I wish to prove —viz., thatProfessor Rankine was not wrong, or at tribution of stress on the cross-section, and he seems to imply Howden, November 16th. _____ any time at variance with Professor Clausius; and also that that that lateral connection influences the distribution of stress saturated steam cannot be compressed into a liquid unless the heat both within the elastic limit and beyond it. If he thinks that THE MARCHANT ENGINE. due to compression be abstracted. A nthony S. Bower , C.E. St. Neots, November 17th. _____ such an action sensibly affects the distribution of stress on the Sir,—You publish in your last issue a letter from the editors of cross-section within the elastic limit, I believe he is in error. That the Electrical Review, and I ask the favour of a few words in your point has been already sufficiently examined. Beyond the elastic Sir,—I am sorry to see that I have made a very stupid over next issue in regard to the first fact in the so-called test. The sight in my letter on this subject; I have apparently taken the limit the case is quite different, and I carefully avoided saying carrier E which balanced the brake weight being removed, the anything which would exclude such an action in explaining the volume of a pound of water as one cubic foot ! gentlemen proceeded to run the engine at 140 revolutions with Happily the error is so stupendous that it can be detected the apparent anomaly of the resistance to breaking of bent beams. this brake weight hanging without clip on the 7ft. fly-wheel, on a But surely the first step to ascertaining whether such lateral action moment my letter is read, and so corrects itself. Also happily the portion of its top surface of about 48in. by lOin. I asked the error does not in any way affect the conclusions or arguments con has any important influence, is to examine how far the resistance question of those present—What was the action on the spring of bent bars can be explained by the known relations of stress and tained in my letter. L. P. B. balance ? And I was told that there was no action at all, and that London, November 13th. strain in cases where no such lateral action exists. Mr. Segundo Mr. Gray tried the chain and found it slack. writes a paper the object of which is to show thatthe tensile stress Now the coefficient of friction, per Rankine, for wet oak on / in a bent bar on the point of breaking, calculated by the formula metal—the condition of this suspended load —is from 0 24 to 0'26, A n Incandescent Lighting Schedule .—The following scale f = , is different from the tensile breaking strength. I showed and 750 lb. of load on the revolving circumference of a 7ft. wheel, of rates adopted for the Edison plant at Middletown, Md., is from at 140 revolutions, gives a velocity between the surfaces on which the Scientific American :— that a great part of the discrepancy would be explained by taking 3080 x 750 x 0'25 such load acted of about 3080ft. per minute, or HOUSE RATES. Dols. account of the known relation between stress and strain beyond 33,000 1, 10-candle power light, per month .. 0.60 the elastic limit. If it still should prove to be the case that a say 17-horse power; and had the necessary action of such brake 2, 10-candle >> 1/0 residuum of discrepancy remains, it will be time enough to intro load been of the character contemplated and acted on in the attack 3, 10-candle 1.40 duce the hypothesis of an action due to lateral connection —which 4, lO.candle 1.70 on me, it should necessarily have recorded 53 lb. on the spring 2.00 surely is no new idea, but which has been in the mind of everyone balance; whereas the record was nothing, and the engine was 5, 10-candle ,, ,, ...... writing on the subject. It was in 1855 that Mr. Barlow adduced Each additional lO.candle light ...... 0.15 simply doing this amount of work without any record whatever. SCHEDULE OF RATES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. the “ effect of lateral adhesion ” in explaining the precise discre So when this load was clipped on the brake, with the effect spoken pancy which is now under discussion. The following sentence from of in “ Rankine on the Steam Engine, ” page 14, eighth edition, Burnt till 10 p.m. Mr. Barlow ’s paper is worth quoting: —“ The effect of the lateral 10-candle power, each light per month ...... 0.80 revised,who says, “The friction which a given pair of solid bodies, 16 candle 1.20 action of the fibres or particles of a beam .... diminishing the with their surface in a given condition, are capable of exerting, is 24-candle 1.70 amount of compression and extension which would otherwise arise, simply proportional to the force with which they are pressed 32 candle >> ii 2.35 constitutes in effect a resistance to flexure, . . . and explains the together. ” So that I am allowed nothing on this brake load, which Burnt till midnight. 1.05 apparent anomaly in the amount of tensile resistance when excited at its full clipped weight action would represent 68 -horse power — 10-candle power, each light per month by direct and transverse strains. ” Mr. Segundo appears to have 16-candle ,, ,, ,, 1.50 although, of course, such brake weight should have been allowed 2.15 arrived at just this conclusion, and his experiments have taken me as a manifestly unrecorded work, and at the pressure repre 24-candle ,, ,, ,, exactly the same line as Mr. Barlow ’s. Now my point is that within 32-candle ,, ,, ,, 2.80 sented by the clip on such a load. If the weight did not record Burnt all night. the elastic limit this lateral action produces no important effect. itself in the way stated, it certainly will not record itself when Beyond the elastic limit it may have a greater effect; but whether 10-candle power, each light per month 1.35 clipped; and the effect of the clip on such a load is the further 16-candle ,, ,, ,, 1.85 it has or not is best examined by first ascertaining what is the law work done by the engine, of which there is no other record what 24-candle ,, ,, ,, 2.60 of breaking of a bent beam when no such lateral action is assumed. ever. 32-cand e ,. ,, ,, 3.60 As to Mr. Millar’s letter, I may say that I do not think Professor The fact is that these gentlemen first destroyed my method of Rides and regulations. — Lamps supplied to consumers by the Rankine expressed himself with very great accuracy. In the case balancing the weight. They then proceeded, in the face of a recorded company. Lamps carelessly or accidentally broken paid for by of cast iron there may be some additional resistance due to the skin, fact under their observation, of 17-horse-power unrecorded, to deal the consumer. Plain wiring for lamps, everything properly con though, like Mr. Millar, I doubt if it is important. The anomaly with the unbalanced brake they had constructed by their action, nected, upon present gas fixtures or independent, free of charge. to be explained is present in the case of materials like stone, where as if it were a balanced Prony brake. Any extra fixtures, shades, holders, and switches to be paid for by there is no skin. W. O. UNWIN. My absence from the trial has also been written of, to my the consumer. The company reserves the right at any time to dis November 15th. injury. I was unaware of Mr. Gray’s coming, the other gentlemen continue current to prevent fraud or abuse. The company shall SIR,—I see from your issue of to-day that in the publication of had forced the matter on me in a threatening manner, and when have the right to enter any house for the purpose of examining or my letter of the 6th inst., with reference to “An Old Puzzle about I was preparing a different brake. I left them to learn what an removing any lamps, wires, or fixtures at a seasonable hour of the Strength of Beams,” the values of the elastic limit in direct unbalanced brake meant, and only put in my appearance when I day. Five per cent, added if not paid within five days. 408 THE ENGINEER, Nov. 19, 1886. s i \ / P ‘ ^* — ' — !~r~ 7 I iirmninmiiiimi m k ^ : a -— I miiimi i I i i 11 1!' n s 1 i i I i i 1 70 1 TH 1 £ ] mwMitumimiiiiiTiil y 'll i i I l 1 -n i i; [if RAILWAY. -®-6feS^. lj ■ 1 6 i= i ~ m -■ ■ m --L* - r %_ r m a H hi fl K K3 irrniiilllllliiiiMiTr? e o m m m i - m \\mm n g g H f t s a link- NORWEGIAN y f l M n ) 11 m \ 11 > 1 yyt yyt m ■ i E ' M S AND ©j j^M Illfllllllilllllllllllllllllllllillllllllilii!^ 1 I III ENGINEERS « ^ 8^ 111 fffTmiiimnTiiff n S«l*il*IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlM! 111111 .) s ii 1111 402 it Uiilniliiilnliiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiim SWEDISH MANCHESTER, 11111111 n m i 1 page ii : m 111 Eg m iffiltSIIIgSISB see CO., | i 111 n I n m u n 2 = AND IIS 111111111 n description E T h For Kaii'jggiiiiasiKgl 1111111111111 W f n m n 1 u STEWART, ENGINE, BS 1 m s 111111 n m lUiiiiiiiiniiiiiiTTff £7 111111111111 SHARP, 9 S n i 'f ' m n MN n 9 i n n n n i n i n m n MESSRS. GOODS n \ i 5Sj n i o n n n n i n n n ■ 111 iliiiiiyyig>,liliS m 11111 I H 1 n m u M m i n © i n 1111 H A n ...... . Mil 1 rrr^ 1111111111 n * » = l COUPLED m gffuiiiiiiil i n n < n 1 i m i 1 m 1111111111 » i l l 111 ii H 111111 ifiiiili rs~oi n m m m \mmlm 111111111 B i K u iniiiii ii Miirn 11111111 n WHEELS 1111 a u n it i m 11 1 n i iiiiiiiliii n » m i » n u tiiimifitil m / / i i i m l i n H i i i n i i n l i i i l n i t i i i i i i i i i l / 5 l EIGHT £ s 111111111111111111111111111 ii 11111111 -^ -" •< S S u <5'^- 111 Nov. 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER. 409 Society of A rchitects.—The second ordinary meeting for the session the other hand, for certain purposes ten times the amount FOREIGN AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF THE ENGINEER. 1886-7 will beheld in the Freemasons ’ Tavern, Great Queen-street, W.C., on Tuesday, Nov. 23rd, at 7 p.m., when a paper will be read by Mr. of gunpowder would not produce the same result. This is PARIS.—Madame Boyveau , Rue de la Banqut. Edward Appleton, F.R.I.B.A., A.M.I.C.E., Torquay, entitled “ Sanitary proved by the ease with, which the strongest chain cable BERLIN.—Asher and Co., 5, Unter den Linden. Notes. VIENNA.—Messrs. Gerold and Co., Booksellers. and wire rope can be ruptured by a small charge of gun LEIPSIC.—A. Twietmeyer , Bookseller. cotton, which even more than ten times the amount of NEW YORK. —The Willmer and Rogers News Company DEATH. gunpowder could not accomplish. This is due to the 81, Beekman-street. On the 16th Nov., at Putney-hill Park, A lice Maud Mary , the beloved peculiar shattering action of detonated gun-cotton which wife of W. H. White, Director of Naval Construction and Assistant Con troller of the Navy, and daughter of Mr. Francis Martin. the slower burning substance does not possess, its charac CONTENTS. teristic being more of the nature of a push than a blow. Taking into consideration the method in which the The Engineer , November 19th, 1886. PAGE The National Agricultural H all at Kensington . (Illustrated.) 399 hull of the Eesistance had been strengthened for this Torpedo Cruisers ...... 101 THE ENGINEEE. experiment, and the exact locality chosen for the explo Legal Intelligence ...... 402 sion, it is probable that less than twice the amount of 402 The H aulbowline Dock Works ...... gunpowder would have caused a more complete breach Electric Lighting at Cannock Chase Colliery ...... 402 NOVEMBER 19, 1886. Railway Matters —Notes and Memoranda —Miscellanea .. .. 403 through the coal protection. The torpedo is stated to A msterdam Waterworks , Plan of Engines and Pumps . (Illus.).. 404 have had everything in its favour, whereas, in our opinion, The New Southampton Sewerage Works . (Illustrated.) ...... 405 THE RESISTANCE EXPERIMENTS. The United States Navy ...... 406 all the advantages were on the side of the ship. Letters to the Editor —Steel Projectiles —Railway Bridge over The Eesistance experiments so far tend to demonstrate The attack was made at her strongest point, where the the Riachuelo—An Old Puzzle about the Strength of Beams—Direc that the total disablement or destruction of a modern coal was specially disposed, and her shape under water x tories —Horizontal Engines —Locomotive Engine History —-The O — Marchant Engine ...... ironclad is not so easy as many people imagined. It was lent no assistance to the explosive. To assume from this Eight -wheel Coupled Goods Engine , Swedish and Norwegian O C/D too hastily assumed that the explosion of a charge of 90 lb. that if a similar torpedo struck lower down, or further Railway . (Illustrated.) ...... of gun-cotton in contact with any portion of the hull under Leading A rticles—The Resistance Experiments —Condensation in O U. aft, or against the propeller, the ship would still O Steam Cylinders ...... *- water would have such destructive effect as to overcome the “ have “her offensive powers not materially impaired, ” * ? The Strength of Fly-wheels—A Change in Shipbuilding ...... H — ( protection afforded by a thick lining of coal and the cellular is to express an opinion with which few will be H Literature ...... 7 — < system of construction now always adopted in vessels of war. H Naval Construction in France ...... i — found to concur. Under the alternative circumstances i Ol Mr. Stanley at the Willesden Paper Works ...... • — There are, however, certain considerations attached to mentioned, half the amount of explosive might practically rH Pickering ’s Gas Governor . (Illustrated.) ...... (N Sylvester ’s Patent Vertical Boiler . (Illustrated.) ...... this experiment which, if duly weighed, should reassure disable the vessel, though her flotation need not be over CO ridge over the osi iver at hairna ndian tate ailways j B K R K , I S R . — the advocates of the torpedo, and restrain the exultation i come. Whitehead torpedoes need not necessarily be (Illustrated.) ...... ' of naval architects within reasonable bounds. We shall limited to a depth of 10ft., as by slightly strengthening • A Great Dynamo ...... ^ “ he hysical ociety ■ ^ endeavour to place these before our readers briefly and T P S ...... — their construction they could be run 20ft. below the sur Tenders ...... i impartially, reserving a fuller summing-up until the The Iron , Coal , and General Trades of Birmingham , Wolver face. We presume it will be allowed that this would remaining experiments are concluded, as they are of hampton , and other Districts...... iK increase their destructive power, especially in the Notes from Lancashire ...... greater importance than any of those preceding. It is the vicinity of engines or boilers, which now occupy so much Notes from the North of England ...... ►K OtUiOi Notes from Sheffield ...... 416 more essential to do this because the Times, in a leading space. In a similar manner there is no difficulty in Notes from Scotland ...... 416 article of November 3rd, leads us to believe that as this increasing the charge of a locomotive torpedo to a point at Notes from Wales and Adjoining Counties ...... 416 attack failed, in the broad sense of the word, similar Notes from Germany ...... 4’6 which it becomes irresistible, whatever system of internal A merican Notes ...... 417 attempts under different conditions would have a like protection may be devised. This has, in fact, been going New Companies ...... 417 result; and that although serious damage would be caused, on for some time; more than one nation possesses torpe The Patent Journal ...... 417 Selected A merican Patents ...... 41S the ship would remain “ floating and seaworthy, with her does armed with 100 lb. of gun-cotton, and if we do not, it Paragraphs —A New Water-softening and Purifying Process, 402—The offensive powers not materially impaired. ” We are not pre is simply because former experiments led us to believe Flow of Gases, 406—Blast Furnace Slag, 400—An Incandescent Lighting pared to accept this conclusion for the following reasons: — Schedule, 407 —Naval Engineer Appointments, 412—Shipbuilding in sufficient damage would be caused by a less quantity. We Germany, 412—Damages for Dismantling a Foundry, 414—South First, let us consider the general effect of a submarine can only consider that disproved on demonstration by Kensington Museum, 417— Society of Arts, 417. explosion. It closely resembles the action of gunpowder further trials under conditions less favourable to the ship, when ignited in a gun. We know that in the latter case and we venture to predict some delusions will then be dis TO CORRESPONDENTS. a quantity of heated gas is formed, which in its power of pelled which this particular experiment seems to have expansion exerts force in all directions. Prevented from occasioned. Registered Telegraphic Address—“ ENGINEER NEW8PAPER, expanding by its rigid confinement, except in the direction LONDON.” CONDENSATION IN STEAM CYLINDERS. *** All letters intended for insertion in The Engineer , or con of the bore, the gas attains its object by the displacement taining questions, must be accompanied by the name and, address of the projectile. This is, in fact, the line of least resist During the discussion which took place on the late Mr. of the writer, not necessarily for publication, but as a proof of ance. When the same explosive is ignited under water Wyllie’s paper on “Triple Expansion Engines ”—which good faith. No notice whatever will be taken of anonymous the heated gas presses outwai ’ds in all directions, forcing paper will be found complete in our impression for communications. the surrounding molecules of water against their neigh *** We cannot undertake to return drawings or manuscripts; we November 5th—Professor Kennedy referred at some length must therefore request correspondents to keep copies. bours, which are in turn propelled forward with great to the condensation which takes place in all steam engine *** In order to avoid trouble and confusion, we find it necessary to violence. This effect continues until the back pressure of cylinders; and he assumed that this might reach 25 per inform correspondents that letters of inquiry addressed to the the liquid medium equals the now reduced pressure of the cent, of all the steam admitted to the engine. The period public, and intended for insertion in this column, must, in all gas due to its expansion in the space vacated by the dis during which the existence of this condensation was cases, be accompanied by a large envelope legibly directed by the placed water, which is likewise to some extent compressed writer to himself, and bearing a Id. postage stamp, in order that doubted, or its importance denied, has long since passed ansrvers received by us may be forwarded to their destination. by the action of the gas. Though brought actually to a state away, and engineers now take the phenomenon as a matter No notice will be taken of communications which do not comply of rest, the surrounding water is under the influence of great of course; regard it as nothing curious; and manifest but a with these instructions. pressure, which by the law of fluids is transmitted equally in languid interest in the means by which it is brought W. H. T.— You may probably obtain what you want from Messrs. Trilbner, all directions. When a vessel is sufficiently near the explo Ludgate hill. about. This is not as it should be. Apart altogether J. W. (Faversham).—The turbine you speak of has a very good reputation, sion to be struck by the water which has been so violently dis from what we may term the commercial importance of and will, we have little doubt, give you satisfaction. turbed, it will act upon her like a huge projectile, and it is cylinder condensation, it possesses a special scientific H. W. D. (Clough-hall).—The iron will waste away in the neighbourhood of obvious this range will be in proportion to the amount of the copper bolt, but the rate of waste will probably be very slow. If the bar interest of its own, and we hope to show before we have be thickly coated with zinc—galvanised —then only the zinc would be explosive employed. This, combined with the resistance done that some obscure cause seems to play an influential attacked. If the bar is well protected from the action of sea-water by good her hull offers, will also determine the effect produced. paint you have little to fear. part in bringing it about. In other words, the condensa G. B. G.—See “ Casting and Founding, ” by E. N. Spretson, published by E. If the charge is too near the surface of the water, the tion which takes place is in amount apparently dispropor and F. N. Spon. See also West's “Moulder's Text-book and American liquid layer above it will not restrain the liberated gas tionate to the means by which it is caused. If this Foundry Practice ” 2 vols., published in England by Messrs. Trubner and sufficiently to allow of its full power being exerted in other Co. Also the “Moulders' and Founders ’ Pocket Guide," by F. Overman, proposition admits of being proved, it follows that certain published in England by Messrs. Sampson low and Co. directions, and hence permits its escape into the atmosphere, received statements in thermo-dynamics will need revision. 3. K. (Market Drayton). —If your heating apparatus is properly worked throwing up the water in its way to a greater or less and does not leak it should not use a gallon of water per day. As to how Among the ships named by Mr. Wyllie was the Para. much may be used if you are working it in such a way as to produce steam height, according to the thickness of the layer. The On page 365 will be found a statement of her performance which escapes through the air vents, it is impossible to say. You are evi spectacular effect, therefore, afforded by llie upheaval of during a three days ’ run. Thisvessel has a high-pressure dently forcing the apparatus and working it too hot. You probably want a large and lofty column of water is no criterion more pipe surface. cylinder 19in. in diameter, with a stroke of 33in. The of the efficiency of a submarine explosion, but, internal surface of this cylinder and its ports amounts in SUBSCRIPTIONS. on the contrary, shows that much of its energy has round numbers, and adding the surface of one face of the The Engineer can be had, by order, from any newsagent in town or country been expended in the wrong direction. The amount of piston, to 20 square feet. Now it is well known that at the various railway stations; or it can, if preferred, be supplied direct submersion to give the greatest lateral effect to different under the most favourable circumstances 1‘5 square feet of from the office on the following terms (paid in advance ):— charges of explosive has been ascertained by practical Half-yearly (including double numbers) £0 14s. 6d. cooling surface in a surface condenser may suffice for one- Yearly (including two double numbers) , £1 9s. 0 d. experiments. For 100 lb. of gunpowder, it is stated to be horse power —a more usual and a safer allowance is 2 square If credit occur, an extra charge of two shillings and sixpence per annum will 10ft., while for the same quantity of gun-cotton it should feet. If then the first cylinder of the Par&s engine was be made. The Engineer is registered for transmission abroad. be 15ft. As the charge employed against the Eesistance surrounded with cold water kept running over it in a Cloth cases for binding The Engineer Volume, price 2s. 6d. each. was 90 lb. of gun-cotton placed 10ft. below the surface, it A complete set of The Engineer can be had on application. stream, and if the cylinder itself was of thin sheet brass in Foreign Subscriptions for Thin Paper Copies will, until further notice, be is probable that some loss of power was sustained in the stead of thick cast iron, it could scarcely be depended upon received at the rates given below :—Foreign Subscribers paying in advance manner we have indicated. At a greater depth also the to condense more than 10-horse power of steam; or assuming at the published rates will receive The Engineer weekly and post-free. charge would have been to some extent under the vessel, Subscriptions sent by Post-office order must be accompanied by letter of that 16 lb. were used per horse-power per hour, then the advice to the Publisher. Thick Paper Copies may be had, if preferred, at where its explosive effect would have been more severe, weight condensed under these conditions would have been increased rates. and where the construction of the hull cannot be as 160 lb. per hour. This is on the understanding that the Remittance by Post-office order. — Australia, Belgium, Brazil, British strongly fortified with coal as was the case in the Eesist- Columbia, British Guiana, Canada, Cape of Good Hope, Denmark, cylinder surface would be as efficient as the tube Hawaiian Islands, Egypt, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Italy, Malta, ance. We are unable to state why a depth of 10ft. was surface of a condenser, which it obviously could not be, Natal, Netherlands, Mauritius, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, New selected on this occasion ; but it may be due to the fact South Wales, New Zealand, Portugal, Roumania, Switzerland, Tas because the steam would not be cut up into small slices or mania, Turkey, United States, West Coast of Africa, West Indies, that up to a late date most of our locomotive torpedoes threads, as it were, as it is cut up and subdivided by the Cyprus, £1 16s. China, Japan, India, £2 0s. 6d. have not carried a larger charge than 40 lb. of gun-cotton, tubes. The engines of the Para indicated 616-horse power. Remittance by Bill on London .—Austria, Buenos Ayres and Algeria, and are usually run at 10ft. below the surface. The steam used cannot well have been less than 16 x Greece, Ionian Islands, Norway, Panama, Peru, Russia, Spain, Sweden] Considerable stress has been laid on the fact that in this Chili, £116s. Borneo, Ceylon, Java, and Singapore, £2 0s. 6d. Manill a 616 —98561b. per hour. Not less than one-fourth of this Sandwich Isles, £2 5s experiment the charge was in actual contact, and yet did was condensed, probably more. That is to say, 24641b. ADVERTI8EMENT8. not effect complete penetration. It is even gravely asserted equal to 154-horse power per hour, were turned into water *»* The charge for Advertisements of four lines and under is three shillings that an actual torpedo would have rebounded a certain for every two lines afterwards one shilling and sixpence; odd lines are: : by 20 square feet of surface. Thus, it appears that charged one shilling. The line averages seven words. When an advertise distance before explosion took place, and this would 013 square feet of steam cylinder is as efficient for con ment measures an inch or more the charge is ten shillings per inch. All diminish its effect. In the first place, the detonation of single advertisements from the country must be accompanied by a Post-office densing purposes as two square feet of small tubes order in payment. Alternate advertisements will be inserted with all gun-cotton is practically instantaneous, so that impact and immersed in cold water. The difference in temperature practical regularity, but regularity cannot be guaranteed in any such case. explosion would be simultaneous. We are hardly between the steam and the water may be taken at, All except weekly advertisements are taken subject to this condition. prepared to allow an inch rebound, but will con- say, 150deg.; but the entire range of temperature which Advertisements cannot be Inserted unless Delivered before 8lx cede that until actual proof convicts us of error. In o’clock on Thursday Evening In each Week existed in the high-pressure cylinder was only 69 deg. the second place, it is possible that a distance of three Letters relating to Advertisements and the Publishing Department of the It would seem that the best condenser which it is possible paper are to be addressed to the Publisher, Mr. George Leopold Riche; all or four feet between charge and ship would rather aug to use is a cast iron cylinder, surrounded by some medium other letters to be addressed to the Editor of The Engineer , 163, Strand. ment than diminish the effect produced in the case of such which will keep it colder than the steam by about 69 deg. an explosive as gun-cotton when sufficiently immersed. It It will, perhaps, be urged that the whole condensation did MEETINGS NEXT WEEK. is possible the intervening water thrown against the side not take place in the high-pressure cylinder alone. On The Institution of Civil Engineers , 25, Great George-street, West of the ship would do more damage than the gas liberated minster, S.W.—Friday, Nov. 19th, at 7.30 p.m.: Students ’ meeting. this point, however, tliei’e is little room for doubt. It is Paper to be read, “ Diamond Mining in Parana. South Brazil,” by in actual contact. At any rate, experiments some years quite true that the whole condensation does not take place ~Jr- Arthur J. Russell, Stud. Inst. C.E. Tuesday, Nov. 23rd, at 8 p.m.: ago with smaller quantities of both dynamite and gun Ordinary meeting. Discussion “ On Concrete, as Applied in the Con there, but four-fifths of it does; and we believe that we are struction of Harbours. ” cotton showed that when exploded 4ft. from the bottom of understating the facts when we take 25 per cent, as the SodETY of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians .—Meeting at a ship enormous damage was inflicted on her. the Institution of Civil Engineers, 25, Great George-streel, S.W., Thurs- loss. But to avoid controversy, we will concede that only day, Nov. 25th, at 8 p.m.: “ The Predetermination of the Characteristics Although it is generally estimated that gun-cotton is one-half the whole condensation takes place in the first of Dynamos, by Gisbert Kapp, Associate —adjourned discussion. “Some about four times more powerful than gunpowder, this does cylinder. Then—shutting our eyes to the truth that the Experiments on Secondary Cells,” by James Swinburne, Member. not appear to hold good under all conditions ; while, on low-pressure cylinder of triple engines always woj ’ks quite 410 THE ENGINEER Nov. 19, 1886. dry, and the intermediate cylinder nearly dry, notwith Schneider’s solid steel has beaten compound armour made centrifugal force will be precisely the same as that of steam standing the enormous dose of water it gets from its pre on the English system; that compound plates have been tending to burst a boiler, because the steam acts radially, decessor in the cycle—the facts are sttll quite contrary known to break spontaneously from molecular action, and just as centrifugal force does. We may imagine the whole to what any one having experience in condensers alone that the British Admiralty, having committed themselves rim to be cut up into very small segments, and each held would predicate. The available cylinder surface and its to the adoption of compound armour too precipitately, to the centre by a wire. If any wire broke, the segment high temperature appear to be quite inadequate to cause have been prevented only by “ conservatism and pride ” previously held in place by that wire would fly out. In the condensation of anything like the volume of steam from confessing their mistake, and adopting solid steel in stead of wires, the fly-wheel rim is held together by the which is, as a matter of fact, turned into water. What are preference. cohesion of the segments. The wheel rim may be con we to say then ? That the surface condenser is a very It is hardly to be expected that such statements should ceived as cut up into-segments, each with a mean thickness inefficient device for taking the heat out of steam, or that be allowed to pass uncontradicted by the advocates of com of lin., and weighing about 33 lb. The centrifugal force the inside of a cylinder is extraordinarily efficient ? pound plates in this country, and we have had our atten will then be 9 x 33 x TO* x "00034 = omitting fractions, It may be said, perhaps, that there is no true com tion called to the matter. As our readers are awar e 495 lb. That is to say, if each segment were lield to the parison to be drawn between the cylinder and the con we have for many years past followed the progress of the shaft by a wire, the strain on that wire would be 495 lb. denser, because in the first the temperature of the water development of armour, giving original reports of experi Let us suppose that our fly-wheel is 12in. wide by 10 8in. produced remains very high, while in the case of the ments from observations made on the ground on each occa thick, then the conditions will be precisely the same as condenser it is very low. We do not forget this for a sion as far as circumstances permitted, both in England and that of a boiler with a shell 18ft. in diameter and 10"8in. moment, and we reply that the latent heat at all events abroad, and much additional information has come into 495 thick, submitted to a pressure of = 41 lb. in round must be taken out of the steam before it can be reduced to our hands which we have not been at liberty to use. We 12 the condition of water, and this bears a large proportion hardly think that we shall be accused of partiality. Cer numbers per square inch. to the sensible heat. The comparison between the con tainly no one who read our review on the Spezia com Now it maybe worth while here to explain that in calcu denser and the engine cylinder stands thus. Taking the petition of 1884, or the trial of the Gruson armour last lating the strength of a boiler, it is right to regard it as com initial pressure at 150 lb. absolute, in the high-pressure spring, would deny that we had not cordially praised posed of halves, and to calculate the bursting strain on each cylinder, its temperature will be 358 deg. As the range foreign armour and tried to point out superiority and good in terms not of the semi-circumference but of the semi of temperature is 69 deg., the terminal temperature will features when we saw them. Some of our observations diameter. For a mathematical demonstration of the truth be 289 deg.; each pound of steam condensed under these must at times have been strongly objected to at Sheffield; of this proposition, we may refer our readers to Wilson on conditions will surrender 910 units of latent heat. If the at others we have been aware that this must have been “ Steam Boilers, ” Chapter II. In the case of our fly-wheel steam was delivered at atmospheric pressure into the con equally the case at Essen and Creusot. It would be easy then we have a rending pressure of 41 lb. per square denser, each pound would give up about 1020 units. The to give examples of these, but our object in referring to inch exerted over a surface equal in width to the breadth difficulties of the surface condenser, it will be seen, are them is only to emphasise the fact that we have endea of the fly-wheel rim, and in length to the diameter of the not enormously greater than those of the steam cylinder, voured to arrive at conclusions that would prove to be wheel. The first dimension is 12in. ; the second is notwithstanding that a lower temperature has to be got in sound, and establish the value of our reports and reviews 12 x 18 = 216, and 216 x 12 x 41 = 106,2721b. But the former than obtains in the latter. of these matters. there are two sections of the rim to sustain this, because, If we attempt to explain the wonderful condensing For the present we must ask our readers not before the wheel could be fairly broken in two, the rim powers of the cylinder by the fact that work is being done to accept the strong statements above referred to con must be torn asunder in two places. Therefore the rend in it, we shall not find ourselves helped much; because cerning the relative merits of steel and steel-faced ing strain on any section of the rim will be half 106,272 lb., steam jackets in which no work is done are, curiously plates. The advocates of steel-faced armour reply or 53,1361b. As the section is 130 square inches, then the enough, remarkably efficient as condensers. From the to them very directly. For example, they state jackets of a compound engine it is easy to get as that instead of steel plates beating compound in com strain will be —= 409 lb. nearly As two tons per much as 3 lb. of water per horse per hour, and after petitive trials, the reverse has been the case ; that is, every allowance has been made, it will be found that the compound have beaten the steel; that while it is inch is considered to be sufficient tensile stress to put on cast a foot of jacket must be about as efficient a condenser ridiculously untrue to state that compound plates have iron, it will be seen that our fly-wheel has a considerable as 5ft. or 6ft. of surface condenser tubing; and further broken spontaneously, it is notorious that steel plates margin of safety. As the centrifugal force increases as the more, the jacket is quite incapable of entirely preventing have thus become fractured both before and after square of the velocity, if the number of revolutions was condensation taking place inside the cylinder. Now, the fixing on the ship’s side, while they are specially doubled, becoming 140, instead of 70, stress would reach means adopted for keeping the jacket warm are very effi liable to suffer from changes of temperature. We 1636 lb. If the speed reached 280 revolutions, the stress cient. It is carefully clothed outside with felt and wood lag need hardly say that we have never committed our would be 65441b. on the square inch, or considerably beyond ging, and its inner walls are kept warm part of the time by selves to anything sweeping of this character. We have the limit of safety. We have entirely neglected the the steam flowing- through the cylinder. It is known that reported a victory in favour of steel 19in. plates in the assistance which the arms give, and properly so. The while an engine is standing with steam in the jackets very Spezia trial of 1884, and we have expressed the wish that arms, by setting up initial strains in cooling, are often little condensation takes place in them; as soon as the engine the principle of a hard face and a tough back could be a direct source of weakness instead of strength. A begins to work, the drain traps on the jackets begin to carried out with hard and soft steel successfully. On the fly-wheel must depend for strength on its rim, and if this work also. Virtually, then, we have a current of steam at other hand, we have, as in the case of Amager and Ochta, is not ample then the wheel is unsafe. When it is borne rhythmically variable pressures acting powerfully to con recorded the victory of compound 12in. plates over steel; in mind that the rims, especially of large wheels, are dense a body of steam nearly at rest on the other side of a and at Shoeburyness, in 1883, we reported that a Wilson ’s usually cast out of very common cheap iron, that they may thick cast iron plate—that is to say, the cylinder wall. compound 12in. plate backed by granite resisted a blow of be full of blowholes, and that the cross section is some times made up of mouldings and fillets of very variable That condensation should take place under the circum about three times the energy per ton of plate that has thickness, it becomes obvious that a large factor of safety stances is not wonderful, but that it should take place in ever been borne, so far as we know, by any other armour. enormous quantities, considering the smallness of the sur In a review of Lieutenant Jacques’ pamphlet on “ Modern ought to be always allowed. We once heard it urged that if a wheel of one section faces involved and the moderate differences in temperature Armour, ” which appears to furnish the groundwork of was too weak, it was easy to improve it by adding on to at opposite sides of the plate, is, we think, very wonderful, most that has been said against compound armour, we the pattern, so as to put more metal in the rim. This is and deserving of far more consideration than it has yet summed up our opinion that while solid steel had certainly a mistake into which founders sometimes fall. It is received. resisted full front attack on a large scale as nothing else enough, however, to mention the error to correct it. The A very large number of experiments has been carried has done, it has to develope a good deal in three particular bursting strain is a function of the weight of the rim, and out with steam engines to ascertain the relative value of directions —hardness of face, toughness and softness of any addition to the cross-section must augment the weight, jackets, &e.; but these prove little or nothing, save that in body, and certainty as to its qualities. and therefore the stress, in just the same proportion. A every steam engine there is a certain speed, pressure, ratio The information now in our possession bears strongly wheel may be strengthened by casting it as a disc, great of expansion, and load which, gives a better result than on the last of these qualifications; but we do not propose care being taken, however, that it is cooled very slowly any others with that particular engine. Something more to enter into the question now, but only to assure our and equably to prevent contraction strains being set up, than this is urgently required. If only cylinder conden readers that we have had important data put in our hands, which will sometimes burst such a wheel when it is put in sation could be prevented a very great saving of fuel would for which it would be well to wait before coming to a conclusion on the relative merits of compound and steel the lathe to be bored. Afar better plan is to hoop it with be effected. As matters stand the steam jacket is at best wrought iron or steel. We augment the section in this plates. but a poor expedient for effecting this,and it can only reduce way, it is true, but with a metal about three times as strong condensation, not prevent it. The point to be decided, the strength of fly -wheels. as cast iron. Such expedients, however, are only applicable however, before any further progress can be made, is this. to small fly-wheels, such as those fitted to ploughing and Supposing a steam engine was fitted with a perfectly non The destructive failure’of a fly-wheel not long since at Brymbo calls attention once more to the somewhat traction engines, which are sometimes run at dangerously conducting cylinder, how much steam would be condensed, high speeds. It is easily shown that there is a certain or would any 1 We shall be told, no doubt, that thermo reckless fashion in which fly-wheels are worked. The bursting of a fly-wheel is usually due to a failure on the velocity of rim which must not be exceeded. Thus, for dynamic laws prove that there would be no condensation example, the wheel which we have cited has a circum in such a case, save that due to the performance of work. part of the governor to prevent undue acceleration of the engine. In the Brymbo case it appears that something ference of 56"5ft., and makes seventy revolutions per This last phrase means more than one thing—at least it can minute, or 66ft. per second very nearly. At this the wheel be applied in more than one sense. Steam surrenders its went wrong with the throttle valve, and the engine ran away. A fruitful cause of such catastrophes is the break is quite safe. If the diameter were halved, then the latent heat with marvellous alacrity—so great that one is number of revolutions might be doubled and the wheel tempted, indeed, at times to dispute Sir William Thomson ’s ing down of the gear by which the governor is driven. The governor ceases to revolve, the balls fall together, the would still be safe, because the velocity of the rim dogma, and assert that heat can pass from a colder to a would remain 66ft. per second. A speed of 80ft. per hotter body. We shall not give way to the temptation, throttle valve—or its equivalent —is thrown wide open, the engine races and the fly-wheel bursts. To overcome this second is generally regarded as about the highest at however; we shall content ourselves with re-stating that which it is safe to run a fly-wheel, but this velocity is difficulty the governor is sometimes so made that when it there are peculiarities in the behaviour of steam in a steam often exceeded in rolling mills. We have said nothing stops and the balls are in their lowest position the throttle engine which do not appear to be consistent with certain concerning the method to be adopted in securing the halves valve is closed. In order to start the engine the throttle thermodynamic laws. It is quite possible that on investiga of a wheel to each other, such as by dowels and cotters, valve is disconnected from the governors. As soon as the tion it will be found that there is nothing about the matter or hoops shrunk on, or bolts and nuts. It is not necessary which is not explicable, but it i3 also probable that such an engine has acquired its proper speed the connection between the two is re-established. Fly-wheels, however, to do more than call attention to the necessity which exists investigation as we speak of may reveal facts which are for making these very strong. It must not be forgotten burst now and then without any failure on the part of the not known at present, and give us new data concerning that when heavy wheels, such as those used in sheet mills, governors; and there can be no doubt that they are often the rate of transfer of heat between bodies of various sometimes weighing as much as 60 tons, are used, there is run within an inch of their lives, especially in ironworks, kinds. It is, above all, desirable that the actual tempera a very great strain brought on the bolts, &c., by the weight where very many wheels are driven at a great pace in order ture of the inside surface of the metal of the cylinder of that half of the wheel which happens to be below the that they may have momentum enough to overcome the should be ascertained, and it seems that this could be done shaft, in addition to the stress caused by centrifugal force. resistance offered by the iron to the rolls. We propose to by a judicious use of a thermopile. There are experi One case is mentioned in which just after an engine had say here something on this subject which may serve to open mental engines at most of our Universities now. What been started, before more than a revolution had been the eyes of certain of our readers to the dangers which professor of engineering will be the first to break new made, half the wheel dropped into the pit, while the other ground, get out of the beaten track, and conduct a new they incur. half turning over, fell with a crash on the crank and con The centrifugal force tending to burst a fly-wheel is experiment ? A simpler investigation would consist in necting-rod, and so smashed up the engine. Several cases very easily calculated. It operates in all cases radially, and trying the effect of jacketting in an engine with glass are on record in which wheels have gone to pieces entirely cylinders. The experiment would have to be made on a can be resolved into a circumferential strain in more ways through the failure of the cottersin the dowels. Afly-wheel small scale if the pressures were high, but with low pres than one. That which we shall use in the following is now and then looked on as a very unscientific and simple sures a cylinder 1ft. or more in diameter might be used —in article is not that usually adopted, but it possesses, we piece of work, but its proper construction and use demand think, several advantages. Assuming that the rim is connection, of course, with a condenser. Glass cylinders som ething more than a superficial acquaintance with certain have often been used for experimental purposes —on too symmetrical in cross section, then the circle of rotation will natural laws, and ignorance or neglect of these laws may small a scale, however ; but we have not heard of such an fall half way between the inside and outside of the rim. result in loss of life and serious destruction of valuable The centrifugal force will be found by multiplying together experiment with a glass cylinder and a glass jacket, so property. made that what took place in both could be seen. the radius of the wheel, its weight, the number of revolu tions squared, and "00034. Let the weight of a STEEL VERSUS STEEL-FACED ARMOUR. wheel rim be 10 tons, or 22,400 lb., let the mean A CHANGE IN SHIPBUILDING!. Strong statements have recently appeared in print on radius be 9ft., and the revolutions 70 per minute. It is well known that during the past two months a number the relative merits of steel and compound armour, the A little calculation will serve to show that the cross section of orders have been given out for new vessels; hut it has not former being declared to be beyond all question superior to of the rim must be about 130 square inches. We are entirely been noticed in print that there is a very significant fact in con the latter. It has been stated that in all competitive trials neglecting the weight of the arms and boss. The action of nection with these orders. For eight or nine months previously Nov. 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER. 411 there have been few orders given for cargo-carrying steamers about 1 million gallons a day. Altogether over 10,000,000 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION IN FRANCE. purely. In the steamers ordered on the north-east coast there is gallons of oil came to the surface, and most of this was a large proportion of these. This in itself is not to be wondered lost for want of storage accommodation. ” The “ Creusot Company ” has, as we lately announced, for at, for the losses of this type of vessel have been heavy through This reads well, yet we are uncivil enough to ask how it the time being suspended its production of steel rails and out the year, and replacement of some of the vessels lost was to transferred its orders in course of execution to the Company was known that the well delivered 11,000 tons of oil a of Steelworkers of France. Our contemporary, Annates Indus- be expected. But whilst the vessels lost were iron steamers day ? The Baku Isvestie, it will be seen, is not particular fitted with compound engines, the vessels ordered are, in far the trielles, tells us that the object of this transfer is to permit to a thousand tons or so a day, more or less; but Mr. the Creusot Company to devote itself more completely to greater number of cases, to be built of steel, and are, in every Marvin is minute, 11,000 tons or 2f millions of gallons a case of which we have been able to learn particulars, to have triple the production of steel as applied to materiel of war and naval expansion engines. Thus, at West Hartlepool, one builder has day running to waste. That is his statement ; we are not construction. This change will be explained by the efforts now booked orders for six steamers, five to be built of iron, and all to told how he measured the oil. After the tenth day the flow being made by the great powers to develope their fleets. have triple expansion engines. At one of the marine engine began to diminish, and we are told that the engineers got it Spain, and even China and Japan, are striving to create works in the locality the whole of the orders, which include work under control; we are not told, however, whether the powerful fleets, and as the construction of ironclads, cruisers, for six months, are for the popular type of engines. This diminution was due to the engines or to the failure of the and torpedo boats is a somewhat difficult question, the number increasing use of steel has given to the steel-making firms supply. This question of failure of supply Mr. Marvin of establishments that can undertake them is necessarily limited. abundant employment for some time to come, and has driven up touches very lightly, yet it is all important. The Baku In order to concentrate this industry more than ever in the the price. The change in the metal for the carge steamers district is like that of the United States. Then there is hands of certain constructors, the administrators of the Creusot Company have associated with them some of the principal and the use of the newer engines for them, points in two every reason to conclude that the supply can only be tem directions —increased economy for the new steamers, and French factories, and have thus formed a powerful Syndicate porary; butin anycaseitmust,aftereveryallowancehasbeen with the aim to compete successfully with the rival establish a sterner competition for the existing vessels of the older made for Mr. Marvin ’s vigorous imagination, be enormous type. Of course, against the latter is to be set that im ments of England and Belgium. provement in the range of steamer freights which has com —large enough to make it worth England ’s while to keep This syndicate is formed on the basis of co-operative societies, menced, and which—after a possible lull and partial retreat in the carrying trade in Russian petroleum as much as possible in view of producing complete naval structures, Creusot the depth of winter—may be more fully known when, next year, in her own hands. At present it seems that sixteen furnishing the steelwork and machinery. The societies in trades that will soon close may open out again. Every rise in gallons of crude oil can be bought for one penny, while correspondence with that of Creusot are the New Forge and the rate of freights means that the older vessels will be able to lamp oil is worth in Baku only three farthings per gallon. Timber Company of the Mediterranean, the Company of Work earn a profit where, with the low range of freights, they were To import this and retail it at 6d. a gallon ought to leave shops and Timberyards of the Loire, and those of the Gironde. unable previously. But apart from that, the competition will a large profit. Russia seems determined to make the most of The syndicate is further sustained by a finance department, be the keener with the new and more economically-working the harvest. There are now 120 firms refining oil round formed by the Discount Bank of Paris. steamers which have of late been ordered. Some of the owners Baku, and procuring yearly 120 millions of gallons. The New Forge and Timber Company of the Mediterranean, with a capital of 13,000,000f., has its principal establishment at of older vessels are endeavouring to adopt systems of using It is unnecessary to quote largely from Mr. Marvin ’s “ duff, ” or very small and cheap coal, with the aid of forced Seyne, near to Toulon ; it has also a branch at Havre, where pamphlet, because those interested in petroleum can several large transports and despatch boats have been built, and draught, and it is claimed that this is very successful in obtain it for a few pence. We cannot, however, suffer increasing profits. A palliative like this may for a time succeed, where there has lately been established a large artillery factory. but it will be for a time only, for there can be no doubt that the some of Mr. Marvin ’s statements to pass unquestioned. The building yards of Seyne have recently turned out two tendency to build boats which will work more economically will Thus, for example, when he tells us that in America there large steamers, the Gascoyne and the Bourgogne, for the service in time become universal ; and as the steamers of this class are oil wells 5000ft. deep, we venture to ask for the names of the General Transatlantic Company. The Marceau, a first- become more and more numerous the tendency will be that more of these wells, their locality, and the authority on which class coast guard for the French Navy; the Pelayo, a first-class work will be done by them at a given cost, and that the range of he makes the statement. His calculations concerning its ironclad for the Spanish Navy; the Cecile, a swift cruiser, and freights may move on the whole downwards. The prospect, value as a fuel are, to say the least, wild. For example, he several torpedo boats have also been built there, as well as a therefore, is one of some gravity for the owner of steamships, estimates its value as two and a-half times that of coal. great number of other vessels of all kinds, among which is the and it ought to induce him to endeavour to reduce some of the ‘'One thousand tons of oil not only goes as far as 2500 Duperre, perhaps the most formidable ironclad that France now possesses. The Workshops and Yards of the Loire, witha capital charges, such as that of insurance, which are more and more tons of coal, but takes up only the bunker space of 500 or pressing in their nature as the whole of the freights tend down of 20,000,G00f., are a result of the fusion of several establish 600 tons, and allows the balance of 2000 tons to be applied ments. The principal yards are at Saint-Nazaire, with a branch wards; and the movement of freights over a period has been in to passenger or cargo purposes. If one applies this illus that direction, and with the growth of the merchant navies of at Nantes, the old work-yards of Joliet and Babin, and another the world will continue to be so, and economical working tration to the rapid Canard Liner Etruria, which has to at Havre, which previously belonged to the Company of Naval increasingly a necessity for the shipowner. carry 3000 tons of coal, and in consequence has a capacity Constructions. The company has also works at Saint Denis, for only 400 tons of cargo left available, one can perceive and Petit-Quenilly, and Rouen (the old Claparede Society). an enormous economy in liquid fuel.” The figures we It is now building a transport, the Tayc, for the French should give are somewhat different. A ton of crude Government, also a swift cruiser for Russia. Both these countries LITERATURE. petroleum will in practice make as much steam as about a have also entrusted to it the construction of several despatch ton and a-half of coal. Refined petroleum has a higher and torpedo boats. The Company of Shipbuilders of the Gironde, The Coming Deluge of Russian Petroleum. By Charles Marvin . value, but of course this cannot be used to propel with a capital of 7,000,000f., has been long associated with that London : Anderson and Co. 1886. steamers, because it is too costly and too inflammable. of Creusot, and has in course of construction a large transport vessel for the French Government. Mr, Marvin has written many books dealing for the The specific gravity of the crude oil is about '87— that is The principal aim of this new Syndicate i3 to enable the most part with the districts surrounding the Black and to say, it is much lighter than water; 36 cubic feet of the Caspian Seas. The most celebrated of them is “ The Creusot and the other industrial companies to obtain foreign water weigh one ton; a ton of oil will occupy 40 cubic orders, the several companies preserving their liberty of action Region of Eternal Fire.” The pamphlet before us is not feet. Thishappens to be just the space occupied by a ton of as far as French orders are concerned. Each of the live great less sensational than its predecessors, save in so far that coal as stowed in a ship’s bunkers, consequently there would maritime ports of France possesses an arsenal, where vessels of being much smaller, there is less room for startling state be no saving in space per ton. Instead of carrying all dimensions may be built. The French Navy has also the ments; but Mr. Marvin has made the most of his space. 3000 tons of coal, the Etruria would carry 2000 tons of factories of Indret, for the manufacture of engines and boilers, He is no lover of Russia, and the object of the pamphlet petroleum, and the saving would amount to 1000 tons of as well as an establishment at Guerigny-la-Chaussade, for making is to suggest that English shipowners ought to carry space and weight. This is not quite what Mr. Marvin chains and anchors. Among the important shipbuilding yards petroleum from the Black Sea, instead of leaving Germans says. If he is right, then Astatke, or the refuse used for must be also quoted that of Penhcct, belonging to the General to do the work. Mr. Marvin has in this respect our fuel, weighs, bulk for bulk, just twice as much as coal. That Transatlantic Company, which has just built for its own use two warmest sympathies and our best wishes for his success. oil will be largely used instead of coal as a fuel for steamers large steamers, the Champagne and Bretagne, and has now in It is very difficult to prove a negative, and we have not hand a despatch boat for the French Government. The “ naval in the near future is, we think, highly probable ; but carriers” have their building yards at Ciotat, but have not as yet, the power, even if we had the will, to disprove Mr. exaggerated statements in favour of it will not hasten its Marvin ’s assertions. That there are, however, quantities as far as we know, received any Government orders. extended employment. The Normandy yards at Havre have built several despatch of petroleum to be obtained at Baku and in the district It would appear that there are no gas wells in the Baku boats and transports for the navy, as well as a great number of surrounding it no one will attempt to deny ; yet we think district. Mr. Marvin certainly does not mention any. torpedo boats. that Mr. Marvin would have strengthened his case by Possibly they will be discovered in the future. It can moderating his transports. Here, for example, is an extract hardly have failed to strike our readers that the develop MR. STANLEY AT THE WILLESDEN PAPER from his pages :— ment of the petroleum industry has been recently very WORKS. “ Of the 500 wells at Baku the majority are situated on rapid, and oil has been found in far from likely places. the Balakhani Plateau, eight or nine miles to the north of No doubt the liquid will play a very important part in the With the object of interesting his workmen in discovery and the town. Most of the great fountains of recent years future, and we can safely recommend those who are now enterprise in the interior of Africa, the managing director of the have occurred in this district, including the Droojba, seeking for remunerative freights to read Mr. Marvin ’s Willesden Paper Works prevailed upon Mr. H. M. Stanley, the which in 1883 spouted at the rate of 3400 tons a day. The great explorer, and now Governor of the Congo Free State, to pamphlet. As we have said already, even after some of lecture on his African travels and work. The lecturer, it is latest ‘Spouter ’ of Tagieff ’s, however, was the offspring his statements have been discounted, and due allowance of a fresh locality. Three miles to the south of Baku, and almost needless to state, was received with the warmest demon has been made for Eastern hyperbole on the part of those strations of regard, and listened to throughout his graphic dis eleven or twelve miles from the Balakhani Plateau, is the from whom his information has been derived, enough course with every mark of appreciation. He began by recapitu promontory of Bybyibat, forming one of the jaws of Baku remains to interest and even startle the English reader. lating the now well-known story of his first expedition to Bay. There are only a few wells there, and the locality was Mr. Marvin, it must be added, personally thoroughly discover Livingstone on Lake Tanganika, and then proceeded to never regarded as a serious rival to Balakhani. At this knows the whole district concerning which he has written. detail the events of his second journey through the dark con point Gospodin Tagieff began boring two years ago. tinent, his verification of poor Speke’s theory, the existence of Petroleum was reached in due course, but after a while the great Lake Victoria, and then his solution of Livingstone ’s the flow subsided, and the oil had to be pumped to the problem, by descending the river Congo in spite of the most surface. Later on, the yield diminishing, Tagieff resumed Calvert's Mechanics' Reference Book of Practical and Entertaining appalling difficulties. Mr. Stanley spoke approvingly of the cedar boring operations. At its best, the well had never yielded Information for Handicraftsmen : being the Series of Calvert's boat built at Teddington, carried across country in sections, more than 16,000 gallons a day, which is not enough to Mechanics' Almanack from 1880 to 1885 inclusive. London screwed together and launched on the Congo, to be impelled by excite rivalry at Baku. Hence Tagieff had no competitors and Manchester: John Hey wood and John Calvert. Man the oars of his dusky attendants. He then described his to speak of at Bybyibat. On the 27th September the chester, 1886. running the gauntlet of hostile tribes,- sometimes on both sides of the river at once; the arrival at Stanley pool ; and finally, boring tool touched oil at 714ft., and the oil began to spout Calvert's Mechanics' Almanack is so well known and so after five months in the cataract region, safely reaching the with a force unparalleled in the annals of Baku. ‘ From well appreciated by those for whom it is more particularly Atlantic Ocean. the town, ’ says the Baku Isvestie, ‘ the fountain had the compiled, and by a good many in more ambitious positions, Though not more interesting —for that would be impossible — appearance of a colossal pillar of smoke, from the crest of that it is unnecessary to do much else than say that Mr. Stanley’s account of his third expedition, which resulted in which clouds of oil sand detached themselves and floated this volume contains the six Almanacks for 1880-85, sup founding the Congo Free State, was naturally that of the away a great distance without touching the ground. plemented by a short practical treatise on mensuration. greatest importance. The opportunity let slip by England was Owing to the prevalence of southerly winds, the oil was There are few things more difficult than the selection of seized by Leopold II., King of the Belgians, ever on the watch blown in the direction of Bailoff Point —on which Baku the matter with which to fill a limited number of pages for to secure an outlet for his peoples ’ manufactures. In August, Dockyard is situated —covering hill and dale with sand a special purpose. There is always an unlimited supply to 1879, Stanley, with four steel steamers, arrived at the Congo and petroleum, and drenching the houses of Bailoff, a mile for the third time, and set about establishing stations, with draw upon ; but the selection for a particular object Leopoldville as the capital. But he found a rival in the field — and a-half away. Nothing could be done to stop the out always tests the powers of any compiler. This work flow. The whole district of Bybyibat was covered with this was M. de Brazza, whom, however, he did not mention by has been remarkably well done in Calvert's Mechanics' name—planting the French tricolor in place of the black, orange, oil, which filled up the cavities, formed a lake, and on the Almanack. It combines the Almanack, which is chiefly and red, and making treaties in the name of the Rdpublique fifth day began pouring into the sea. The outflow during technical in its references, with articles, and notes of Framjaise. However, the land on the South bank was still these days was estimated at 300,000 or 400,000 poods, or the instructive kind, of the teaching kind, and of the free, so our explorer crossed the river and made treaties with 5000 or 6000 tons daily. On the sixth day the wind amusing kind. They are selected with a very exact appre the chiefs on that side, sending expeditions up each tributary; freshened, and the oil soon began flying all over the town. ciation of what the intelligent workman and the appren but he met with opposition from an unexpected quarter. A The square in front of the Town Hall of Baku was tice require, and much of the information is so well dusky sovereign, who had sworn to be a brother to him, played drenched with petroleum, which even fell on houses in the conveyed in the articles and notes, many of which seem to the very unbrotherly part of opposing his advance, saying that outskirts to the north. The loss of oil was prodigious. ’ be specially prepared for the Almanack, that they are no white man should set foot in the Upper CoDgo district; so On the eighth day the maximum was reached, the oil then thoroughly deserving of the permanent character given to Stanley, unable to conquer his resistance by an appeal to brotherly ties, did so by a clever ruse, and eventually launched spouting at the rate of 11,000 tons, or 2§ million gallons a them by the bound volume before us ; and there is perhaps day. To prevent the petroleum being totally lost, attempts his four steamers on the upper reaches of the great Congo river. not a book which commends itself more strongly to those In June, 1884, when the work was nearly finished, Stanley waited were made to divert the stream flowing into the sea into whom it addresses. A great deal that foremen and others some old wells. After the tenth day it began to diminish, for the man of all others who could have lent him efficient aid. in workshops find useful and interesting, of the rules, His luggage duly arrived; but General Gordon had changed his and by the fifteenth day the engineers had so far got it tables, and data kind, is given in an easily understood mind, and had gone to the Soudan, whence, alas! he never under control that the outflow was only 60,000 poods, or form, returned; and Colonel Francis de Winter was sent out instead. 412 THE ENGINEER. Noy . 19, 1886. a double-action tubular valve suspended in fluids of gas liquid and air within an outer casing provided with inlet and outlet AMSTERDAM WATERWORKS.—DETAILS OF PUMPS. passages. The part I is connected with the pipe coming from MESSRS. EASTON AND ANDERSON, ERITH, ENGINEERS. the meter, and is the inlet ; O is the outlet and connects with the consumer ’s pipe. The float F and suspending valve are directly affected by the fluctuating high or low pressure of gas as it enters the machine at I, acting upon and between the liquid I and the inside of the float expansion F, which raises or lowers and enlarges or diminishes the area of passage between the inlet I and the outlet 0, and also between the expansion F and said outlet. The expansion being on the inlet side of the valve—not 1 m on the outlet side, as in other regulators —is direct acting, there ■ as® fore a closer regulator. . Ha fill s I 1 Ms (Btdlk m SILYESTER’S PATENT VERTICAL BOILER. mmm -}^J I The illustrations below show a new form of vertical boiler, I■'if & G* j m invented and made by Messrs. Silvester and Co., eugineers, A 1 Newcastle, Staffordshire. It is claimed that it combines ieveral S % features which contribute to the strength, efficiency, and economy I =.-j of the boiler. The water bridge, Fig. 1, over the fire is con SSSSSSSS, A structed of special steel or malleable iron. The tubes in it, Fig. 2, $ i n iMSul rar! I m Fg. 1 5 m\?r»3 1 ! , 1 L I __ llliilillll f v il Si ' : 6 - 7 " ns STROKE N m HIGH \k lip LIFT It III H 2 1 cn I \l SHI 11 ail i n LOW BUCKET rS it i I I! 1 LIFT i L.O AND m si a PUMP B II IS \ PLUNGER i Mm iliil 11 l^i!ft1ll]!!S wil SSUat H ; pjjj mmmm ipiiiiwiiiipii LE A C S ii mm I lSIIIIII§lll!!!lll!!!lll!!!lilli?SW f-IU PUMP III B llllllllllllll IBM r-W i | C3fi liiilfe PMlIiiiiiiini iiiiifit!iiiK/[ii HIE I I'll .Wl^llllllllllll llllllllsllll IKIlll ■ :;l- L> i gam m —ui 1 •i SECTIONAL ELEVATION 1 are traversed by the products of combustion, and are thus . r broken up and thoroughly distributed; and the bridge leingless 111,1! in diameter than the fire-box, and made with inclined sides, !! j compels a great portion of the heated gases to impinge on the walls and roof of the fire-box ; in fact, the heat is the roughly ; siii distributed all over the fire-box and roof with beneficial results. § HtJi! © On the water bridge there are four branches, which are rivetted ill l n Is ill] Fig. 2 l! III I III il l 1 S E G TI 0 N AT A -B. i 1 .. ®Ml - 111i s lit 11a m . ■ i i® a ■sin it ! ii ■ « illilili § mill? B 1 im *1 II iff ll ■■fi On bis return to Europe, Stanley laid 400 treaties before King PICKERING’S GAS GOVERNOR Leopold, who brought the matter before the Powers; and, as the Pickering ’s automatic safety gas governor, or fluid pressure result of much deliberation at Berlin, there was ultimately esta regulator —which we copy from the American Manufacturer —is blished the Free State of Congo. The discussion was simply a so constructed that every part is accessible, after it is placed in war of tariffs; but the principle of free imports, without position between the pipes, without disturbing the coupling. which no white man would in all probability have been There are no lodgments, stationary guides, or pocket places for induced to trade, was decided in the face of Portugal, who wished to impose a duty of 60 per cent., and Frauce one of 40 per cent. What was now wanted was a railway of 235 miles to the fire-box, two of which branches act as inlet and two as between Yivi and Stanley Pool, by which means the peoples of \ outlet pipes, which promote the circulation of the water, and the north and south would be drawn together, and general trade reduce tendency to prime. At the same time the water bridge would spring up ; for at present ivory was the only commodity forms a stay against collapse, the boiler is strong and econo sufficiently valuable to bear the heavy transport to the coast. \F mical, and it is claimed that it can be produced at less cost than Livingstone was called a dreamer when he foretold that the land any boiler having any pretence to economise fuel. would eventually be better appreciated ; and King Leopold was called a dreamer when he proposed to create a free State in the interior of Africa. But had not these dreams been realised ? The vote of thanks, proposed by Sir John Hallam, and Naval Engineer Appointments .—The following appointments seconded by the Rev. D. Atwood, was, of course, carried with have been made at the Admiralty; —James G. Bain, fleet engineer, to the Active; William R. Bissaker, fleet engineer, to the Repulse; enthusiasm, Mr. Chadwick occupying the chair. Frederick E. Shean, staff engineer, to the Rover; and Frederick G. Whittaker, chief engineer, to the Warrior. n Shipbuilding in Germany .—The following extract from the re AMSTERDAM WATERWORKS. i port of the directors of the Reiherstieg Shipbuilding Co. of Hamburg Last week we published a full description of these works. wSgm for 1885-6 is interesting as adding to the light which our “ Notes We now complete our illustrations by giving on page 404 plans from Germany” throw on the condition of the German shipbuilding industry: —“Business became still worse during the year under of the engines and pumps on different levels, while above we review. Work was generally scarce, and the few orders which give sections of the bucket-and-plunger pumps, which it will be came into the market were quickly taken at losing prices. The seen are of two kinds. The plunger barrels are of fine grained number of our workmen has been reduced to 550. The screw cast iron ; the low-lift pump has india-rubber valves ; the high- steamer No. 359, built for our own account, has been sold, but the lift pump has annular valves, as shown. We need scarcely add price obtained does not cover our outlay upon it, and for this that the workmanship of boilers, engines, and pumps is as good reason we have decided not to build vessels on our own account as it can possibly be. again. After writing off £3175 and adding £193 to the reserve It will be remembered that there is a dual system, the fund, we propose a dividend at the rate of 3 per cent., against 5$ domestic supply being distinct from the manufacturing supply. the sticky condensed matter to accumulate upon round about per cent, for the preceding year. The new business year has horizontal passages or working parts ; therefore it cannot clog up brought rather more activity to the yards in consequence of some and prevent free action of the valve, or diminish the area of large orders for repairs and improvements. There is, however, passage at low pressure, so as to give a poor light. The cut still a total absence of orders for new ships, and an improvement Electric Light in London .—Messrs. Hicks, Hargreaves, and in this respect can only be expected when the large numbers of idiq C>., of Bolton, are sending a 500-horse engine to London for an represents a vertical half-section of the governor at low plectric-light installation, pressure. It cqnsists of a safety shut-off spun metal float apd vessels on sale at ridiculous prices hfyve found einployment. Nov. 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER. 413 iyiiumrnmimmitimimmmmf. i si |ijiiiii4i|ifiiai!|i St tfo j §3 1< J-s si °-| =1 i^^4|.a| S| v*;s rS|2 g S S |j> ^ J o g "® a/S ^'ocga.cs'i'g'ojslsoj ” Ss| g jfl ll!:f Ill's■s! Pi? sS S| j|js13J %3\fhi sst 11 !]M jjs |1|"|- |I1E !-sf.all s||'s^|| iPiJi |||j I s| ?|l Oct 'tZ?/~' 5 5/6 g sS g Sa'Sg 110,U s 3 s.3 * •a :■= -s jo a? . ^ 2® s pi Sll| l^l'=i|I gill s5!H4l.a man s3*i i :PU Il?l LS 4 2s|°ftlifpilSipiliiiSlilillltiiilj 1 “111 I* l| s || a S| ; §pSl!-si”-s J || s^sps IgiiS-g ’S ■sill | s sJ! “la-Sg-llalfS s;= o=f i|ilp p sii **s a~|i j||| te ui E«J«||| ppl 1 III il'-t!Si:-|| ‘Jlili* H?«*£rg If! I “js |s gbg^j! * 8 |-a421 Sj g a g-g-* p.;s g s °-g ®g eii?|-*a 8^-f.s5 §--s-g 7 d !il.*l!s1 :s!lllSTl!il!:sJ l3.s! JI2 II $&& at sfliJll f llllfl wA PiO S>4 RAILWAYS. 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Z K) out . ■o RocuJzjuca/ o ill | ’ 4\W ; tet i^b:js KOSI rg f I “^55 S ? ■i G rt^Zr7 C leat 1 6 i / N 3“Jill S . rS S ecd crt* 171*2*5 y 8 C ro ss , Bh3! ■Sls||-S g 16'0" St mz s T9i ^ 'S ° „ o g t /#**/ THE 11 2*3 4'8 ^ 0 %■& ■i C re s s f 4 e*e •f 2, 71 71 - '4' 1 *« iS 1* 1 '4 53^1.6? m* 1 §. ^ 5; 1 «* ! f ;6 -If HL & e? ^!|| 9 __*3C iIj!l! m l T "/ie 17 OVER sV ttv y. ~'f |s|||| l --)* t-^PP * ; eg m V th e 15^ ‘S|S5J-|5^15 gl-^S'il'SS ^^|S'gg-g'g^^Sfl'£S?l:S -i*- “ «-S 2^-" g-g a-s- ftS^s-saSo, . g S-g^ fi'H.s .mS-b.S ft -m*15 VI m eans "/is Wolver- “ w h ic h -I -S'il'S'SS ® § s" 11 §5 g^a J J-fi£J,£'S -l-ggl! ll| s \...-/oe'..\ \$ * I competition Our fo r £8*3/3 v i 'flfl H!i i 1 u 1 ^ § islli s &! “ ls-|i s KHAIRNA. >%4 , 9 keen *7" . s-III!§d-gsrs-S^l-s 1^1 g8I.-3^ BRIDGE 0 AT /. 0 *?/> b rid g e 1! ®:^1.9 "1 ■§ t a aJM 2 ®l|.s!| *l^g5 a the — a I \ K ^ "Ol i~ -oit to Me *r\V r* \rro9 India-office. *ll if 111:^.11 z 11 *.at S3 gill 1 §1 "2“ a.-si'||f-S’l-a5 2 RIVER ■:».<« the V ►3 order. § referred illu s tr a te ,a.-s = =.-s:«?-i|l •?«i'sg'iliPP* sI«IIIi 1 a“II15 m 5 < by Js this mb Ill's! §^| ^ j O g| S ol gl-S 8-3 sill! I S * KOSI m-J- & * for I llllf-sl |#1|| |p| al pflltj l|-s sill recently m l asked k 5 e n g ra v in g s THE s :::: ...... * district 1* 3/8 * s~iu 9 \ 3|3^:f|sf.|!i?ihi!:iff|!ii! I|l=i!:-ll! 1 US S h recently r r £ OVER 1 fs Si;!::i|S2l3|le|p^|®J‘iil«-c l! § ij l-S-1 ? i 1] m I IE IE correspondent |llglf-s.||ii .|?.-ais|ll|3Jagl!g!s.«i'S.«2a were V-. .ay; accompanying : i Birmingham Pill!: I! ^jyJjl His! si K.n!|! • lPslu 4 h e the 2 g g ? as 2^ |i g S g g.S-^l a“-S ill! g-S.S-2 T BRIDGE tenders hampton m all's I i l-al-ll I Slllisl i’l'slll'sllll'isll I i'll! 414 THE ENGINEER. Nov. 19, 1886. ably reducing the price at which the metals can be put on the Guthrie contributed materially to the success of theSociety ’s meet A GREAT DYNAMO. market. ings, and his decease is deeply regretted. The President also The following description of the great dynamo-electric machine, Experiments with 42m. Brush Machine, June 25th, 1886. announced that the Council were considering what steps should be built by the Brush Electric Company for the Cowles Electric taken to commemorate the late Dr. Guthrie, and that a circular Smelting and Aluminum Company, with an account of trial tests Revolu E.M.F. Ampfeves Amperes Watts in expressing their views would be placed before the members in the tions per volts in ext. in ext. in field- external course of a few days. made of the machine, has been written by Dr. Robert H. Thurston, minute. circuit. circuit. shunt. circuit. The following papers were then read : “ On the Peculiar Sunrise director Sibley College, Cornell University, and was read at the Shadows of Adam ’s Peak in Ceylon, ” by the Hon. Ralph Aber- 428 1000 78,000 cromby, F.R. Met. Soc. Buffalo meeting of the American Association for the Advancement 424 2000 136,000 of Science, August 19th, 1886 :— 423 2500 140,000 The author prefaced his description by an extract from a paper 420 2600 171.600 on the same subject by the Rev. R. Abbay, read before the Society “The process of reduction of aluminum and other metals, and 418 2610 190,080 May 27th, 1876, in which the explanation proposed is, that the production of alloys, invented by Messrs. Eugene H. and Alfred 410 2700 205.200 effects are caused by total internal reflection as in the ordinary H. Cowles, and perfected with the assistance of Professor Maybery, 420 2010 191,760 mirage, the difference of air density being in this case due to the of Cleveland, O., has attracted the attention of engineers, as well 412 2450 215.600 lower temperature at high altitudes. The author pointed out that as of men of science, not only on account of the ingenuity, sim 410 2700 232.200 Mr. Abbay neglects the difference of density due to elevation, and plicity, and effectiveness of the process itself, but also, and pro 410 2800 238,000 405 .3200 249,000 that his own thermometer observations disprove conclusively any bably quite, as much because of its bringing into use the voltaic arc 423 2700 151.200 idea of mirage. The chief phenomena observed were (1) the appear and dynamo-electric machines of exceptional and enormous power. 423 3150 170,100 ance of a circular rainbow with spectral figures near the top of “ The writer, on the occasion of a recent trip to the West, was, 423 3400 210,800 the shadow of the peak ; and (2) a peculiar rising of the bow and on his return journey, so fortunate as to be able to stop in Cleve 423 3100 224,400 shadow, which seem to stand up in front of the observers. Both land long enough to witness the operation of the process, and to 423 3400 231.200 423 3000 156,000 these effects are traced to the existence of mist clouds in the be present at the first trial of the great dynamo recently completed 421 2950 135,700 vicinity of the shadow. Two dark rays or brushes were seen to by the Brush Electric Company for the Cowles Electric Smelting 421 2620 94,320 shoot outwards and upwards from the circumference of the bow, in and Aluminum Company. The occasion was so interesting, and 421 2500 80,000 directions nearly coinciding with the prolongations of the edges of the facts developed so striking and probably important, that it has 421 2300 59,800 the shadow when seen projected on the lower mist clouds ; but the been thought worth while to present a very brief account of them 421 2100 46,200 author does not attempt to explain this phenomenon. On one to the members of this section of the American Association for 421 1850 35,150 431 100 0000 occasion a second and outer bow was seen. The times during which Advancement of Science. 431 105 0000 the phenomena were visible were too short to permit sextant obser “The Cowles process, as will be remembered by those who vations being taken, but the diameter of the inner bow was esti listened to the interesting account given the Association at the The tabulated statement shown herewith presents the figures mated at 8 deg. or 12 deg. Ann Arbor meeting of 1885, and published in the American obtained at the trial of the 10-ton dynamo above described, and A totally distinct kind of shadow is sometimes seen from Adam ’s Journal of Science for October of that year, or who have read the will repay careful study, as they exhibit the effect of variation of Peak, just before and at the moment of sunrise, which seems to interesting paper of Mr. Eugene H. Cowles, read at the stated speed, of variation of current in the field-shunt, and of electro stand up against the distant sky. The author found a similar meeting of the Franklin Institute, in January, 1886, and published motive force, in the production of energy in the external circuit. effect at Pike’s Peak, Colorado, which is visible only at sunset. in the “Journal ” for February, 1886, consists in the passage of a The highest power attained on this occasion was, as shown in line Mr. G. Griffiths remarked that he had often seen similar appear powerful current of electricity from a dynamo through a mass of 11 of the table, 240,000 watts, the speed of revolution being 405— ances in Switzerland. ore mixed with carbon and other material forming the charge, twenty-five turns below the regular speed —the electro-motive force In answer to questions by the President and Professor S. P. until the action of the heat, and possibly of the electrical force, being 83 volts —three above the standard —and the current measur Thompson, the author said the reason why the shadows were seen causes a reduction of the ores and the formation of an alloy of the ing 3200 amperes. The electro-motive force in the shunt coils was from Adam ’s Peak at sunrise and from Pike’s Peak at sunset was metals so reduced. . The apparatus consists simply of a powerful 80 volts. The heaviest current measured 3400 amperes, the electro that the configuration of the land on the west side of the former dynamo-electrical machine connected with a pair of carbon motive force being sixty-eight in the main current and fifty-two in was similar to that on the east side of the latter, both being low, electrodes of correspondingly exceptional size, these electrodes the shunt, the current energy measuring 231,000 watts at the whereas the opposite sides were high, and therefore unsuitable for being enclosed in a furnace of brickwork, lined with the most terminals. At the standard speed of rotation, the circuit being showing the phenomena. In all cases he believed the appearances refractory available material. The Cowles Company has several broken, the measured electro-motive force was 100 volts. This were due to the shadow being projected on clouds of matter dynamos, all of large size, but it is the intention of the writer to remarkable and powerful machine was driven, at the time of the suspended in the air at various altitudes. He had not noticed describe but one, the latest built and the largest. The next visit of the writer to the works, by a Corliss engine through a heavy whether the colours were reversed in the second bow seen from smaller, which was until recently considered a very powerful counter-shaft, the engine belt being carried over the belt from the Adam ’s Peak, but observed that this bow nearly, but not quite, machine, weighs about two tons and a half, is driven jack-shaft pulley to the machine. This arrangement is an unusual, touched the in ner one. at nine hundred revolutions per minute, and produces a but perfectly practicable one, and, in this case, worked admirably. “Note on the Internal Capacity of Thermometers,” by A. W. current of 1575 amperes, with an E. M. F. of forty-five volts. It was occasionally necessary to readjust the position of the dynamo, Clayden, M.A., read by Professor Remold, Secretary. The author These machines are “ shunt-wound ” and very nicely proportioned as the belt, which was new and stiff and smooth, stretched more proposes to determine the volume v of the mercury by measuring under the direction of the inventor, Mr. Charles F. Brush, whose on one side than on the other; but this stretching will soon cease, the capacity c of a detached piece of the same tube of known interest in the work induced him to give to this construction his probably has ceased, and, as the belt becomes more flexible and length, and thence inferring the volume of t degrees of the thermo personal attention. The largest machine, recently completed, and more perfectly fitted to its pulleys, and as it takes its maximum meter tube, the length of which is equal to that of the piece of under test at the time of the visit of the writer to the works, stretch, it is evident that it will work with perfect accuracy and tube taken. By assuming the value of a —the coefficient of weighs 21,900 lb.—9934 kilogs. —a so-called 42in.—1060'6 mm.— will be competent to transmit any load that the dynamo can be apparent expansion of mercury in the particular kind of glass —to machine, the armature having that diameter. The armature con- expected to throw upon it. The current from the machine to the be known the volume of the mercury in the thermometer can be tains 1600lb.—725 7 kilogs. —of iron; it carries 825 lb.—378 kilogs. — furnace was conveyed by ropes of fine copper wire, or by conductors calculated, since c — tav. of copper wire, while the field magnets are wound with about six made up of several heavy wires. At the furnace, they were con Professor Rucker remarked that there were often considerable times that weight, 5424 lb.—2641’8 kilogs. The armature of this nected to the terminals, which latter were of bar copper, apparently differences in the sectional area of different parts of the same tube, great dynamo consists of sixteen bobbins, each carrying twenty- about 2^in. in diameter, armed with four carbons each, the latter and hence the method would probably not be very trustworthy. one turns of best copper wire, two strands lying side by side, the of about the same diameter and 4ft. long. Between these was On the motion of the President, a vote of condolence to Mrs. wire being 0'35in. in diameter —8 89 mm. These sixteen bobbins arranged the conducting material which furnished the incan Guthrie on her sad bereavement was passed unanimously. are operated in multiple arc, thus giving thirty-two strands of descent bed in which the operation of reduction was carried on. copper wire of the diameter above stated, and about 65ft.—19'8 m.— This process is not, as is very often assumed, by professionals as long. Sixteen copper bars carry the current from the bobbins to well as non-professionals, an application of the voltaic arc to the the commutator, each bar being lin. by Jin. —25'4 mm. by production of high temperatures. Such an application was made TEKDEES. 12'7 mm.—in section. The two commutators are coupled in by Sir William Siemens and by other experimenters from the time multiple arc. of the discovery of the intense heat of the arc; but it is, in the TOXTETH PARK. “ The field magnets are eight in number, and consist of a cylin Cowles process, an application of the incandescence, as dis Tenders received by the Toxteth Park Local Board for the con drical cast iron core, llin. —279 4 mm.—in diameter, by 16in. tinguished from the arc, system. A connection is established struction of a brick sewer in St. Michael’s-road. Quantities by the —406'4 mm.—in length, and wound with thirty layers of 102 turns between the carbon terminals, by means of a mass of carbon and engineer, Mr. John Price, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E. each, of copper wire, 0'134in.—3'404 mm.—in diameter; all other material, which mass is carefully kept continuous and incan £ 1 d. the eight wires are coupled in multiple arc as in a shunt-field. descent throughout the whole operation. This is essential both to Holme and Green, Liverpool ...... 222 0 Thus combined, they have a resistance of about lohm, total, cold. the success, actual and economical, of the process, and as dis J. Garnett, Toxteth Park ...... 203 1 The pole pieces are of peculiar form, and fitted carefully to the R. Lomax, Toxteth Park ...... 202 0 tinguishing it from the older and wasteful systems of melting. L. Marr, Toxteth Park...... 192 2 field. The driving shaft, carrying the armature, is 13ft.— 3’962 m. By this system, the intense, the immeasurable heat of the arc is Catterall and Co. , Liverpool ...... 189 4 —long, and 5|in. —139'7mm. —in diameter in the main bearing; tempered and diffused throughout a large volume of incandescent J. Evans, Parkgate —accepted ...... 161 0 it is made of open hearth steel, furnished by the Otis Company. material, and becomes adjustable and capable of regulation with Engineer ’s estimate ...... 170 ooooootoo? 0 The machine is driven by means of a 44in,—1117'6 mm.—double comparative ease and exactness. Such control is thus secured as belt, turning a 40in.—1016 mm.—pulley on the armature shaft. to make it convenient and economical in application to the reduction Tenders received by the Toxteth Park Local Board for pulling The machine occupies a space on the floor about 15ft.—4 ’572 m.— of ores and the melting of alloys and metals. Actual contact carries, down and re-erecting wall in Aigburth-road. long, and 4ft.—1'219 m.—wide, and stands about 5ft.—1'52 m.— every where, probably a very large proportion of the current, and the £ s. high. This dynamo was calculated to furnish a current of 3200 heat is distributed among numberless little particles of highly heated McCabe and Co., Ivirkdale ...... 122 18 amperes, with an electro-motive force of 80 volts, with a normal Holme and Green, Liverpool ...... 86 0 carbon, which lend each its share to the numberless particles of the Catterall and Co., Liverpool ...... 77 4 maximum current in the field of 80 amperes; the speed of rotation compounds to be reduced. It is probably only by some such appli G. Porter, Toxteth Park ...... 73 19 not to exceed 600 revolutions per minute. Its actual speed was a cation of the electric heat thatcorundum can be made to surrender L. Marr, Toxteth Park...... 73 13 little above 400 when doing the full amount of work demanded. its aluminum to form an alloy with copper. It has been stated R. Lomax, Toxteth Park ...... 66 4 The maximum field is thus obtained with but about 2J per cent, recently, in the discussion of this process, as described by Dr. J. Evans, Parkgate ...... 56 15 of the normal current —3200 amperes—and falling to 1 per cent, Mehner, before the Association for the Advancement of Science in Ireland and Hurley, Liverpool —accepted 48 15 60 0 ocoo^^Ofhowr when less E. M. F. is needed. When in operation, the writer the kingdom of Prussia, at the Berlin meeting of the present year, Engineer ’s estimate ...... found no observable heating in any part of the machine, and the that this reduction had been accomplished in a furnace heated bearings ran perfectly free from heating or cutting. The efficiency in the ordinary manner; but it would seem that this must be LOUGHBOROUGH WATERWORKS—EXTENSION TO of the machine must be very great, as after its longest run of two a mistake, since alumina is one of the most refractory substances BLACKBROOK. hours, the armature was cool enough to handle with perfect com know in nature ; it is said to be even more so than the materials fort. The writer could bear his hand on every accessible part of Mr. George Hodson, M. Inst. C.E., consulting engineer; Mr. of our furnaces and of our crucibles. The Messrs. Cowles have Herbert Walker, C.E., engineer. the machine, which included all parts liable to any serious heating. subjected it to the highest temperatures that a Dixon crucible enders for ontract o The belt was new and stiff, and occasionally slipped as the limit of T C N . 1. would bear, without being able to reduce it or to melt it, in 3 P the power of the machine was approached ; but that was a fault the presence of carbon and copper. Further, it would be probably ^ 03 C l J. Farrer and Co., Barnsley .. .. which a little work would cure, by making the belt flexible and giving 5 ^ impossible to successfully maintain a reducing flame, if thatwere Cn it a better bearing on its pulleys. Had the engine driving it been of Clay Cross Company, Chesterfield .. h - D o OI attempted, or to avoid the reoxidisation of the metal were its P. Small and Sons, Iiandsworth .. O ^ sufficient power, it was evident much more work could have been OI J. and S. Roberts, West Bromwieh reduction primarily possible. The reducing temperature of the 5 C Oi done than was actually performed on the trial. It was judged that compound is above the temperature of volatilisation, also of the Butterley Company, Alfreton .. .. OI rfk it might have been driven up to 300,000 watts with safety. The con pure metal, and this would make it improbable that its reduction Cochrane and Co., Dudley ...... Cn C ductors provided, and the resistance coil used in measuring the power Staveley Iron Company, Alfreton .. in this way should be successfully performed, far less with com rfx CM developed, were, however, about at the limit of their endurance. Stanton Iron Compony, Nottingham OOOOOHHCCiO^ OSWHO mercial success. The volatilised metal would rapidly escape from J. Oakes and Co., Alfreton Ironworks 'OHGbOObOKJO*IGW As it was, the former heating until they were blue, and the latter the Siemens furnace or from any other familiar form of furnace, requiring constant watching and cooling by application of water. while no other process than that above described would be capable Tenders tor Contract No . 2. The maximum reached was 249,000 watts, or 334 electrical horse of forming the volatilised metal in a closed furnace. In the Cowles £ d. power, the engine probably developing not far from 400 indicated 5S55 o 0 furnace it is practicable to reduce alumina either with or without Hill Henry, High Wycombe horse-power. No indicators had been fitted, and it was impossible the presence of copper or other alloying metal, and one of the first J. Knight, Loughborough .. 5774 ^ 2 to measure this factor. The limit of its power was reached, how P. Dawson, Bury...... 5167 0 0 intimations of the production of the working temperatures in that 5140 0 0 ever, and the power of the dynamo could not be tested to its furnace is the appearance of fumes, indicating some volatilisation Walmsley and Co., Preston TftC/J 0 0 maximum. The speed intended was, for the dynamo, 430 revolu- Holme and King, Wigan .. ^ 'rtf to be produced. As ordinarily conducted, this is not important in 16 0 Small and Son, Handsworth rtf t lutions, but at 80 volts it could not be driven by the engine up to }1 amount. Alloys of aluminum have been made in this furnace W. Drewitt, Stoke-on-Trent 0 0 that speed. The dynamo was built, complete in all its details, with nearly all familiar metals, a proof that copper at least is not A. Faulks, Loughborough ...... 4350 0 0 from the specifications of Mr. Brush, and without preliminary essential to secure the reduction. So far as the writer has been Foster and Barry, Nottingham and London .. .. 4250 0 0 experiment, and when tested was found to require no alterations informed, this is the only process by which reduction of this metal J. Mackay, Stoke-on-Trent ...... 4216 16 0 of any kind, and came fully up to the requirements of the specifi with carbon alone can be accomplished. The production of the Innes and Wood, Birmingham...... 4214 0 0 cations and contract. Its capacity is very much greater than that Hughes and Son, Lower Gornal, Dudley 4158 7 9 metal commercially, in this manner, is expected to sopn become an Pickthall and Son, Merthyr Tydvil 3979 0 0 of any machine yet built in the United States, or in the world. accomplished fact. The manufacture of the aluminum alloys has Enoch Tempest, Leicester...... 3940 0 0 Its successful construction is considered by its designer to indicate now for some time been successfully carried on, the cost of H. Vickers, Nottingham ...... 3713 0 0 that it is possible to design a machine of any desired size and the aluminum in the alloy having been reduced to a small frac power, with perfect confidence that it will come fully up to the tion of the price for which the metal is sold as made by the calculated performance. No limit is to be seen, as yet, to the size older methods. The Messrs. Cowles and Professor Mabery have The Smithfield Club ’s Cattle Show.—The eighty-ninth and power of the machines, if properly designed. Their construc opened a new and broad field of experiment, and no one can sur annual cattle show of the Smithfield Club has been fixed to open tion is a matter of definite calculation, and is to-day independent mise even what may come of the infinite range of possibilities at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, on the 6th prox. of direct experiment. The fact that a dynamo may be precisely so presented. ” Damages for Dismantling a Foundry .—Arbitration in the designed and proportioned for any kind and amount of work that case of “ Messrs. A. and J. Sparrow v. the Staffordshire Joint Stock -may be demanded, for any purpose whatever, without limit, so far Bank and Cox ” has just been concluded before Mr. F. A. Bosan- as can be to-day perceived, is one of the most interesting and THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY. quet, Q.C., for dismantling an iron foundry at Bilston, Stafford important revelations of recent work in this field. The fact, also shire. Messrs. Sparrow were the owners of the Phoenix Foundry, plainly shown by the experience of the Cowles Company, in the November 13 th. use of these enormous machines, that the larger the machine the at one time occupied by Messrs. Claridge, who held the highest higher the duty of the plant, is no less interesting and important. Professor B alfour Stewart , President, in the Chair. reputation in the world for the making of iron rolls used for The economy secured in the production of their aluminum and In opening the proceedings the President referred to the great armour-plate rolling. They became financially embarrassed, and other alloys, by the increased size of the later dynamos put in loss which the Society had recently sustained by the death of the bank ordered a sale of the tenants ’ plant, but the auctioneer, operation, is so great as to be a very valuable factor in the opera Professor Guthrie, F.R.S., the founder of the Society, and his pre Mr. Cox, sold a great deal of the landlords ’ property. Mr. Bosan- tion of the business, each new and larger machine very consider- decessor in the Chair. In the capacity of Demonstrator, Professor quet has awarded £500 and costs, which are heavy, to the plaintiffs* Nov. 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER. 415 quiries and orders for shipment are steadily augmenting. India, last, though not least, Mr. Nasmith urged that the distri THE IRON, COAL, AND GENERAL TRADES Spain, Belgium, Italy, and Australia are all reckoned among buting machinery of the manufacturer should be as perfect OF BIRMINGHAM, WOLVERHAMPTON, AND recent customers, mainly for accumulators and dynamo machines. as his producing machinery, that it was as necessary that the same OTHER DISTRICTS. One plant now in hand for India is to be used in the lighting up spirit of vigilance and enterprise which he applied in his workshop of a native palace in the North-West of the empire. Electrical should be applied in the distribution of his products. In the dis (From our own Correspondent.) engineers may be pronounced to be generally well engaged, and cussion which followed Mr. Goulty urged that one thing very O n ’Change in Birmingham this afternoon, and in Wolverhampton some of them can see a couple of months’ work ahead. essential was that workshop plant should be kept up to the level yesterday, the demand which found expression for finished iron The samples of native Chinese cultivating tools which have been of the improvements and new designs of the present day. Mr. was of a good extent. Makers were able to report that merchant forwarded in duplicate by the Foreign-office to the Birmingham Kawlinson thought the depression through which we had been inquiries were arriving with steadiness, chiefly at the moment for and Sheffield Chambers of Commerce, are undergoing considerable passing would have swept away a good many of the old obsolete New Zealand, India, and Brazil. The works are making better inspection here. The example in several instances, more particu firms, that the rising generation, would have to look about them, time than before the improvement set in, and there is a firmer larly the picks and hatchets, resemble patterns familiar in this and he had no doubt the future would find us as well to the front tone about prices, though quotations have not practically seen much country, but are of much rougher make. The spades, hoes, and as we had been in the past. Mr. Dixon, after remarking that on change since quarter-day. trowels are the most primitive, and are very roughly fashioned for some parts of the Continent English competition had now been Sheets continue to show more movement than any other branch, the most part out of rough sheet iron, and there is little doubt that almost entirely supplanted by German competition, said English and prices are better sustained here than in either of the other while preserving their general form, English toolmakers will be men, whilst they could manufacture, seemed to lack the power of departments. The tendency for black sheet makers to become able to turn out a superior article at a lower rate than they can be selling, and we wanted more of the class of merchant engineers. galvanisers continues. Another black sheet making firm is produced by native hand work. Mr. Lawson thought the longer hours and lower wages on the Con contemplating laying down galvanising plant, but final decision Messrs. Henry Rogers, Sons and Co., Wolverhampton, announce tinent had a great deal to do with the success of foreign competi has not yet been arrived at. The larger profits which are to be a reduction of £110s. per ton in the pi ices of patent lead-headed tion, whilst Mr. Boswell expressed his opinion that the exorbitant made upon the galvanising business are a temptation which it is wire nails introduced particularly for use in the erection of gal commissions of middlemen and the heavy royalties on minerals had not easy for black sheet makers to resist. vanised iron buildings at home and abroad. Prices of 7 w.g. now greatly tended to crush English trade. He also thought that Eng One sheet firm reports this week that the inquiries which have become 23s. per cwt.; 8 w.g., 23s. GJ.; 9 w.g., 24s.; and 10 w.g., lish workshops were opened far too readily to foreigners, who very arrived during the past month would, if accepted, have represented 25s. Gd. per cwt., delivered at out-ports. often came over here simply with the object of copying special two years’ work ahead. Makers will, however, consent to book The Birmingham Central Tramway Company have given notice tools and taking sketches of work for the benefit of our competi only up to the end of next quarter, for which prices are asked of their intention to apply to the Board of Trade for a provisional tors abroad. The chairman—Mr. Thomas Ashbury, C.E.—said it which are an advance of 5s. upon current rates, making doubles order for the construction of new lines. Some of them are, how was undeniable that there was a great deal of dishonest copying £6 10s. to £6 15s., and lattens £7 10s. to £7 15s. ever, likely to be postponed for a year. In this event the company by foreigners who obtained temporary employment in English The “ Woodford ” brand of sheets are quoted at date :—20 B G., will have the benefit of a longer experience with their cable tram works, and he also urged that our trade abroad might be much £7; 24 BG, £8 10s.; 26 B.G., £10; and 28 B.G., £10 l«»s.; way, which is likely to lead to its adoption, on at least a part of more stimulated by our Consuls if they looked after the interests “ Woodford Grown, ” £9 10s., £11, £12 lCb., and £13 respectively ; the suggested new routes. of the British manufacturer in the way they should do. Mr. “ Woodford Best,” £11, £12, £14, and £14 10s ; best best, The Birmingham master builders adhere to the note which they Nasmith, in replying upon the discussion, did not think there was £12 10s., £14, £15 10i., and £16; treble best, £14 10s., £16, have given for a reduction of wages in all branches of the trade of Id. much in the complaint as to sketches of special tools being taken £17 10s., and £18; charcoal, £16, £17 10s.. £19, and £19 10s.; per hour. The rates whicli are at present paid are: Bricklayers, by foreigners, because if they wanted these tools they could very and Siemens-Martin mild steel sheets, £13, £14 10s., £16, and carpenters and joiners, and plasterers, 81. per hour; stonemasons readily buy one direct from the makers; whilst as regards our £1G 10s., for the respective gauges, all delivered in London or —ordinary operative masons 8 ^d. per hour, and fixers 91 d. per Consuls, he did not believe it was at all their duty to stimulate Liverpool. hour; plumbers, 8 ^d. per hour. trade, but simply to present to the English manufacturer all the At the Earl of Dudley ’s Round Oak Works more activity has been information that would be valuable to him in connection with his noticeable in the past three weeks, some good orders having been trade. received from the Admiralty. Other marked bar firms are not NOTES FROM LANCASHIRE. In the coal trade business continues very slow in all descriptions expei iencing much improvement at present, though Messrs. Noah of fuel, and house fire coals, steam and forge coals, and engine Hingley and Sons, of the Netherton Works, are better employed than (From our oton Correspondent.) fuel are all plentiful in the market, with prices only barely main- most other firms, and are understood to be running full time. Manchester.—The lull which I reported last week in the iron tained at late rates, and collieries scarcely working full time. At Best bars keep at £7 to £7 12s. Gd. nominal; with £6 for second trade of this district continues, and business has again dropped the pit mouth best coal averages 8 s. 6d. to 9s.; seconds, 7s. to qualities. Merchant bars are still £5 10s., and common £4 15s. to down to very limited dimensions ; but except that second-hand 7s. Gd.; common house coal, 5s. Gd. to Gs.; steam and forge coals, £4 17s. Gd. parcels are being offered at.under current rates, a fairly strong tone 5s. to 5s. Gd.; burgy, 4s. 3d. to 4s. 9d.; best slack, 3s. 6d. to 4s.; Strip iron is in much better request than some while since, and is maintained in the market, and a feeling of confidence with and common, 2s. Gd. to 3s. per ton. the mills are better employed alike on narrow and wide sizes. regard to the future still very largely prevails. Unless, however, The shipping trade is.dull, with steam coal delivered at the high £4 17s. 6d. to £5 is quoted according to the size. Hoops are there is business coming forward from outside sources, the outlook level, Liverpool, or the Garston Docks, to be got at Gs. 9d. to 7s. quoted £5 10s. upwards, and command a moderate sale. for the next two or three months is not very promising; no large per ton. Makers of best girder and boiler plates speak of the scarcity of buying can be expected from consumers in this district, as they are Barrow .—There is a rather easier tone this week in the hema new orders, due in part to the higher prices ruling here above those mostly more than covered for any actually prospective require tite pig iron trade, and makers find orders not so freely offered, in rival districts, and in part to the increased competition of steel. ments, whilst there is a good deal of iron held by speculators, but this is not felt so much because of the fact that they are In tank plates business is of an irregular character, and some of which in all probability jwill find its way into thejnarket, with already well off for contracts, and can afford to wait until buyers the buyers appear to be enlarging their purchases. £6 10s. up the inevitable result that it will tend to force prices down. are prepared to give the advanced prices for pig iron now wards is still quoted for tank plates, and £7 10s. to £9 for boiler Makers, however, who, as a rule, are well sold into the quoted. The market price of parcels of mixed Bessemer iron qualities. first quarter of next year, may possibly be able to tide over the is now given at 46s. per ton net at makers’ works, prompt Messrs. Parkes and Parkes, ironmasters, West Bromwich, have next two or three months without being under the necessity of delivery, and that of No. 3 forge and foundry iron at 45s. 3d. acquired, and will carry on under the title of the Eagle Steel and seeking for orders, and for the present at least they show no per ton. Forwards are at a trifle more money. The inquiry from Iron Company, the Atlas Works, West Bromwich, last carried on anxiety to force sales. It seems probable that until the turn of all sources is well maintained, and home, colonial, continental, by the Eagle Coal and Iron Company, and which have been stand the year business will be of an irregular character, mostly in the and American users evince a desire to do a large business, but they ing for over a twelvemonth. The mills have been altered to the hands of speculative holders of iron; and until the iron in second- hesitate about giving fuller prices. Stocks are still large, but they steel trade, Messrs. Parkes and Parkes being pressed for deliveries hands is worked out, and it is seen what the new year is likely to ha ve been greatly reduced of late; while, on the other hand, of this class of iron. bring forward, no definite conclusion can be formed as to the general stocks have somewhat accumulated, owing to the large sales which An increasing number of orders is arriving for nearly every class condition of trade. have been made in warrants. The steel trade is busily employed of steel rolled in this district. The Staffordshire Steel and Ingot There was only a moderate attendance on the Manchester iron on rails, and orders are stiff numerous in the market. There is a Iron Company, Bilston, who are producing basic steel, state to-day market on Tuesday, and but a slow business doing, but the tone, if steady request for rails from foreign, colonial, and home railway that they are as busy as they can be, chiefly upon plates, bars, and anything, was rather better than last week. There seemed to be companies, and the price, which last week was £3 18s. 9d. for heavy other ever increasing sections. The steel works of the Lilleshall less pressure to sell, even by merchants and middlemen, and sections, may now be quoted at £4 per ton. Other descriptions of Iron Company, which are principally owned by the Earl of Gran makers generally were firm in their prices. For Lancashire pig steel are doing a quiet trade, but there is a much better feeling in ville, are busy on miscellaneous descriptions of steel. Basic steel iron makers quote 37s. to 383 ., less 2£, for forge and foundry the market for bars, plates, billets, and merchant steel generally, blooms of South Staffordshire make are quoted at £4 10s. ; bars qualities delivered equal to Manchester, as their minimum; and although these branches are not yet well employed, nor are orders for bridge building and engineering purposes, £5 10s.; and plates, although no large sales are being made, on what business there is largely held. The Barrow Hematite Iron and Steel Company is £6 . being done, which is still of moderate weight, these figures are making preparations for the re-lighting of the two furnaces known Sellers of imported steel are very firm at the recent advance being got. In district brands Lincolnshire iron is not to be got as the Barrow Rolling Miff Works. This company has now ten of 5s. per ton on steel, tin bars, blooms, and billets, and quote under 36s. to 37s., less 2£, for forge and foundry qualities delivered out of thirteen furnaces in blast. The Vulcan Steel and Forge Bessemer qualities of tin bars delivered here from South Wales at here, and on the basis of these figures there is business being done ; Company at Barrow has given its employes notice, but it £4 15s. per ton; and billets, £4 5s. Siemens qualities are whilst for Derbyshire foundry iron quotations remain at 39s. 6d. to has not determined to close its works. It employs about demanded, £5 2s. Gd. for bars delivered here ; and billets, £4 15s. 40s. Gd., less 2|, for delivery equal to Manchester. For outside 250 men, and has been doing a large business in steel tires, &c. A further advance of 2s. 6d. per ton is declared to be not unlikely brands offering here makers’ quoted prices also remain without The shipbuilding trade is very quiet, and no new orders have been if orders continue to arrive as freely as now. Some steelmasters material change; but in these there is a good deal of underselling, booked. Large numbers of workmen are being regularly discharged in South Wales and elsewhere are reported by their local repre especially in Scotch iron. by the Barrow Shipbuilding Company, while the Graving Dock sentatives to have closed their books against further orders at In some quarters a stronger tone is reported in hematites, and Shipyard at Barrow has now stood idle for a long time. Iron ore present. makers of the best brands are in most cases firm at about 54s. Gd., is in steady demand at from 9s. to 11s. per ton net at mines. Staffordshire is determined not to let other steel-making districts less 2|, for No. 3 foundry delivered into the Manchester district ; Some makers have bought large parcels of Spanish ore. Engineers, have it all their own way. Local ironmasters and engineers are but there is only a limited business doing here, and there are stiff ironfounders, and boilermakers are doing a quiet business. Coal adapting themselves to the changed tone of buyers, and are pre sellers at 53s. to 53s. Gd., less 2£, for delivery equal to Manchester. and coke steady. Shipping fairly employed. pared to execute orders for goods of steel in larger quantities than Pressure to complete shipping orders has recently kept most of ever. This is being accomplished by the increased importation of the forges in this district fully employed, and it has been difficult partially manufactured steel, and in a measure also by the laying to place orders for prompt specification, but there is no large down of steel-manufacturing plant. weight of business stirring just at present, and prices are not more THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. Messrs. Hatton, of Bilston, afford a striking example of what is than maintained at about £5 per ton for bars, £5 5s. to £5 7s. Gd. being accomplished in the best sheet trade by the manufacture of for hoops, and £6 10s. for sheets, delivered into the Manchester (From our own Correspondent.) soft steel in small quantities; and the Patent Shaft Company, district. The Cleveland pig iron trade has again settled down into a quiet Wednesbury, which is progressing with the erection of its new The condition of the engineering trades remains about stationary; condition, and what transactions have recently taken place have open-hearth basic steel works, afford illustration of the manner in here and there in odd cases works are getting a few more orders, been confined to merchants. Makers have enough orders for the which engineering concerns here are increasingly supplying their and perhaps generally the tone is, if anything, more hopeful; but present, and being sanguine as to the future of the trade, they own steel necessities. Messrs. Hatton ’s operations were, it will be taking engineers and machinists all through, they are stiff, as a maintain an attitude of independence. remembered, prominently referred to at the last meeting of the rule, very slack, and the new work coming forward continues small The price of 3 No. g.m.b. for prompt delivery fell during last week Iron and Steel Institute. in weight. The returns of the principal trades union societies as low as 32s. per ton, but towards the close thereof buyers showed The pig iron trade shows little alteration on the week. Sales connected with the engineering branches of industry show little or more disposition to operate, and a rise of 3d. per ton was the are not being made with much vigour, buyers having mostly no change as regards the number of unemployed members on their result. This advance was fully maintained at the market held at already supplied their needs. Sellers are too stiff to encourage books; but a rather better tone seems to prevail in many districts. Middlesbrough on Tuesday. Merchants then declined to sell at business at the sacrifice of price, and will not accept offers which From the shipbuilding centres the reports are more encouraging, less than 32s. 3d. per ton, whilst makers were firm at 33s., and are being made to them to place contracts at below the recent there is a slight improvement in stationary engine work, and there would not take any lower price. Forge iron is stiff offered at advances. There is a margin of Is. Gd. per ton between the prices are reports of rather more activity in locomotive works which 31s. 3d. per ton, the demand being by no means great. Consumers offered and the prices demanded for some imported brands. Con are encouraging anticipations that with the turn of the year a fair for the most part satisfied their requirements two or three weeks sumers will give a 2s. advance on the minimum of six weeks or trade may present itself. The present condition of trade, how since, when the market was in a more excited state. two months ago, but vendors ask 3s. 6d. Northamptons are ever, is stiff anything but good generally, and what improvement Warrants have improved in value, both at Middlesbrough and at quoted 36s. 9d. to 37s., delivered to consumers ’ works; Derby- has shown itself has not been sufficient to effect any appreciable Glasgow. Last week 32s. l^d. per ton was accepted by sellers, but shires, 37s. 6d. to 38s. 6d.; and Lincolnshires, 40s. to 40s. 6d. decrease in number of members who are compelled to seek out-of- this week they demand 32s. 6d. Best pigs are strong, and hematites are quoted 55s. to 563. for work support from their respective societies, this remaining prac Messrs. Connal and Co. ’s Middlesbrough stock of pig iron has best Lancashire makes, delivered here. Consumers, however, are tically the same that it has been for the last two or three months. decreased 1000 tons since the 8 th inst. The quantity they held on very loth to give the figures. Sellers of best Welsh hematites The Coalbrookdale Company has transferred the bridge and the 15th was 299,657 tons. At Glasgow their stock on the latter declare that they cannot get the advanced rates demanded by girder department of its works at Horsehay, to Messrs. date was 835,495 tons, being an increase of 3773 tons since the principals. H. C. and Alfred Simpson, who are retaining the services 8 th inst. Native pigs are in larger call. Some makers are doing more of most of the present staff, and under the designation of the As might have been expected, shipments of pig iron from the than for three or four years past, and deliveries are going away Horsehay Company, will continue to manufacture the same Tees have this month fallen far behind those of the corresponding rapidly from the furnaces. Several firms are understood to be description of work as hitherto. Mr. H. C. Simpson has for the period in October. Up to Monday last 39,936 tons were shipped, contemplating relighting some of their standing furnaces. Sales past two and a-half years been the manager of this department and whereof more than half went to Scotland. Last month 51,141 are not realising much more money. All-mine pigs are 52s. 6d. to of the forge and rolling miffs, and Mr. Alfred Simpson is an iron tons had been exported during the same length of time. 55s.; part mines, 35s. to 42s. Gd.; and common cinder pigs, 27s. Gd. merchant of Manchester. The demand for finished iron has not much improved. Although to 30s. A paper on “ The Growth of Industries at Home and Abroad, ” makers are getting slightly better prices they are no better off, as The Pelsall Coal and Iron Company is understood to have read at the meeting of the Manchester Association of Engineers, they have to pay more for their raw material. struck a valuable seam of coal not previously supposed to exist on on Saturday, by Mr. Jos. Nasmith, gave rise to a somewhat Mr. J. P. Harming, a gentleman whose name is closely identified the estate. The result has been a sharp rise in the value of the animated discussion on the question of foreign competition. Mr. with the early history of Middlesbrough, has just passed away in shares. Nasmith, whilst contending that there was but very slight ground his sixty-sixth year. He was head of the firm of J. P. Harnung Some engineers and machinists are beginning to participate in for the many doleful prophecies which have been made in recent and Son, iron and timber merchants. He was a native of Hungary, the improvement in the iron and steel trades, though at present years of the speedy extinction or decadence of the United Kingdom and came into the Cleveland district when quite a young man. the quantity of work coming to hand is not greatly larger than as a manufacturing nation, urged that the conclusion was never After being for a short time in the service of Messrs. Bolckow and during the past few months. Engineers who supply galvanising theless forced upon them, that it was inevitable some steps would Vaughan, he went into business on his own account, and was, it is plants are among the first to benefit. Some of these firms report have to be taken to strengthen and consolidate our power of sur said, the first merchant who exported Cleveland pig iron to the a decided fillip. Negotiations are also now being conducted passing our competitors. There would have to be less of the stupid Continent. He was one of those who sat upon the Tees Con which it is believed will result in further new orders from similar disregard of their customers ’ wants which had characterised English servancy Commission when it was first established, and for many customers. Steam and other pump makers are here and there merchants and manufacturers in the past, and more adaptability years he acted as Vice-Consul for Sweden, Norway, and Den receiving rather better orders, alike on home and export account, to the requirements of the times, whilst a little more careful study mark. He - has been in failing health for some years, and in and are running somewhat increased time. of what was being done abroad would not be an unprofitable consequence thereof went to reside at Twickenham, where his death It is very satisfactory that electric light machinery is finding thing. The influence of a proper system of education was also took place. an increased demand in distant countries. -Engineering firms one of the elements in the case which could not be disregarded, The port of West Hartlepool seems to be taking the lead of all producing this class of machinery inform me tnHt merchant in our chief want being a good system of technical training; and others on the North-east coast in increased activity in shipbuilding.^ 416 THE ENGINEER Nov. 19, 1886. It is there that the class of steamers known as “well-deckers ” suspense in the market. The past week’s shipments were 7202 tons, The Albion Colliery is being put into condition again after the were originally designed and built, and it is probably on account of as compared with 9235 in the preceding week, and 7131 in the corre late sad accident. I have not seen the shaft or the arrangements, this particular type having been found so serviceable and sponding week of 1885. The quantity sent to the United States but presume every care was taken in the event of getting into soft efficient that the place of its origin is at present benefitting showed a considerable increase, but the shipments elsewhere were ground or faults. As this is near the centre of the Glamorgan sooner than any competing locality. Only three or four small. There are seventy-four furnaces in blast as against sixty- coal-field, the water, as at Penrhiwceiber, will be a strong months since, two out of the three shipbuilding yards were nine a week ago. In the course of the week about 1800 tons of antagonist. entirely empty, and the third and largest was but partially pigs were added to the stock in Messrs. Connal and Co. ’s Glasgow The Plymouth Mortgage Company has introduced the electric occupied. A great change has taken place since then. Orders stores. light into one of its pits, and is about to do the same with have been booked and keels have been laid down at all the Business was done in the warrant market on Friday at 41s. 10Jd. another. The intention, I believe, is to confine it to the main yards, and week by week more workmen are finding employment. cash, and a fair amount of iron changed hands on Monday at levels; falls in the stalls would prevent its being used in them, so The total number of vessels on order is said to be twelve, of which 41s. 10Jd. up to 423. On Tuesday the quotations advanced to it is urged, but it would be a great boon if it could, and thus six are to be built at the Middleton shipyard, belonging to Messrs. 42s. 3d., but subsequently receded to 41s. ll^d. cash. On Wednes reduce explosions to a minimum. E. Withy and Co. It is to be hoped that the intense distress day transactions occurred at 41s. lid. to 42s. 3d. cash. To-day — The duration of a coal district is a long one ; longer than many which prevailed last winter will, during the coming one, not affect Thursday—business took place at 42s. 4gd. to 42s. cash. people imagine. Thus, in 1806, Mr. John Hill was working the West Hartlepool in any degree whatever. The current values of makers’ pigs are:—Gartsherrie, f.o.b. Plymouth coal property; it is still being worked in 1886, and I A curious case of explosion of the barrel of a locomotive boiler at Glasgow, per ton, No. 1, 47s.; No. 3, 43s. 6d.; Coltness, have just been informed that in a few months a new area of 600 to took place at a Durham colliery a few days since. The engine was 50s. and 44s. 6d.; Langloan, 47s. and 44s. 6d.; Summerlee, 49s. 6d. 800 acres of virgin coal will be entered upon. The lease runs out a 12in. shunting one with four wheels. It had recently been re and 44s.; Calder, 48s. 6d. and 43s.; Carnbroe, 44s. 6d. and 41s.; in 1894, I think, and so necessitates vigour. Hence present ener pared by a Leeds engine builder, who put in a new fire-box, and Clyde, 44s. fid. and 40s. 6d.; Monkland, 433. 3d. and 39s. 3d.; getic action and adoption of latest scientific appliances; but the therefore must previously have taken out all the tubes. It appears, Govan, at Broomielaw, 43s. fid. and 39s. 3d.; Shotts, at Leith, renewal of the lease is not unlikely, and hence this is good news however, that he had not noticed that there was a deep groove, 46s. fid. and 44s. fid.; Carron, at Grangemouth, 46s. 6d. and for the colliers. made by corrosion, about the middle of the barrel on the inner 43s. 6d. ; Glengarnock, at Ardrossan, 44s. fid. and 41s.; Eglinton, The steel trade is holding its ground, and prices are going up for side, close to a longitudinal joint and close to the bottom of 42s. 6d. and 39s. 3d.; Dalmellington, 44s. and 40s. all productions. Steel rails at present outlook will be getting the boiler. Since being repaired the boiler was tested to some The past week’s shipments of manufactured iron and steel goods nearer their old figures again, and if they could be made to touch thing like 150 lb. per square inch, and worked several weeks after from Glasgow embraced locomotives for Kurrachee to the value of £5 it would be a general boon. Most of the works are busy, and I wards without leakage or observable defect of any kind. One day £5200; machinery, £26,270, of which £9000 were marine engines have noticed in more than one that Sunday is becoming a great it suddenly exploded along the line of corrosion, bending outwards for Sebastopol, £8120 ditto for Rangoon, £5271 marine and sugar repairing day, showing that every day is now becoming important. the edge of the plate, and suddenly releasing the water. Although plant for Calcutta, and £2110 sugar machinery for Jamaica; steel The tin-plate trade is not in quite so satisfactory a state. Make the engine appears to have been lifted off the rails, it did not rise goods, £6800; and general iron manufactures, £26,500, of which is increasing, and demand has fallen a little. Thus at Swansea sufficiently high to cause it to upset, for it returned again to its £5600 were pipes, bars, and tubes for Canada, and £5330 ditto for last week 41,767 boxes were received in stock, and only 25,209 original position on the rails. The enginemen were slightly Bombay. exported. Prices consequently have been slightly weaker, though scalded, but not to a dangerous extent. The corrosion is supposed The malleable ironworks in Lanarkshire are now for the most makers of best brands are holding firm. The misfortune in the to be due to the use of bad water. The strange thing about the part full of employment, and the recent advance in prices is fully trade is that there are so many weak members, and hence, as the case is that the grooving was not observed when the boiler was maintained. At the same time the rates are too low, and a Board of Trade returns show, in the last ten months an increase of repaired, and that the bursting did not take place when it was further increase will be necessary to render business moderately a million boxes over 1884, and a decline in price to the extent of subsequently tested. profitable. 2s. 2d., and an increase of three-quarters of a million over 1885 — Steel makers report that they are as busy as they can be, and the corresponding period —and a decline in price as regards 1885 of that the prices of some articles still show a tendency to improve. 7^d. This is the tale the Board of Trade returns tell, and yet in the A large proportion of the work lately booked is for shipbuilding face of it I hear of new companies ! THE SHEFFIELD DISTRICT. materials in connection with contracts that have been placed with The London and North-Western is taking means for aiding the Clyde shipbuilders. The number of these contracts arranged development of the North Wales slate trade by giving great (From, our own Correspondent.) within the last six weeks is abnormally great, and the work will shipping arrangements. This is good. North Wales is looking up. The Sheffield Chamber of Commerce has expressed by a special be of immense advantage, seeing that the trade was becoming very My hint as to the lead and silver mines has taken, and a gold resolution its gratification with an important step taken by the slack. mining company too is forming. Foreign-office, intimation of which has reached it by letter from There has been a fair business doing in coals for shipment, but the Earl of Iddesleigh. It appears that Mr. O’Conor, recently the inquiry for inland consumption is reported to be slack, in con H.M.’s Charge d ’Affaires at Pekin, having been told it would sequence of the prevalence of open weather. During the past NOTES FROM GERMANY. be of advantage to English manufacturers of agricultural implements week 20,506 tons were despatched from Glasgow, 2311 from (From our own Correspondent.) if they had access to patterns of common implements of husbandry Greenock, 8645 from Ayr, 2321 from Irvine, 18,728 from Burnt in daily use in the populous agricultural districts of China, made a island, 1189 from Leith, 17,105 from Grangemouth, and 3781 from The iron prices in Silesia do not take the rise which had been collection at Tientsin and Shanghai. This consisted of picks, Bo ’ness, the total quantity being about the same as in the corre expected, although fresh combinations in every branch are hoes, spades, hatchets, sickles, and a plough coulter, and included sponding week of last year. announced; but it would seem as if these combinations never some specimens of razors. He marked upon the articles the prices The colliers in the West of Scotland have now practically embrace all the special works, which will at once account, in part, at which they were sold, and forwarded the collection to the Foreign- abandoned the four days a week restriction, and are working five for this stagnation. Some works produce at greater cost than office. In his despatch accompanying the consignments, he expresses days. This result has been brought about partly by the inability others, so cannot well join in, whilst others generally manage to the opinion that these articles could be made at less cost and of of the men to live on four days ’ wages, and partly by the strong evade the rules laid down. The sale of pig iron is good, and the equally good quality at home. He further advises the home manu association of masters that has been formed to resist the move furnaces are turning out more metal than formerly, and the mills facturers to adhere to the models preferred by the Chinese. The ment, rendering it all but impossible that the men should succeed. and forges are progressing satisfactorily at unchanged prices. Earl of Iddesleigh has sent the collection to Birmingham and Shef The coalmasters of Airdrie, Bathgate, and Slamannan have this In coal the restricted number of furnaces in blast and close field, as the places where they may be most usefully exhibited. There week resolved to follow the example of those in Lanarkshire in of the brick-making season, of course, has its effect; but must be a very large field in China for the home manufacturers in forming themselves into an association. the colder weather and increased consumption of the sugar nearly all qualities of cutlery and hardware, but it will be impos The recent decisions of the sheriff courts in Fifeshire awarding factories keeps the trade moderately brisk. At the last tender sible to follow up successfully the opening pointed out by the ing for 5676 1. of steel rails and 340 t. of sleepers the native damages against miners for failing to work eleven days a fortnight, offers ranged from 105'50 to 106 at the works in Westphalia, and Foreign-office, unless Mr. O’Conor ’s advice to adopt the native as prescribed by the rules of the collieries ’ law, led the Fife miners patterns is conscientiously taken. Sheffield and other manufac to abandon the position they took up as to restriction. Their foreign —Cockerill and Co. —119'80 M. p.t. for rails delivered at turers have suffered severely in the past through their own Magdeburg ; but at this price the German works made the cheapest secretary, Mr. John Weir, has written to Mr. Connell, the secre offers, so they will no doubt get the orders. The sleepers were folly. In several of our colonies they have insisted upon tary of the Masters’ Association, to say that the men are now pre- sending goods which they thought the customers ought to offered at M. 121 p.t. delivered at Zwickau. The steel rail and pared to work eleven days a fortnight. Mr. Weir points out that sleeper take, instead of the articles which the customers required. in consequence of this resolution the men consider they have makers have memorialised the Railway Minister concerning The Americans, sharper in their generation, contented them removed the grounds on which the coalmasters refused to enter the foreign competition. They say that since the .International selves with knowing what the people wanted, and supplied tain the proposal for an advance of wages, and he now applies for Convention was broken up prices have receded 30 to 40 marks p.t., that, with the result that they obtained the bulk of the and still foreigners undersell them, and that it is not possible for an advance to the extent of 15 per cent. At Hill of Beath and them to compete in Belgium against the native works, and thatin business, which they have very successfully kept in most quarters. Rosewell collieries the men have already got an advance of 10 per Of late years our local manufacturers, awakening to the import England it is a common condition that all railway material must be cent.; but it should be stated thatthe proprietors of these collieries of English origin. It remains, to be seen if the Minister is inclined ance of meeting colonial requirements, adapted their styles and are not members of the Masters’ Association. patterns to those of the Americans, and have been pretty successful to tax the greater public and the railway shareholders for the in getting back some of the lost business. This lesson should be benefit of an infinitesimal portion of the community, for it must be borne in mind now that another opportunity offers amongst the remembered, as once before here stated, that the whole require teeming populations of China. ments of the German railway system only amounts to 200,000 t. Messrs. Joseph Rodgers and Sons have made a complaint to the WALES AND ADJOINING COUNTIES. per annum, so thatprobably not more than 10,000 persons, divided over sixteen works and districts, would be concerned in producing local Chamber of Commerce, that the Argentine Republic are (From our own Correspondent.) practically “handicapping ” their goods. By their manner of classi and transporting that small quantity. fying the tariff they create a special clause for Rodgers ’ productions, The fluctuations in the coal trade are well shown by the business The impression which the condition of the iron market in Rhein- which are thus charged a much heavier duty than articles of other of the last two weeks at Cardiff. The first week of the two the land-Westphalia produces at the moment is that of its being in a manufacturers, without respect to whether the quality and value foreign coal export total ran close up to 150,000 tons, and there transition state. There can be no doubt that trade has improved, thereof are equal to, or below, other consignments of similar goods. was corresponding animation at the docks ; the next week the total still this is chiefly apparent in the greater steadiness of prices, for The Chamber of Commerce have decided to take such steps as are fell over 30,000 tons, and naturally the depression has been great. only in isolated cases can it be said that a rise has been effected. practicable to obtain redress for the firm. They have also decided So far there has not been much of a revival, and all that can be But so soon as convincing proofs of really better trade are forth to bring before the Executive Council of the Associated Chambers said is that the demand is better, but prices immovable in all coming, consumers will no longer hang back, and prices must rise. of Commerce the subject of the French custom duties, the capricious quarters. Indeed, in some cases this has already taken place, better news from neighbouring and foreign markets having to some extent and irregular application of which has excited a good deal of dis In conversation with leading men “on ’Change” at Cardiff a few satisfaction, as well as the frequency of the changes of rates which caused this more hopeful feeling. Native ores showed at last a days ago, there was confidence expressed that “we were at the more promising tendency, and they have risen a trifle in price, the French authorities impose. bottom of the hill,” and that after a few ups and downs —one week Some improvement is reported in steel wire. Messrs. Highfield, whilst Spanish are stationary. Pig iron shows up better. The of activity alternating with a week of slackness—times in the coal month’s production has shrunk 46,000 t., and in all Germany, in Crowther, and Co., British Steel and Wire Works, Tinsley, state trade would steadily begin to improve. that good orders are being received in hard and tempered umbrella cluding Luxemburg, the shrinkage has this year been about wire for the East, whilethe Birmingham factors are ordering freely A shrewd observer suggests that the activity at the ports up to 300,0001., against what the production was in 1885. Forge for the home markets. This firm are also well employed on patent the last week was due to European politics, coalowners, anticipating pig has been contracted for up to the end of December steel ropes for colliery purposes, fish hook and fine wire for the Bulgarian difficulties, sending freely to the coaling stations, and in the Siegerland at a slight advance, and some furnaces Redditch markets, and cycle wire for bicycles and tricycles. thatthe ensuing depression was caused by the cloud passing away. which were to have been blown out will now be continued I mentioned last week that the value of unwrought steel exported The tendency of things is to improve. Struggling concerns are in blast. Foundry pig also is more in request at a little in October, 1886, was £183,677, as compared with £991,272 for the coming to an end ; many of the smaller men are working out their better price. The rolling mills are busy on bars, principally, corresponding month of 1885. It was added at the time that the takings ; so the field is narrowing. One of the first, if not the at unchanged quotations. Girders have improved a little in great increase was with the United States, which had advanced first, authority in the coal trade of Wales told me lately, “We consequence of the powerful combination in the west and south from £21,263 to £109,144. With regard to the statement that the are too many by half. If half the pits were closed some degree of west districts having become a fact since November 1st. The list qualities now being sent to the United States are not the old costly profitable trade might be done. ” Prices quoted are: best steam, prices are now M. 95 p.t. In plates the works are satisfactorily crucible steels, I find that the average prices of last month’s ship 8 s. 6d.; but sales have been effected that will cover the spring of employed, and the demand for thin black sheets keeps up. Steel ments were to France £36 5s. per ton ; the United States, £4 15s. next year in delivery at less rates. Three steamers this week wire rods find eager purchasers for export, especially to America. per ton ; and to other countries, £12 15s. 3d. per ton. The carried 8000 tons of coal from Cardiff between them; and the big Prices are better, but not such as could be desired. Iron wire rods quantity was 29,908 tons against 7049 tons a year ago, and of the vessel, like the big coal pit, is the history of the future. are almost a drug. Steel rails and railway material have not larger quantity 24,463 tons were sent to the United States. While House coal is in better demand, and small coal retains its vitality emerged from their long depression yet. Quantitative orders for France continues to buy the higher grades of steel the great bulk at even improved quotations for prompt delivery. The most active railway wagons have been given out at Hanover and Frankfurt, of the immense weight sent to the United States consisted of branch in the trade is that of pitwood, which is nearing 19s. At but the prices taken did not cover the cost of production. The Bessemer and other lower classes of blooms and billets. Not only less rates there is much difficulty in getting supplies. constructive works are labouring still under a paucity of orders as in the States, but in other markets, this class of steel seems to be At a meeting held on Monday by the house coal men at Nelson, well as unremunerative prices for such as do come in, which are rapidly superseding the fine old crucible qualities which were at it was resolved to send a delegate to the Manchester Conference. few and far between. one time almost exclusively sent to those places. At the same meeting an alteration in the sliding scale was discussed, A Belgian works has just carried off in competition an order in and representatives appointed on that establishment. Canada for constructive ironwork to the amount of 200,000f. The perils that do environ colliers were well shown in an action against an English house, and another Belgian factory has beaten by the Glamorgan Coal Company this week against a contractor, the English firm for the supply of iron bedsteads. NOTES FROM SCOTLAND. who was charged with firing a shot, thereby endangering the lives In France, with the exception of Paris, where prices are some of five men. He had been cautioned not to fire until these men what lower, the market is unchanged, and prices are firmly (From our own Correspondent.) had left, yet persisted in doing so, simply warning them that he adhered to by the works, bars being 125f. to 130f. p.t. At about The iron market was flat at the close of last week, suffering was going to fire, and the cage being up at the top they could not the end of November the first portion of the work for the great from a reaction that succeeded the previous excitement, in the escape. He was very properly sent to goal for three months with tower, to the amount of l,900,000f., is expected to be given out. course of which there was a very considerable improvement in hard labour. Aberdulais Colliery and Brickworks are to be Last week Creusot delivered its first large steel gun for the French prices. This week the tone has again been stronger. Advices re-started. coast defences. It is a B.L. of 24 cm. calibre, to be charged with from America and Canada gave promise of some additional busi- The Cardiff Corporation, in view of their extensive waterwork 65 kilogs. of powder and a 155 kilogs. projectile. Its weight is ness being obtained for the early months of next year, and the requirements, are going to issue a quarter of a million stock at 22,000 kilogs., and the initial velocity at muzzle of the shot is quotations made a brisk advance. There have since been fluctua 31 per cent., and doubtless it will be rapidly taken up. 600 m.p. second. It cannot be claimed for it that it is a very tions, but on the whole the feeling has been a little more confident. A local contemporary notes the falling-off in the Aberdare coal formidable weapon. Some operators were speculating upon a possible putting out of traffic to London. I find that from the Dare alone it has lessened Whilst on the subject of guns, it may be noted that a Mr. furnaces at the Monkland Ironworks in connection with a meeting 20,000 tons last month, but it is not a fair comparison to take the Neunert proposes to improve by condensation and hardening the of the shareholders, which took place to consider the expediency mild months of September and October with, say, February and barrels of small arms, tubes, and the like, of iron, steel, or other of placing the concern in liquidation. At the meeting it was March, and some pits are now idle. The Great Western Railway metals, in their finished state, by subjecting them to a pressure clearly shown that the finances of the company had become so is, notwithstanding, doing good work with its coal traffic from this of 500 to 550 tons whilst they are immersed in water or other suit straitened that it was impossible to conduct its affairs longer, but valley, using the tank engines, which carry two tons of coal. The able liquid in a sufficiently strong vessel, performing the operation the result of the proceedings was an adjournment for a week to heavy tender can still be seen on local lines, but is disappearing by hydraulic, or pressure caused by a heavy hammer falling on a give time to consider whether any means could be devised to avoid from the Great Western, and the gain by lessened friction on rails piston, which closes the said vessel in which the objects to be liquidation. Until this matter is arranged it will form an element of must be something, condensed are enclosed. Nov. 19, 1886. THE ENGINEER 417 AMERICAN NOTES. system generally adopted in the United States of 14.512. A Twin Pin , G. H. White, Dunstable. America. It was registered on the 9th inst. with THE PATENT JOURNAL. 14.513. Checking the Boiling of Saucepans , &c., G. G. Brodie and J. D. Prior, Birmingham. [From our own Correspondent.) a capital of £3000, in £1 shares, with the following Condensed from the Journal of the Commissioners of Patents. 14.514. Lawn -tennis Bat , R. P. J. C. Allen, London. New Y ork , Nov. 6th. as first subscribers 14.515. A pparatus for .splitting , A c., Broad Cloth , S. Shares. This week’s orders for steel rails foot up at Applications for Letters Patent. Bolton, Halifax. *W. Allhusen, Newcastle-on-Tyne, chemical 14.516. Regulating the Swell, A c., of the Shuttle 30,000 tons, of which one-half are for December manufacturer ...... 1 delivery and the rest for January. Hail-makers *** When patents have been “communicated ” the from the Shuttle Box , L. Sutcliffe, Halifax. *J. E. Davidson, Newcastle-on-Tyne, secretary to name and address of the communicating party are 14.517. Press Knives for Cutting Boot Uppers, A c., are beginning to apprehend the possibility of a a company ...... 1 printed in italics. D. Pickles, Halifax. A. Allhusen, Gateshead, chemical manufacturer 1 booming demand for steel rails. The Baltimore 9ih November, 1886. 14.518. Buckles , R. Bees, London. and Ohio Railroad Company will be in the market G. C. Gilson, Port Clarence, driller ...... 1 14.519. Machines for Cutting , A c., Glass , A. for rails to lay a sixty-mile road across the State J. W. Byles, Middlesbrough, manager of salt 14.419. Improved Blast , J. Morrison, Durham. Oestreicher, London. works ...... 1 14.420. Improved Adjustable Spanner J. Moore, and of New Jersey. The Pennsylvania Company had 14.520. Brakes for Vehicles, W. J. and J. II. Parkyn, S. A. Cecil, Newcastle, stationer ...... 1 C. D. Martin, Newcastle-on-Tyne. London. its plans laid for the construction of about 200 J. Tennant, Gateshead, chemical manufacturer. . 1 14.421. H older for Lens -diaphragms in Cameras , miles of road in Pennsylvania and Ohio, besides 14.521. Checking the A mounts of Pay Tickets , P. The number of directors is not to be less than J. E. Thornton, Manchester. Sullivan, London. the laying of 450 miles of road in the North-west 14.422. Springs for Seats , &c., J. W. Drury, East three nor more than five; the first are the sub 14.522. Bullets , J. B. Clark, Liverpool. to connect the Northern Pacific Railway with bourne. 14.523. Pkisoptometers for Testing Kyes ’ght , W. P. its Chicago connections. The New York Central scribers denoted by an asterisk, and Mr. J. T. 14.423. Corrugated Iron Roofing , H. C. Tucker, Thompson. —(U. Culbertson, United Sto.tes ) and other trunk-line roads are, or soon will be, Irwin. Banbury. 14.524. Table for Playing a New Game , Cricket Bil in the market for large blocks of rails for early 14.424. H orse -shoes , R. Glover, Stratford, liards , W. Ellis, London. Anita Mines, Limited. 14.425. Facilitating the Carrying of Wet Paintings , 14.525. Manufacture of Boots and Shoes , L. E. Scafe, spring delivery. A high railroad authority stated Bells, E. R. Hedgman and F. Villiers-Stead, 14.698. Dyeing Skeins of Wool , &c., E. Edwards. — 14.790. Production of A mmonia , &c., F. Bale, Droit- each end of said members, so that said brushes will London. {E. Decock, Roubaix.) wich. project toward each other, and a brush attached to 14.603. Sifting Granular or Fibrous Materials 14.699. Steam Pressure Engines , J. G. Lorrain, 14.791. Safety Lamps , J. Sharman and E. Thompson, the end of one of the members of the handle so as to Suspended in Liquids , R. Kron, London. London. Stoke-on-Trent. project on a line therefrom, and adapted to be used in 14.604. Indicating the H eating of Bearings in 18th November, 1886. 14.792. Mud Protector for Trousers , &c., H. Warry, an ordinary manner, the parts being combined and Marine , A c., Engines , H. R. Landon and W. T. W. London. organised substantially as set forth. Thackeray, London. 14.700. Type Writing by H and , D. C. A. Thatcher, 14.793. Fellow -piece, J. A. Berg, New Zealand. 14.605. Breech-loading H eavy O rdnance , G. F. London. 14.794. Fixing Door Knobs , F. G. Anstey and E. J. 348,646, Safety Strip for Electric Circuits , Harrington, Ryde. 14.701. A utomatic A larm for H igh and Low Water Hoult, London. Edward Weston, Newark, N.J.—Filed November 14.606. Refrigerating Machines , J. Quiri, London. and H igh Steam , J. Edey and G. Wright, London. 14.795. Waste H eat Extractors , J. F. and G. E. 18th, 1885. 14.607. Supply Cock for Baths and Lavatories , C. 14.702. A utomatic Water Gauge , J. Edey and G. Wright, Birmingham. Claim. —{1) The combination, with spring terminals, Schiitzinger, London. Wright, London. 14.796. Connection for the Ends of Cords ,