Universidade Federal Do Ceará Centro De Ciências Departamento De Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica

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Universidade Federal Do Ceará Centro De Ciências Departamento De Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOQUÍMICA E BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOQUÍMICA RAYANNE FARIAS DA SILVA ANÁLISE HISTOLÓGICA DE TECIDOS CULTIVADOS IN VITRO DE PLANTAS LATICÍFERAS, PERFIL DE PROTEÍNAS SOLÚVEIS E AÇÃO CONTRA FITOPATÓGENOS FORTALEZA-CE 2015 RAYANNE FARIAS DA SILVA ANÁLISE HISTOLÓGICA DE TECIDOS CULTIVADOS IN VITRO DE PLANTAS LATICÍFERAS, PERFIL DE PROTEÍNAS SOLÚVEIS E AÇÃO CONTRA FITOPATÓGENOS Dissertação submetida à Coordenação do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Bioquímica. Área de concentração: Bioquímica vegetal. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Márcio Viana Ramos Coorientadora: Profa. Dra. Cristina Paiva da Silveira Carvalho. FORTALEZA-CE 2015 RAYANNE FARIAS DA SILVA ANÁLISE HISTOLÓGICA DE TECIDOS CULTIVADOS IN VITRO DE PLANTAS LATICÍFERAS, PERFIL DE PROTEÍNAS SOLÚVEIS E AÇÃO CONTRA FITOPATÓGENOS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Bioquímica. Área de concentração: Bioquímica vegetal. Aprovada em: 02 / 04 / 2015. BANCA EXAMINADORA Aos meus avós, Armando e Maria, e à minha mãe Almaiza por todo amor e apoio incondicional. AGRADECIMENTOS INSTITUCIONAIS Este trabalho foi realizado com o suporte das seguintes instituições: Universidade Federal do Ceará, através do Laboratório de Plantas Laticíferas, coordenado pelo Professor Dr. Márcio Viana Ramos e o Laboratório de Biotecnologia vegetal, coordenado pela Professora Dra. Cristina Paiva da Silveira Carvalho, do Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), através do Núcleo de Biologia Experimental; Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, através do Laboratório de Bioprocessos; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (FUNCAP); Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO). AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, meu porto seguro, pela coragem ao longo desta caminhada, pela proteção em todas as horas e pela força nos momentos de fraqueza e limitação. Ao professor Dr. Márcio Viana Ramos, exemplo de pesquisador dedicado e competente. Agradeço pela criteriosa orientação deste trabalho, pelo incentivo e por contribuir diretamente para o meu crescimento profissional e pessoal. À Professora Dra. Cristina Paiva da Silveira Carvalho, por quem tenho grande admiração como pessoa e como profissional. Obrigada por todo apoio, paciência, ensinamentos e por sua amizade. À Professora Dra. Arlete Aparecida Soares por ter aceitado o convite para participar da banca examinadora, pelas contribuições dadas a esse trabalho e por disponibilizar gentilmente seu espaço de laboratório para realização de parte desta dissertação. A Dra. Christiana de Fátima Bruce da Silva por ter aceitado o convite para participar da banca examinadora. Ao Núcleo de Biologia Experimental, da Universidade de Fortaleza, coordenado pelo Prof. Dr. Renato de Azevedo Moreira e Profa. Dra. Ana Cristina de Oliveira Monteiro Moreira, pelas análises de espectrometria de massas. Em especial ao Dr. Frederico Moreno pelo apoio durante os experimentos. Aos integrantes do Laboratório de Morfologia e Anatomia vegetal, Clemir, Lauana, Karine, Ana, Alexandre, Gisele, James e Alessandra, sobretudo a Robson por toda a ajuda durante os experimentos de histologia. Ao Laboratório de Proteínas Vegetais de Defesa, coordenado pelo Prof. Dr. José Tadeu, pelo apoio. Aos seus integrantes, Rodolpho, Fred, Emanuel, Ana Luíza, Anna Lídia, Handerson, Pedro, e especialmente ao Thiago pela contribuição nos experimentos e por estar sempre disposto a ajudar nos momentos que precisei. Aos amigos do laboratório de Plantas Laticíferas, Cleverson Diniz, Danielle, Diego, Daniel, Jackson, Juliane, João Pedro, Guilherme, Letícia, Aline, Beatriz, Hugo, Wallace, Zelândia, Raissa, Camila, Rafaela e Carol pela ótima convivência no laboratório, companheirismo, apoio e pelos grandes momentos de aprendizado e alegria. Aos amigos do laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Brenda, Italo, Misrael, Rachel, Cinthya, Fernanda, Marinete, Pedro, Mathias e Cristiano por toda a amizade, carinho e companheirismo. A Isabel por ser uma amiga de todas as horas. Obrigada por todo apoio, conselhos e incentivos, sem a sua ajuda eu não teria realizado metade de tudo que fiz, sempre terei admiração e carinho por você. Aos amigos do curso de pós-graduação George, Willer, Camila, Igor, Cibele, Aline, Mariana, Paulo e Antônio Neto pelo constante incentivo e as conversas sempre animadas, em especial a Felipe pela disponibilidade e prontidão em ajudar, pelas sugestões, incentivo e pela amizade. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, pelos valiosos conhecimentos transmitidos, e também aos funcionários e técnicos, pela agradável convivência e pela pronta ajuda. Agradeço em especial à Aldelisa Viana e a Edinilda Nascimento pela amizade e ajuda nos diversos momentos. À minha família, pelo amor e por estar sempre comigo nos momentos difíceis, me confortando e incentivando. Em especial aos meus pais, por todo amor, apoio incondicional e educação que me deram. Ao meu amor e amigo, Hélio pelo carinho, amor e incentivos constantes, sempre demonstrados mesmo à distância. Obrigada pelo companheirismo e por estar sempre presente nos momentos que mais precisei. “Nada é impossível para Deus” (Lucas 1:37) RESUMO Plantas laticíferas têm sido estudadas por apresentarem uma grande diversidade de proteínas relacionadas à defesa vegetal em seu látex. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar em tecidos cultivados in vitro, proteínas e atividades descritas para o látex de duas espécies laticíferas. Tecidos de calos e raízes de Cryptostegia grandiflora foram obtidos através de protocolos de cultura in vitro de tecidos e submetidos à análise histológica para caracterização de laticíferos. Tecidos cultivados de Calotropis procera foram utilizados como referencial comparativo nas análises. Não foi detectada qualquer estrutura laticífera em calos ou raízes de C. grandiflora enquanto que em C. procera laticíferos se formam nas raízes. Proteínas solúveis foram extraídas dos tecidos cultivados e caracterizadas por meio de ensaios enzimáticos, técnicas bioquímicas, imunológicas e espectrometria de massas. A presença de atividade contra fungos fitopatogênicos foi investigada e todos os dados obtidos foram comparados com dados previamente determinados para os látex das espécies estudadas. Proteínas dos calos e raízes de C. procera, apresentaram atividade antifúngica sobre fungos fitopatogênicos. Os percentuais de inibição do crescimento vegetativo de hifas na presença de proteínas de calos e raízes de C. procera, respectivamente, foram: 75,5% e 82,6% para Fusarium solani, 76,7% e 57,1% para Rhizoctonia solani, 88,8% e 79,8% para Fusarium oxysporum, 93,7% e 90,2% para Colletotrichum lindemuthianum e 80,2% e 79,7% para Colletotrichum gloesporioides, no entanto, não demonstraram nenhum efeito sobre Mucor sp. As proteínas de calos e raízes de C. grandiflora não apresentaram qualquer efeito inibitório sobre o crescimento de hifas ou germinação de esporos dos fungos avaliados. Por meio de ensaios com marcadores de fluorescência, foi possível demonstrar que as proteínas extraídas da cultura in vitro de C. procera interagem com a membrana de C. gloesporioides causando extravasamento do conteúdo citoplasmático, sugerindo que possivelmente seu mecanismo de ação contra fungos esteja relacionado à alteração na permeabilidade da membrana plasmática. Também foi observado estresse oxidativo em esporos de C. gloesporioides tratados com proteínas de calos e raízes de C. procera através da produção de peróxido de hidrogênio. Inibidores de proteases, quitinases, osmotinas e proteases foram detectados nas amostras de calos e raízes de C. procera, porém, osmotinas e proteases não foram observadas em calos e raízes de C. grandiflora. A atividade das enzimas antioxidantes APX, G-POD e catalase foram observadas nos tecidos cultivados in vitro de C. grandiflora. Considerando que proteases laticíferas de C. grandiflora foram demonstradas exercer ação contra fungos, os resultados observados nesta pesquisa sugerem que a ausência de atividade antifúngica em tecidos cultivados de C. grandiflora deve-se a ausência de proteases nestes tecidos e ainda excluem quitinases e inibidores de proteases presentes como proteínas antifúngicas. Em calos e raízes de C. procera, além de proteases, outras proteínas tais como, quitinases, inibidores de proteases e osmotinas detectadas podem estar envolvidas na atividade antifúngica observada, e/ou agir sinergicamente na defesa contra fungos. O estudo conclui que o uso de tecidos cultivados que não diferenciam laticíferos é um interessante modelo para estudar atividades associadas às proteínas encontradas no látex. Proteases antifúngicas presentes no látex de C. grandiflora não foram encontradas nos tecidos sem formação laticífera. Palavras-Chave: Calotropis procera. Cryptostegia grandiflora. Cultura de tecidos. Látex. Proteínas de defesa. ABSTRACT Laticifers plants have been studied by presenting a wide range of proteins related to plant defense in its latex. The aim of this study was to investigate, in tissue cultured in vitro, proteins and activities described for latex laticíferas two species. Tissue callus and roots of Cryptostegia
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