DOCSLIB.ORG

Carl Sisemore · Vít Babuška

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Carl Sisemore · Vít Babuška Carl Sisemore · Vít Babuška The Science and Engineering of Mechanical Shock The Science and Engineering of Mechanical Shock Carl Sisemore • Vít Babuška The Science and Engineering of Mechanical Shock 123 Carl Sisemore Vít Babuška Albuquerque, NM, USA Albuquerque, NM, USA This book describes objective technical material. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Sandia National Laboratories, the US Department of Energy, or the US Government. ISBN 978-3-030-12102-0 ISBN 978-3-030-12103-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12103-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019933292 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Sara, Seth, Hosea, Josiah, and Hanna; Pavel and Tomáš; and the next generation of engineers. Preface Mechanical shock is often the misunderstood and neglected half of system envi- ronmental testing and analysis. Engineers design their systems to pass vibration exposure and hope that the systems pass shock testing. It has been said that the vibration laboratory is where components go for testing and the shock laboratory is where they go to die. The primary reason for this is that mechanical shock is generally not taught in either the undergraduate or graduate curriculum nor is it particularly straightforward. There are relatively few books dedicated to the study of mechanical shock, and most of those are engineering discipline-specific. While some undergraduate texts on vibrations may include a chapter on mechan- ical shock, thorough treatments of the topic are lacking. Nevertheless, shock is a mechanical environment that affects almost every device—from ships to spacecraft and from cell phones to shipping packages. Civil engineers worry about blast- induced shocks and earthquakes. Mechanical engineers are concerned with impact- induced shocks, while naval engineers must consider the effects of underwater explosive shocks on ships. Satellites must be robust to pyroshocks. The goal of this book is to bring together engineering information about mechan- ical shock from various disciplines into a cohesive text. The science of mechanical shock involves understanding of the basic physics of the event: how the dynamics of the system interplay with the high-speed transient nature of the excitation and the numerical methods for quantifying the shock event and its damage potential to various structures, systems, and components. The book includes information from naval and military applications, earthquake engineering, aerospace, and spacecraft in one reference. While the book is intended to provide basic information about the field of mechanical shock, the book and the topic are not themselves simplistic. It is assumed that the reader has a firm understanding of mechanical vibrations and differential equations. The book presents a historical context to the field of mechanical shock including numerous practical examples and anecdotes. Mathematical derivations of the fundamental principles and data processing methods are included and elucidated. Development of the single degree-of-freedom oscillatory theory and the theory of the shock response spectra are covered in detail in Chaps. 3 and 4. There vii viii Preface is a section on nonspectral techniques for analyzing shock test data. Various types of shock test machines and their capabilities are covered in Chap. 9. In addition, a lengthy discussion on the methods for deriving shock test specifications is included in Chap. 11. The analysis of multi-degree-of-freedom systems with shock response spectra is discussed in Chap. 8. The energy spectrum, which is another type of response spectrum that is used primarily in the earthquake engineering community, is discussed at the end of the book, in Chap. 12. Throughout the book, example problems illustrate the main concepts. Problems are included at the end of the chapters to further the reader’s understanding. Both authors have worked in the field of shock and vibration analysis and testing for many years. Our experience has been predominately with naval, aerospace, and spacecraft systems, although there has also been some brief work with earthquake survivability. Throughout our careers, we have found that a considerable amount of information about mechanical shock is available if one is willing to search. Unfortunately, the information is widely dispersed, and not every source is necessarily a good source. The finer points of the science are often buried in “black box” routines and analysis codes. A combined, handy reference, grounded in structural dynamic theory with wide applicability, has not been readily available. It is into this arena that the authors place this work. It is our hope that the reader will find the text useful and interesting. After all, mechanical shock is a fun business. Albuquerque, NM, USA Carl Sisemore Albuquerque, NM, USA Vít Babuška May 2019 Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction to Mechanical Shock ................................. 2 1.2 History of Shock Engineering ...................................... 4 1.2.1 Naval Shock ............................................... 5 1.2.2 Civil Engineering Shock .................................. 8 1.2.3 Aircraft Shock ............................................. 10 1.2.4 Space Vehicle Shock ...................................... 10 1.3 Effects of Shock on Systems ....................................... 13 1.3.1 Structural Failure .......................................... 13 1.3.2 Functional Failure ......................................... 14 1.4 The Need for Dynamic Analysis ................................... 15 1.5 Summary ............................................................ 18 Problems ..................................................................... 18 References.................................................................... 19 2 Common Mechanical Shock Environments ............................. 21 2.1 Impact Shock........................................................ 21 2.1.1 Transportation Shock ..................................... 24 2.1.2 Rail Shock ................................................. 27 2.2 Drop Shock.......................................................... 28 2.3 Pyroshock ........................................................... 31 2.3.1 Explosive Bolt Theory of Operation ..................... 34 2.4 Ballistic Shock ...................................................... 34 2.4.1 Recoil Theory ............................................. 36 2.4.2 Shot-to-Shot Dispersion .................................. 37 2.5 Seismic Shock....................................................... 38 2.6 Underwater Shock .................................................. 40 2.7 Summary ............................................................ 43 Problems ..................................................................... 43 References.................................................................... 44 ix x Contents 3 Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems ....................................... 45 3.1 SDOF Governing Equations........................................ 46 3.2 Solution of the Differential Equation .............................. 52 3.3 Free Vibration ....................................................... 52 3.3.1 Free Vibration of Undamped SDOF Systems............ 53 3.3.2 Free Vibration of Damped SDOF Systems .............. 53 3.4 Forced Response .................................................... 58 3.4.1 Basic Shock Excitation ................................... 58 3.4.2 General Shock Excitation ................................. 68 3.5 Summary ............................................................ 82 Problems ..................................................................... 83 References.................................................................... 84 4 Shock Environment Characterization Using Shock Response Spectra ....................................................................... 87 4.1 History of the Shock Response Spectra............................ 89 4.1.1 Shock Spectra
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Penetration of Fast Projectiles Into Resistant Media: from Macroscopic
    Penetration of fast projectiles into resistant media: from macroscopic to subatomic projectiles Jos´e Gaite Applied Physics Dept., ETSIAE, Universidad Polit´ecnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain∗ (Dated: July 21, 2017) The penetration of a fast projectile into a resistant medium is a complex process that is suitable for simple modeling, in which basic physical principles can be profitably employed. This study connects two different domains: the fast motion of macroscopic bodies in resistant media and the interaction of charged subatomic particles with matter at high energies, which furnish the two limit cases of the problem of penetrating projectiles of different sizes. These limit cases actually have overlapping applications; for example, in space physics and technology. The intermediate or mesoscopic domain finds application in atom cluster implantation technology. Here it is shown that the penetration of fast nano-projectiles is ruled by a slightly modified Newton’s inertial quadratic force, namely, F ∼ v2−β , where β vanishes as the inverse of projectile diameter. Factors essential to penetration depth are ratio of projectile to medium density and projectile shape. Keywords: penetration dynamics; energy loss; collisions; supersonic motion. I. INTRODUCTION Between subatomic and macroscopic projectiles, there is a mesoscopic range of nano-projectiles, with important technological applications.23 The few studies of their re- The analytical study of the resistance to the motion of lation to macroscopic projectiles24,25 only treat particu- projectiles begins with Book Two of Newton’s Principia, lar aspects of the problem. Here we study the problem entitled The motion of bodies (in resisting mediums).1 of resistance to projectile penetration within a unified Other classics have studied this subject, which has obvi- conceptual framework that applies to the full ranges of ous applications, for example, military applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Simulation of Hypervelocity Gouging Impacts
    Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-13-2006 Analysis and Simulation of Hypervelocity Gouging Impacts John D. Cinnamon Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Engineering Science and Materials Commons Recommended Citation Cinnamon, John D., "Analysis and Simulation of Hypervelocity Gouging Impacts" (2006). Theses and Dissertations. 3318. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/3318 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Analysis and Simulation of Hypervelocity Gouging Impacts DISSERTATION John D. Cinnamon, Major, USAF AFIT/DS/ENY/06-01 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. The views expressed in this work are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States Government. AFIT/DS/ENY/06-01 Analysis and Simulation of Hypervelocity Gouging Impacts DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy John D. Cinnamon, B.S.E., M.S.E., P.E. Major, USAF June 2006 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. AFIT/DS/ENY/06-01 Abstract Hypervelocity impact is an area of extreme interest in the research community.
    [Show full text]
  • Author(S): Title: Year
    This publication is made freely available under ______ __ open access. AUTHOR(S): TITLE: YEAR: Publisher citation: OpenAIR citation: Publisher copyright statement: This is the ______________________ version of an article originally published by ____________________________ in __________________________________________________________________________________________ (ISSN _________; eISSN __________). OpenAIR takedown statement: Section 6 of the “Repository policy for OpenAIR @ RGU” (available from http://www.rgu.ac.uk/staff-and-current- students/library/library-policies/repository-policies) provides guidance on the criteria under which RGU will consider withdrawing material from OpenAIR. If you believe that this item is subject to any of these criteria, or for any other reason should not be held on OpenAIR, then please contact [email protected] with the details of the item and the nature of your complaint. This publication is distributed under a CC ____________ license. ____________________________________________________ Surface and Coatings Technology , 242, 2014, p. 42–53 Influence of Test Methodology and Probe Geometry on Nanoscale Fatigue Failure of Diamond-Like Carbon Film N. H. Faisal 1* , R. Ahmed 2, Saurav Goel 3, Y. Q. Fu 4 1 School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK 2 School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK 3 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK 4 Thin Film Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliances (SUPA), University of West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the mechanism of nanoscale fatigue using nano-impact and multiple-loading cycle nanoindentation tests, and compare it to previously reported findings of nanoscale fatigue using integrated stiffness and depth sensing approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Concept 3: Key Planetary
    Science Concept 6: The Moon is an Accessible Laboratory for Studying the Impact Process on Planetary Scales Science Concept 6: The Moon is an accessible laboratory for studying the impact process on planetary scales Science Goals: a. Characterize the existence and extent of melt sheet differentiation. b. Determine the structure of multi-ring impact basins. c. Quantify the effects of planetary characteristics (composition, density, impact velocities) on crater formation and morphology. d. Measure the extent of lateral and vertical mixing of local and ejecta material. INTRODUCTION Impact cratering is a fundamental geological process which is ubiquitous throughout the Solar System. Impacts have been linked with the formation of bodies (e.g. the Moon; Hartmann and Davis, 1975), terrestrial mass extinctions (e.g. the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary extinction; Alvarez et al., 1980), and even proposed as a transfer mechanism for life between planetary bodies (Chyba et al., 1994). However, the importance of impacts and impact cratering has only been realized within the last 50 or so years. Here we briefly introduce the topic of impact cratering. The main crater types and their features are outlined as well as their formation mechanisms. Scaling laws, which attempt to link impacts at a variety of scales, are also introduced. Finally, we note the lack of extraterrestrial crater samples and how Science Concept 6 addresses this. Crater Types There are three distinct crater types: simple craters, complex craters, and multi-ring basins (Fig. 6.1). The type of crater produced in an impact is dependent upon the size, density, and speed of the impactor, as well as the strength and gravitational field of the target.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of PAPER
    Journal of Physics Special Topics P3_10 Extinction Event Ashley Clark, Kate Houghton, Jacek Kuzemczak, Henry Simms Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH. November 21, 2012 Abstract This article calculates the dimensions of the crater that triggered the series of events leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs. The diameter of a crater due to an asteroid traveling at escape velocity was calculated to be 71.2 km. An incoming velocity estimate of 54.2 kms-1 was made and the crater depth is estimated to be 4.00 km using Newton's projectile penetration depth approximation. Introduction The events that caused the extinction of the An asteroid traveling with velocity, v, has a dinosaurs are believed to have been triggered kinetic energy of by the impact of an incoming body [1]. This , (2) paper investigates the dimensions of the resulting impact crater from an assumed initial size and velocity. Firstly, the minimum where mi is the mass, V is the volume and α is -13 velocity, or escape velocity, is considered to a conversion factor equal to 2.39x10 J (1 -13 calculate the crater width. This width is then Joule is equivalent to 2.39x10 kilotons of compared with the known crater diameter to TNT, where kilotons refers to metric tons). estimate the incoming velocity. The asteroid was assumed to be approximately spherical, with a mean radius The crater depth is calculated using Newton’s R. This model assumes that all of the kinetic approximation for the impact depth and to energy is converted into displacing material to assess its validity the estimated crater form a crater.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing General Relativity in Cosmology
    Living Reviews in Relativity (2019) 22:1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-018-0017-4 REVIEW ARTICLE Testing general relativity in cosmology Mustapha Ishak1 Received: 28 May 2018 / Accepted: 6 November 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract We review recent developments and results in testing general relativity (GR) at cosmo- logical scales. The subject has witnessed rapid growth during the last two decades with the aim of addressing the question of cosmic acceleration and the dark energy asso- ciated with it. However, with the advent of precision cosmology, it has also become a well-motivated endeavor by itself to test gravitational physics at cosmic scales. We overview cosmological probes of gravity, formalisms and parameterizations for testing deviations from GR at cosmological scales, selected modified gravity (MG) theories, gravitational screening mechanisms, and computer codes developed for these tests. We then provide summaries of recent cosmological constraints on MG parameters and selected MG models. We supplement these cosmological constraints with a summary of implications from the recent binary neutron star merger event. Next, we summarize some results on MG parameter forecasts with and without astrophysical systematics that will dominate the uncertainties. The review aims at providing an overall picture of the subject and an entry point to students and researchers interested in joining the field. It can also serve as a quick reference to recent results and constraints on testing gravity at cosmological scales. Keywords Tests of relativistic gravity · Theories of gravity · Modified gravity · Cosmological tests · Post-Friedmann limit · Gravitational waves Contents 1 Introduction ............................................... 2 General relativity (GR) ......................................... 2.1 Basic principles .........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Overview of Fluid Mechanics from Classical Mechanics Swedish
    September 28, 2016 Brief overview of fluid mechanics Marcus Berg From classical mechanics Classical mechanics has essentially two subfields: particle mechanics, and the mechanics of bigger things (i.e. not particles), called continuum mechanics. Continuum mechanics, in turn, has essentially two subfields: rigid body mechanics, and the mechanics of deformable things (i.e. not rigid bodies). The mechanics of things that deform when subjected to force is, somewhat surprisingly, called fluid mechanics. Surprisingly, because there are many things that deform that are not fluids. Indeed, the fields of elasticity and plasticity usually refer to solids, but they are thought of as “further developments” of rigid body mechanics. (As always, nothing can beat Wikipedia for list overviews: [1].) In fact, under certain extreme but interesting circumstances, solids can behave like fluids1, in which case they also fall under fluid mechanics, despite being the “opposite” of fluids under normal circumstances. Fluid mechanics then obviously has the subfields fluid statics and fluid dynamics. I will specialize to fluid dynamics. For more on fluid statics, see Ch. 2 and 3 of [2]. There are many fascinating and important questions there, such as capillary forces and surface tension, the energy minimization problem for soap bubbles, and the calculation of the shape of the Earth, which is of course mostly liquid (the rocky surface can be neglected). The Earth is not static but stationary (rotating with con- stant angular velocity), but just like in particle mechanics, many methods from statics generalize to stationary systems, so the problem of the shape of the Earth counts as fluid statics.
    [Show full text]
  • Planetary Penetrators for Sample Return Missions
    Planetary Penetrators for Sample Return Missions Chad A. Truitt A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Washington 2016 Committee: Robert M. Winglee Michael McCarthy Erika Harnett Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Earth and Space Sciences © Copyright 2016 Chad A. Truitt University of Washington Abstract Planetary Penetrators for Sample Return Missions Chad A. Truitt Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Robert M. Winglee Earth and Space Sciences Sample return missions offer a greater science yield when compared to missions that only employ in situ experiments or remote sensing observations, since they allow the application of more complicated technological and analytical methodologies in controlled terrestrial laboratories that are both repeatable and can be independently verified. The successful return of extraterrestrial materials over the last four decades has contributed to our understanding of the solar system, but retrieval techniques have largely depended on the use of either soft-landing, or touch-and-go procedures that result in high ΔV requirements, and return yields typically limited to a few grams of surface materials that have experienced varying degrees of alteration from space weathering. Hard-landing methods using planetary penetrators offer an alternative for sample return that significantly reduce a mission’s ΔV, increase sample yields, and allow for the collection of subsurface materials, and lessons can be drawn from previous sample return missions. The following details progress in the design, development, and testing of penetrator/sampler technology capable of surviving subsonic and low supersonic impact velocities (<700 m/s) that would enable the collection of geologic materials using tether technology to return the sample to a passing spacecraft.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Gravitation and Relativity 2003 NASA/JPL Workshop on Fundamental Physics in Space, April 14-16, 2003, Oxnard, California
    Chapter 2 Gravitation and Relativity 2003 NASA/JPL Workshop on Fundamental Physics in Space, April 14-16, 2003, Oxnard, California TESTING THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE IN AN EINSTEIN ELEVATOR: DETECTOR DYNAMICS AND GRAVITY PERTURBATIONS E.C. Lorenzini1,*, I.I. Shapiro1, M.L. Cosmo1, J. Ashenberg1, G. Parzianello2, V. Iafolla3 and S. Nozzoli3 1Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Cambridge, Massachusetts; 2University of Padova (Padua, Italy) and CfA Visiting Student; 3Institute of Space Physics (Rome, Italy). *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract We discuss specific, recent advances in the analysis of an experiment to test the Equivalence Principle (EP) in free fall. A differential accelerometer detector with two proof masses of different materials free falls inside an evacuated capsule previously released from a stratospheric balloon. The detector spins slowly about its horizontal axis during the fall. An EP violation signal (if present) will manifest itself at the rotational frequency of the detector. The detector operates in a quiet environment as it slowly moves with respect to the co-moving capsule. There are, however, gravitational and dynamical noise contributions that need to be evaluated in order to define key requirements for this experiment. Specifically, higher-order mass moments of the capsule contribute errors to the differential acceleration output with components at the spin frequency which need to be minimized. The dynamics of the free falling detector (in its present design) has been simulated in order to estimate the tolerable errors at release which, in turn, define the release mechanism requirements. Moreover, the study of the higher-order mass moments for a worst-case position of the detector package relative to the cryostat has led to the definition of requirements on the shape and size of the proof masses.
    [Show full text]
  • Singular Structures on Liquid Rims Hans C
    March 2014 Volume 26 Number 3 Physics of Fluids pof.aip.org PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 26, 032109 (2014) Singular structures on liquid rims Hans C. Mayer and Rouslan Krechetnikov Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA (Received 5 November 2013; accepted 27 February 2014; published online 28 March 2014) This experimental note is concerned with a new effect we discovered in the course of studying water hammering phenomena. Namely, the ejecta originating from the solid plate impact on a water surface brings about a liquid rim at its edge with the fluid flowing towards the rim center and forming a singular structure resembling a “pancake.” Here, we present the experimental observations and a qualitative physical explanation for the effect, which proves to be fundamental to the situation when the size and speed of the impacting body are such that the capillary effects become important. C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4868730] The interplay of the continuous and the discrete is intrinsic in the description of the world – the emergence of discrete structures from continuous data has always been fascinating to scientists not only for its visual appeal but also for its fundamental importance.1 In the present work, we will discuss a particular exhibition of such phenomena due to the competition between inertia and surface tension effects. Namely, in the course of water hammering experiments, cf. Figure 1, we observed a phenomenon which resembles a “pancake” formed on liquid rims, a well-developed case of which is illustrated in Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Debries 2016
    1 PREFACE Funda mental ecology is abranch of science aimed at developing mathematical models that could forecast the impact of technogeneous process on the natural environment.the present edition illustrates the methodes and models of fundamental ecology takeing the outer space contamination problem as an example . Since the first sputnik was launched on 4octomber 1957 and the space era begun mankind was enthusiastic about putting satellite into orbit ,of the wonderful opppurtunities given by the space achievements foe telecommunications,navigations,Earth observations ,weather forecasts.microgravity science and technology,etc. nobody gave thought to a possible negative impact on the space environment,Now it is high time we step aside and look around. Space activity of mankind generated great deal of orbital debries ,i.e. manmade objects ane their fragments launched into space ,inactive nowadays and not serving any useful purpose. Those objects ,ranging from micron up to decimeters in size,traveling at orbital velocities,remaining in orbot at many years and numbering billions fromed a new media named space debries and become a serious hazard of space flights.collision with metallic particles of debries with 1 centimeter is energeitically equvivalent to a collision with car moving at a speed of 100 km per hour. Thus this media where in the space satellites operate nowadays should be taken into account ,and its impact on the durability on space missions should be evaluated as it will be affect the reliability of technical systems.That turns out to be of fabulous significance foe upward schemes surrounding constellations of law earth orbiting satellites as a space segment .
    [Show full text]
  • Phenomenological Tests of Modified Gravity
    Phenomenological Tests of Modified Gravity Ana Aurelia Avilez-López Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2015 For Ana Lucía and Jorge . DECLARATION I hereby declare that except where specific reference is made to the work of others, the contents of this dissertation are original and have not been submitted in whole or in part for consideration for any other degree or qualification in this, or any other university. This dissertation is my own work and contains nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others, except as specified in the text and Acknowledgements. This dissertation contains fewer than 100,000 words including appendices, bibliography, footnotes, tables and equations. The thesis is based in the following research • Avilez, A. and Skordis, C., Cosmological Constraints on Brans-Dicke Theory, Phys.Rev.Lett.113(2014)011101, arXiv:1303.4330 [astro-ph.CO]. • Ana Avilez-Lopez, Antonio Padilla, Paul M. Saffin, Constantinos Skordis, The Parametrized Post-Newtonian-Vainshteinian Formalism, (Submitted to JCAP) arXiv:1501.01985 [gr-qc]. Paper 1 is described in chapters 3 and 4. The motivation and part of the calculations of chapter 6 are based paper 2. Ana Aurelia Avilez-López July 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Costas Skordis for his dedicated, patient and fruitful guidence and support during my doctoral course. I am deeply grateful to him for giving me his trust and support even in hard moments. Also, thank you Costas for the freedom you gave me to explore new ideas and your flexibility about times and forms that made possible to carry on with this research work.
    [Show full text]