Operation Protective Edge: Deepening the Rift between Israel and Turkey
Gallia Lindenstrauss
Operation Protective Edge deepened the crisis in relations between Israel and Turkey, as evidenced in a number of ways. During the campaign, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan made very strong statements about Israel, among them, that Israel has been carrying out “systematic genocide” against !"#$%&'&!'$($&')#(*+,-. *(%/!%(0$1!#"(/!$(O$314!$$#5(6&%"#1(&'(7!17!1&$8.P 2 and that Israel is killing Palestinian women “so they cannot give birth.” 3 In one instance, Erdogan even indicated that Israel-Turkey relations would not improve as long as he was in power. ,(:31%/#18;1#.(<'=!1!(5#)"!1#5(%/1##( days of mourning over the events in Gaza, 5 and demands were voiced that Turkey’s Jewish community apologize for Israel’s actions. 6 Turkish opposition members did not voice different views from those expressed by Erdogan !'5(%/#(13"&'>(?3$%&)#(!'5(@#A#";48#'%( !1%B(C
41;8&'#'%(!8;'>(%/#(;1>!'&N!%&;'$(%/!%(%;;=(4!1%(&'(%/#(#KK;1%(L!$(066.( one of the main driving forces behind the Mavi Marmara (\;%&""!(&'(J!B( UV*V.(!'(#A#'%(%/!%(71;3>/%(%/#(%#'$&;'(7#%L##'(H31=#B(!'5(0$1!#"(%;('#L( heights. 9(@31&'>(I4#1!%&;'( 1;%#)%&A#(W5>#.(066(#A#'(!'';3')#5(%/!%( &%(L!$();'$&5#1&'>($#'5&'>(!(\;%&""!(%;(M!N!.(!'5(K;"";L&'>(%/#(H31=&$/( presidential elections (apparently it did not want to raise sensitive issues 7#K;1#(%/#(#"#)%&;'$E(%/#(;1>!'&N!%&;'(!'';3')#5(%/!%(%/#(\;%&""!(%;(M!N!( L;3"5(#87!1=(531&'>(UV*,O *V H/#(41;)#$$(;K(5#%#1&;1!%&;'(&'(H31=#BX0$1!#"(1#"!%&;'$(&$(';%('#LO(6;L#A#1.( &'("!%#(<41&"(UV*,.(&'(!'(&'%#1A&#L(L&%/(!'(<8#1&)!'(8#5&!(;3%"#%.(W15;>!'.( referring to the bilateral friction, stated that an agreement between the two countries on normalizing relations was expected to be signed in the coming weeks. ** While measures taken by Turkey in response to the events in Gaza were not fundamentally different from other manifestations of the increased tension between the two countries, the scope and severity of the rhetoric made this crisis especially severe. Several factors led to the most recent rift in relations. First, there is a );11#"!%&;'(7#%L##'(%/#($%!%#(;K(%/#(0$1!#"&X !"#$%&'&!'();'\&)%(&'(>#'#1!"(!'5( events in Gaza in particular on the one hand, and Turkish-Israeli relations on the other. Every time there is a crisis between Israel and the Palestinians, and especially if it is as serious as the crisis in the wake of Operation Protective Edge, tension increases between Israel and Turkey. For example, in 2002, then-Turkish Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit described the events in Jenin during Operation Defensive Shield as “genocide.” In recent years, Gaza has become a focus of the debate in Turkey about the Palestinian issue. The )";$#(%&#$(7#%L##'(%/#(
Egypt (the Turkish ambassador to Egypt was already expelled in November UV*[EO *, Finally, the proximity of the Turkish presidential elections, which were $)/#53"#5(%;(%!=#(4"!)#(;'(<3>3$%(*V.(UV*,.(41;A&5#5(K#1%&"#(>1;3'5(K;1( Erdogan’s harsh comments about Gaza in election speeches around the country. Erdogan, who needed more than 50 percent of the vote in order to 7#(#"#)%#5(&'(%/#([1$%(1;3'5(;K(%/#(#"#)%&;'$.()/;$#(%;(/&>/"&>/%(%/&$(%;4&).( ;'(L/&)/(%/#1#(&$(!(71;!5();'$#'$3$(&'(H31=#B(!'5(L/&)/(&$(&5#'%&[#5(L&%/( his term as Prime Minister: milestones in the deterioration of Israel-Turkey relations in connection with Israeli policy toward Gaza were the incident between Erdogan and then-Israeli President Shimon Peres during the World Economic Forum in Davos in January 2009 as well as the Mavi Marmara affair. 6!8!$(3"%&8!%#"B(!))#4%#5(W>B4%(!$(%/#(41&')&4!"(8#5&!%;1.(#A&5#')#( %/!%(&'(%/&$(1;3'5(;K();'\&)%.(H31=#B(L!$(!%(!(5&$!5A!'%!>#O *] Furthermore, &%(!44#!1$(%/!%(H31=#B(&$(4"!B&'>($#);'5([55"#(&'(1#"!%&;'(%;(Y!%!1(!$(L#""O( ^#%(!';%/#1(&'5&)!%&;'(;K(H31=#BR$("&8&%#5(&'\3#')#(;A#1(5&4";8!%&)(#A#'%$( in the Middle East was the fact that UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon $=&44#5(<'=!1!(531&'>(/&$($/3%%"#(5&4";8!)B(&'(%/#(1#>&;'(%;(41;8;%#(!( )#!$#[1#O *_ On the other hand, it appears that US Secretary of State John Kerry attributed greater importance to the mediation efforts of Qatar and Turkey and included their Foreign Ministers in a meeting he convened in !1&$(&'("!%#(?3"B(&'(!'(!%%#84%(%;(#'5(%/#([>/%&'>O *P @31&'>(I4#1!%&;'( 1;%#)%&A#(W5>#.(%/#(&'\3#')#(;K(H31=&$/(4;"&)B(;'( Israel’s calculations was limited, and if Qatar and Turkey indeed successfully $!7;%!>#5(%/#()#!$#[1#(!>1##8#'%(!%(%/#($%!1%(;K(%/#()!84!&>'.(%/#(&'\3#')#( was essentially negative. While many in the West dismissed the Turkish rhetoric as excessive, it nevertheless perhaps contributed to a general line of condemnation of Israel. In contrast, Turkish policy toward Gaza in recent years has had a much greater impact. Many of the Israeli restrictions on the passage of goods to Gaza were eased after the Mavi Marmara crisis and as part of the talks between Turkey and Israel intended to resolve the crisis. In addition, based on the conclusions of the Turkel commission, which investigated the events $311;3'5&'>(%/#(\;%&""!.(!()/!'>#(L!$(8!5#(&'(41;)#531#$(K;1(5;)38#'%&'>( and investigating IDF operations that are likely to engender international criticism. *- Presumably these changes also had practical manifestations in the 176 I Gallia Lindenstrauss nature of the actions during Operation Protective Edge. Moreover, decision 8!=#1$(&'(0$1!#"()!'';%(&>';1#(%/#(%/1#!%(W15;>!'(8!5#(&'(UV**(C#A#'(&K(&%(&$( ';%("&=#"B(%;(7#()!11(;3%E(%/!%('#`%(%&8#.(!(/38!'&%!1&!'(\;%&""!(%;(M!N!.( $3)/(!$(%/#(;'#()311#'%"B(;1>!'&N#5(7B(066.(L&""(7#(#$);1%#5(7B($/&4$(K1;8( the Turkish navy. The deterioration in Israel-Turkey relations against the backdrop of Operation Protective Edge raises certain questions about the general claim that mutual dependence, especially on economic issues, will curb major deterioration in relations. In the year prior to Operation Protective Edge, the volume of trade between Turkey and Israel was some $5 billion (compared %;(!7;3%(a[O](7&""&;'(&'(UV*UE.(!'5(&K(';%(K;1(%/#(;4#1!%&;'.(&%(L;3"5(/!A#( "&=#"B(1#!)/#5(!('#L(/&>/O(H31=&$/(<&1"&'#$.(L/&)/(;4#1!%#5(7#%L##'($#A#'( !'5(#&>/%(5!&"B(\&>/%$(%;(b#'(M31&;'(<&14;1%(C8!=&'>(&%(%/#("!1>#$%(K;1#&>'( !&1()!11(!%(%/#(%&8#(K1;8(%/&$(!&14;1%E.()!')#"#5(%L;(5!&"B(\&>/%$(&'(%/#( !K%#18!%/(;K(%/#()!84!&>'.(!$(K#L#1(0$1!#"&$(L#1#(';L(L&""&'>(%;(\B(%/1;3>/( Turkey because of the hostile atmosphere in the country toward Israel. *+ During the operation, the Turkish energy minister announced that talks between Turkey and Israel on the option of natural gas exports from Israel to and from Turkey were frozen for now. 20 In light of the volume of economic activity between the two countries, one might have expected that the public debate in both nations would include more moderate voices, but in fact, there were no prominent voices contradicting the dominant hostile discourse. In conclusion, despite the many efforts undertaken in recent years to rehabilitate Israel-Turkey relations, it appears that the crisis, which deepened against the background of the campaign in Gaza, has struck a heavy blow to relations, and it is currently not clear how this can be overcome. The latest crisis may be especially serious because of the tumultuous relations between Israel and Turkey in recent years, which deprived Jerusalem and <'=!1!(;K(%/#($%!7"#(K;3'5!%&;'(%/!%();3"5(7#(1#"(;'(%;(1#53)#(%#'$&;'O( 0$1!#"(&'(UV*,(L!$(8;1#($%#!5K!$%(&'(&%$(1#K3$!"(%;(!))#4%(H31=&$/(8#5&!%&;'( efforts than in similar cases in the past. That being the case, it appears that unless a fundamental and positive change occurs in the situation in Gaza, the subject will continue to be a focus of considerable tension between Israel and Turkey, and bilateral relations will not return to the path of normalization. Operation Protective Edge: Deepening the Rift between Israel and Turkey I 177
Notes *( <1&#"(b#'(c;";8;'.(OW15;>!'(<))3$#$(0$1!#"(;K(<%%#84%&'>(!(RcB$%#8!%&)(M#';)&5#.RP( Jerusalem Post .(?3"B(*-.(UV*,O U( M3"$#'(c;"!=#1(!'5(?;''B(6;>>.(OH31=&$/( J(W15;>!'(c!B$(0$1!#"(Rc314!$$#$( 6&%"#1(&'(b!17!1&$8.RP( Reuters .(?3"B(*+.(UV*,O( 3 Tulin Daloglu, “Erdogan Uses Gaza as a Campaign Tool,” al-Monitor, <3>3$%(,.( UV*,O ,( c#1=!'(@#8&1%!$.(OH31=#BX0$1!#"(H&#$(S!'(7#(d;1$#'#5(:31%/#1.P( Hurriyet Daily News .(?3"B(*+.(UV*,O 5 “In Rare Move, Turkey Declares Three Days of Mourning for Gaza,” Hurriyet Daily News, ?3"B(U*.(UV*,O _( R;B(^#13$/!"8&.(OH31=&$/(?#L$(e1>#5(%;(<4;";>&N#(K;1(R0$1!#"&(D&""&'>(;K(J3$"&8$.RP( Ynet .(?3"B(*P.(UV*,O P( O@#$4&%#(:;1#&>'(J&'&$%1B(@#'&!".(S6 (0'$&$%$(H31=#BR$(D31#)&=(c#1A&'>(0$1!#".P( Hurriyet Daily News .(?3"B(U*.(UV*,O -( O:;1#&>'(J&'&$%1B(I44;$#$(H31=&$/(R#5(S1#$)#'%(R#f3#$%(%;(b1&'>(<&5(%;(M!N!.P( Ynet .(?3"B(U].(UV*,O +( H/3$.(K;1(#`!84"#.(&'(!(%#"#%/;'.(%/#(066(1!&$#5($;8#(a]O](8&""&;'(K;1(%/#(1#$&5#'%$( ;K(M!N!O(c##(:!%&/(1#8$#%%&'(02 =.(OW'A;B(%;(Y!%!1j(HL;(S;3'%1&#$(&'(c;"&5!1&%B( with the Gazan People,” Daily Sabah .(<3>3$%(*U.(UV*,O *V( OH31=#BR$(066(%;(c#'5(G#L(:";%&""!(%;(b1#!=(M!N!(b";)=!5#.P( Daily Sabah, <3>3$%( **.(UV*,O **( OW15;>!'j(R#);')&"&!%&;'(<>1##8#'%(L&%/(0$1!#"(W`4#)%#5(%;(7#(c&>'#5(&'(S;8&'>( Weeks,” Haaretz .(<41&"(U+.(UV*,O *U( :;1(8;1#(;'(%/&$($##(M!""&!(Z&'5#'$%1!3$$(!'5(c KB!'(D!5&1(D A!8.(OH31=&$/X6!8!$( R#"!%&;'$j(b#%L##'(c%1!%#>&)(S!")3"!%&;'$(!'5(05#;";>&)!"(