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Biological Clocks Corrections BIOCHEMISTRY. For the article ‘‘BH4 domain of antiapoptotic FROM THE ACADEMY. For the article ‘‘Biological clocks’’ by Norio Bcl-2 family members closes voltage-dependent anion channel Ishida, Maki Kaneko, and Ravi Allada, which appeared in and inhibits apoptotic mitochondrial changes and cell death’’ by number 16, August 3, 1999, of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (96, Shigeomi Shimizu, Akimitsu Konishi, Takashi Kodama, and 8819–8820), the authors note that (i) the first name of Dr. Honjo Yoshihide Tsujimoto, which appeared in number 7, March 28, that appeared in the acknowledgments is misspelled and should 2000, of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (97, 3100–3105), it has been be Tasuku and (ii) the name of the last author in ref. 5 also is brought to the authors’ attention that Fig. 3A is identical to figure misspelled and should be Tanimura. 1c in our previous article published in Nature [Shimizu, S., Narita, M. & Tsujimoto, Y. (1999) Nature (London) 399, Correction published online before print: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073͞ 483–487]. Although the two figures report different experi- pnas.160264397. Text and publication date are at www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞ ments, the PNAS paper is correct as it stands; the authors pnas.160264397 submitted the figure to Nature by mistake and regret the error. CORRECTIONS PNAS ͉ August 1, 2000 ͉ vol. 97 ͉ no. 16 ͉ 9347 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 8819–8820, August 1999 From the Academy This paper is a summary of a session presented at the first Japanese-American Frontiers of Science symposium, held August 21–23, 1998, at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering in Irvine, CA. Biological clocks NORIO ISHIDA*†,MAKI KANEKO‡, AND RAVI ALLADA‡§ *Ishida Group of Clock Gene, National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki 305 Japan; ‡Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454; and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 ABSTRACT Circadian rhythms describe biological phenom- functional mapping of this brain system. Furthermore, the ena that oscillate with an Ϸ24-hour cycle. These rhythms include comparison between mammalian and fly clock cells [i.e., blood pressure, body temperature, hormone levels, the number of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and lateral neurons] should immune cells in blood, and the sleep-wake cycle. In this paper, we clarify evolutionary relationship between these systems. will focus on common genes between species that are responsible The circadian control of transcription provides an entry point for determining the circadian behavior, especially some transcrip- to analyze the cis-acting regulatory elements and trans-acting tion factors (i.e., switch genes) that serve to regulate many factors through which the clock may regulate many clock- circadian rhythm genes. The intent of this summary is to intro- controlled gene expressions (6). These putative cis-acting regu- duce the common molecular mechanism of biological clocks latory elements, named the ‘‘time-box’’ (8), are assumed to be between flies and humans and then to describe the research from located in the promoter and enhancer region of clock-controlled three laboratories that was presented in the session. genes. Furthermore, the clock-controlled responsive element (6) or time-box may regulate the endogenous circadian physiological The alternating of day and night of the earth’s cycle is so phenomena under constant conditions. Most recently, a possible reliable that it is not surprising that animals, plants, and candidate for the time-box has been identified in the promoter bacteria adjust their behavior and physiology (for a review, see region of the Drosophila period gene (9). Although per has been ref. 1). Circadian rhythms are a ubiquitous adaptation of all proposed to mediate mRNA cycling through transcriptional organisms to the most predictable of environmental chal- repression, direct interaction between per and DNA is very lenges. A biological rhythm that persists under constant con- unlikely because of the lack of a DNA-binding domain in PER. ditions and has a period of Ϸ1 day is called ‘‘circadian’’ (circa, Hardin’s group extensively analyzed the promoter region of per ‘‘around’’; dian, ‘‘day’’). gene in studies using per-lacZ fusion gene transgenic flies (9). Until very recently, the molecules underlying the oscillation They identified a circadian transcriptional enhancer within a have remained unknown. Perturbations of such oscillations by 69-bp DNA fragment containing an E-box upstream of per gene, inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis suggest that such which is responsible for the night-time activation of per gene molecules are involved (2). expression. The E-box is a known binding site for the basic An approach that has been successful in unraveling mech- helix-loop-helix class of transcription factors. anisms is the use of genetic alterations. The first and second Recently, the strongest candidate yet for a trans-acting factor clock mutants discovered in the fruit fly, Drosophila melano- in the oscillator is Clock, cloned by using a forward-genetic gaster, are period and timeless genes (3–5). strategy (10). Takahashi’s group (10) isolated and analyzed In fruit flies, the abundance of mRNA and protein products locomoter activity of circadian mutant mouse strains. The Clock of the period and timeless genes cycle for Ϸ24 hours in specific mutant exhibited long period becoming arrhythmic after several sites of the fly brain (6). Maki Kaneko et al. talked about these days in constant darkness. Takahashi and colleagues (10) suc- putative pacemaker cells in the fruit fly brain by using these cessfully cloned the responsible gene and identified the mutation molecular oscillation as a marker (7). In the adult head, protein in the protein coding region of the Clock gene. Interestingly studies showed that per is rhythmically expressed in specific enough, the Clock protein contains a protein–protein binding sites, the lateral neurons located between the central brain and domain (PAS), which is located in the Drosophila per gene and a the optic lobes. Lateral neurons are considered as the putative basic helix-loop-helix motif for DNA-binding. Moreover, Taka- pacemaker cells for the adult fly’s locomoter activity rhythm. hashi and colleagues (10) were able to completely rescue the long Kaneko et al. (7) demonstrated that the products of per and period and arrhythmic phenotype of clock mutant mice by tim are detectable in a limited number of neurons in the larval transfer of the normal clock gene. brain. The expression patterns in several such cells is cyclical. Ravi Allada et al. described the common molecular compo- Among these neurons, five laterally located cells express. nents focusing on Clock, which is responsible for the circadian PERIOD (PER) from the early larval stage, suggesting that rhythm generation in both flies and humans (11). Allada and his they may be responsible for the larval time keeping of eclosion colleagues (11) screened chemically mutagenized flies looking for and locomoter activity. Another interesting finding is a cluster mutants that alter or abolish circadian rhythmicity of locomoter of neurons with the cyclical expression of per and tim in activity and found a new arrhythmic mutant, initially called Jrk. antiphase to the lateral neurons. The results imply the presence Jrk flies express low levels of period and timeless proteins because of multiple oscillators involved in rhythms of different physi- of reduced levels of transcription. The gene was identified and ological or behavioral processes in a single organism. Kaneko exhibits striking sequence conservation with the mammalian et al. (7) also described the anatomical characterization of the circadian rhythm gene, Clock; hence, Allada et al. (11) renamed wiring patterns of the pacemaker neurons by using per pro- moter-dependent reporter gene expression. Such a molecular Abbreviations: per, period; tim, timeless; SCN, suprachiasmatic nu- anatomical approach should bring a new insight into the cleus; PAS, period arnt sim; RPER2, Rat PERIOD 2; TIM, TIME- LESS; BMAL, brain and muscle arnt-like. †To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: nishida@ PNAS is available online at www.pnas.org. nibh.go.jp. 8819 8820 From the Academy: Ishida et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) this fly gene dClock. Like mouse clock, Drosophila clock contains basic helix-loop-helix and PAS domains as well as a transcrip- tional activation domain. Recent works from both mammals and flies suggest that the protein partners of CLOCK are also evolutionarily conserved (named BMAL) (12, 13). CLOCK-BMAL dimmers were shown to bind to the promoter region of period and timeless genes and to transactivate both genes in flies. Furthermore, PERIOD-TIMELESS (PER-TIM) expression represses CLOCK-BMAL-mediated reporter induction. Thus, a nega- tive feedback model has been proposed (Fig. 1). In mammals, the SCN in the hypothalamus is considered to be a major pacemaker for circadian rhythm phenomena, as demon- strated by many anatomical and physiological studies (14). Re- cently, three homologues of Drosophila
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