Circadian Rhythms from Flies to Human
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Circadian Clock in Cell Culture: II
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1988, 8(i): 2230 Circadian Clock in Cell Culture: II. /n vitro Photic Entrainment of Melatonin Oscillation from Dissociated Chick Pineal Cells Linda M. Robertson and Joseph S. Takahashi Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201 The avian pineal gland contains circadian oscillators that regulate the rhythmic synthesisof melatonin (Takahashi et al., regulate the rhythmic synthesis of melatonin. We have de- 1980; Menaker and Wisner, 1983; Takahashi and Menaker, veloped a flow-through cell culture system in order to begin 1984b). Previous work has shown that light exposure in vitro to study the cellular and molecular basis of this vertebrate can modulate N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin pro- circadian oscillator. Pineal cell cultures express a circadian duction in chick pineal organ cultures (Deguchi, 1979a, 1981; oscillation of melatonin release for at least 5 cycles in con- Wainwright and Wainwright, 1980; Hamm et al., 1983; Taka- stant darkness with a period close to 24 hr. In all circadian hashi and Menaker, 1984b). Although acute exposure to light systems, light regulates the rhythm by the process of en- can suppressmelatonin synthesis, photic entrainment of cir- trainment that involves control of the phase and period of cadian rhythms in the pineal in vitro has not been definitively the circadian oscillator. In chick pineal cell cultures we have demonstrated. Preliminary work hassuggested that entrainment investigated the entraining effects of light in 2 ways: by shift- may occur; however, none of these studies demonstrated that ing the light-dark cycle in vitro and by measuring the phase- the steady-state phase of the oscillator was regulated by light shifting effects of single light pulses. -
Paul Hardin, Ph.D. John W
Department of Biology The College of Arts + Sciences | Indiana University Bloomington About Paul Hardin Distinguished Alumni Award Lecture Thu., Oct. 18, 2018 • 4 to 5 pm • Myers Hall 130 Paul Hardin, Ph.D. John W. Lyons Jr. ’59 Chair in Biology, Texas A&M University Genetic architecture underlying circadian clock initiation, maintenance, and output in Drosophila Circadian clocks drive daily rhythms in metabolism, physiology, and behavior in organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to humans. The identification and analysis of “clock genes” in Drosophila revealed that circadian timekeeping is based on a transcriptional feedback loop Paul Hardin studied the development of the sea in which CLOCK-CYCLE (CLK-CYC) heterodimers activate transcription of their feedback urchin embryo in William Klein’s lab at Indiana repressors PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM). Subsequent studies revealed that similar University, from where he received his Ph.D. in transcriptional feedback loops keep circadian time in all eukaryotes and, in the case of 1987. He did his postdoctoral fellowship with animals, that these feedback loops are comprised of conserved components. The “core” Michael Rosbash at Brandeis University, working feedback loop described above operates in conjunction with an “interlocked” feedback on the circadian rhythms of the fruit fly, Drosophila loop in animals to drive rhythmic transcription of hundreds of genes that are maximally melanogaster. His work with Michael Rosbash and expressed at different phases of the circadian cycle. These feedback loops operate in many, Jeff Hall has been instrumental to our understanding but not all, tissues in flies including the brain pacemaker neurons that control rest:activity of how circadian rhythms affect a myriad of rhythms. -
About the Fly Clock: Our Fortunate Paths As Post-Docs with 2017 Nobel Laureates Jeff Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Mike Young
Swarthmore College Works Biology Faculty Works Biology 6-1-2018 Reflections On Contributing oT “Big Discoveries” About The Fly Clock: Our Fortunate Paths As Post-Docs With 2017 Nobel Laureates Jeff Hall, Michael Rosbash, And Mike Young Kathleen King Siwicki Swarthmore College, [email protected] P. E. Hardin J. L. Price Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-biology Part of the Biology Commons, and the Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons Let us know how access to these works benefits ouy Recommended Citation Kathleen King Siwicki, P. E. Hardin, and J. L. Price. (2018). "Reflections On Contributing oT “Big Discoveries” About The Fly Clock: Our Fortunate Paths As Post-Docs With 2017 Nobel Laureates Jeff Hall, Michael Rosbash, And Mike Young". Neurobiology Of Sleep And Circadian Rhythms. Volume 5, 58-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.02.004 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-biology/559 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 5 (2018) 58–67 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nbscr Reflections on contributing to “big discoveries” about the fly clock: Our fortunate paths as post-docs with 2017 Nobel laureates Jeff Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Mike Young ⁎ Kathleen K. Siwickia, Paul E. -
Regulation of Drosophila Circadian Rhythms by Mirna Let-7 Is Mediated by a Regulatory Cycle
ARTICLE Received 10 Jul 2014 | Accepted 10 Oct 2014 | Published 24 Nov 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6549 Regulation of Drosophila circadian rhythms by miRNA let-7 is mediated by a regulatory cycle Wenfeng Chen1,*, Zhenxing Liu1,*, Tianjiao Li1, Ruifeng Zhang1, Yongbo Xue1, Yang Zhong1, Weiwei Bai1, Dasen Zhou1 & Zhangwu Zhao1 MicroRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulations are increasingly recognized as important components of the circadian rhythm. Here we identify microRNA let-7, part of the Drosophila let-7-Complex, as a regulator of circadian rhythms mediated by a circadian regulatory cycle. Overexpression of let-7 in clock neurons lengthens circadian period and its deletion attenuates the morning activity peak as well as molecular oscillation. Let-7 regulates the circadian rhythm via repression of CLOCKWORK ORANGE (CWO). Conversely, upregulated cwo in cwo-expressing cells can rescue the phenotype of let-7-Complex overexpression. Moreover, circadian prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) and CLOCK- regulated 20-OH ecdysteroid signalling contribute to the circadian expression of let-7 through the 20-OH ecdysteroid receptor. Thus, we find a regulatory cycle involving PTTH, a direct target of CLOCK, and PTTH-driven miRNA let-7. 1 Department of Entomology, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. * These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Z.Z. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 5:5549 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6549 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6549 lmost all animals display a wide range of circadian bantam-dependent regulation of Clk expression is required for rhythms in behaviour and physiology, such as locomotor circadian rhythm. -
A Molecular Perspective of Human Circadian Rhythm Disorders Nicolas Cermakian* , Diane B
Brain Research Reviews 42 (2003) 204–220 www.elsevier.com/locate/brainresrev Review A molecular perspective of human circadian rhythm disorders Nicolas Cermakian* , Diane B. Boivin Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada Accepted 10 March 2003 Abstract A large number of physiological variables display 24-h or circadian rhythms. Genes dedicated to the generation and regulation of physiological circadian rhythms have now been identified in several species, including humans. These clock genes are involved in transcriptional regulatory feedback loops. The mutation of these genes in animals leads to abnormal rhythms or even to arrhythmicity in constant conditions. In this view, and given the similarities between the circadian system of humans and rodents, it is expected that mutations of clock genes in humans may give rise to health problems, in particular sleep and mood disorders. Here we first review the present knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying circadian rhythmicity, and we then revisit human circadian rhythm syndromes in light of the molecular data. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Theme: Neural basis of behavior Topic: Biological rhythms and sleep Keywords: Circadian rhythm; Clock gene; Sleep disorder; Suprachiasmatic nucleus Contents 1 . Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 205 -
Metabolic Inactivation of the Circadian Transmitter, Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF), by Neprilysin-Like Peptidases in Drosophila R
4465 The Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 4465-4470 Published by The Company of Biologists 2007 doi:10.1242/jeb.012088 Metabolic inactivation of the circadian transmitter, pigment dispersing factor (PDF), by neprilysin-like peptidases in Drosophila R. Elwyn Isaac1,*, Erik C. Johnson2, Neil Audsley3 and Alan D. Shirras4 1Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK, 2Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, NC, USA, 3Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK and 4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 4 October 2007 Summary Recent studies have firmly established pigment confirming that such cleavage results in PDF inactivation. dispersing factor (PDF), a C-terminally amidated The Ser7–Leu8 peptide bond was also the principal octodecapeptide, as a key neurotransmitter regulating cleavage site when PDF was incubated with membranes rhythmic circadian locomotory behaviours in adult prepared from heads of adult Drosophila. This Drosophila melanogaster. The mechanisms by which PDF endopeptidase activity was inhibited by the neprilysin –1 functions as a circadian peptide transmitter are not fully inhibitors phosphoramidon (IC50, 0.15·mol·l ) and –1 understood, however; in particular, nothing is known thiorphan (IC50, 1.2·mol·l ). We propose that cleavage by about the role of extracellular peptidases in terminating a member of the Drosophila neprilysin family of PDF signalling at synapses. In this study we show that PDF endopeptidases is the most likely mechanism for is susceptible to hydrolysis by neprilysin, an endopeptidase inactivating synaptic PDF and that neprilysin might have that is enriched in synaptic membranes of mammals and an important role in regulating PDF signals within insects. -
Antibodies Against the Clock Proteins Period and Cryptochrome Reveal the Neuronal Organization of the Circadian Clock in the Pea Aphid
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 02 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.705048 Antibodies Against the Clock Proteins Period and Cryptochrome Reveal the Neuronal Organization of the Circadian Clock in the Pea Aphid Francesca Sara Colizzi 1, Katharina Beer 1, Paolo Cuti 2, Peter Deppisch 1, David Martínez Torres 2, Taishi Yoshii 3 and Charlotte Helfrich-Förster 1* 1Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, 2Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain, 3Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan Circadian clocks prepare the organism to cyclic environmental changes in light, temperature, Edited by: or food availability. Here, we characterized the master clock in the brain of a strongly Joanna C. Chiu, photoperiodic insect, the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, immunohistochemically with antibodies University of California, Davis, United States against A. pisum Period (PER), Drosophila melanogaster Cryptochrome (CRY1), and crab Reviewed by: Pigment-Dispersing Hormone (PDH). The latter antibody detects all so far known PDHs and Hideharu Numata, PDFs (Pigment-Dispersing Factors), which play a dominant role in the circadian system of Kyoto University, Japan many arthropods. We found that, under long days, PER and CRY are expressed in a rhythmic Annika Fitzpatrick Barber, Rutgers, The State University of manner in three regions of the brain: the dorsal and lateral protocerebrum and the lamina. No New Jersey, United States staining was detected with anti-PDH, suggesting that aphids lack PDF. All the CRY1-positive *Correspondence: cells co-expressed PER and showed daily PER/CRY1 oscillations of high amplitude, while Charlotte Helfrich-Förster charlotte.foerster@biozentrum. -
A Polymorphism in the Human Timeless Gene Is Not Associated
Sleep Research Online 3(2): 73-76, 2000 1096-214X http://www.sro.org/2000/Pedrazzoli/73/ © 2000 WebSciences Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. A Polymorphism in the Human Timeless Gene is not Associated with Diurnal Preferences In Normal Adults Mario Pedrazzoli1, Lin Ling1, Laurel Finn2, Terry Young2, Daniel Katzenberg1 and Emmanuel Mignot1 1Center for Narco l e p s y , Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University 2De p a r tment of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison The effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism, a glutamine to arginine amino acid substitution in the human Timeless gene (Q831R, A2634G), on diurnal preferences was studied in a random sample of normal volunteers enrolled in a population- based epidemiology study of the natural history of sleep disorders. We genotyped 528 subjects for this single nucleotide polymorphism and determined morningness-eveningness tendencies using the Horne-Ostberg questionnaire. Our results indicate that Q831R Timeless has no influence on morningness-eveningness tendencies in humans. CURRENT CLAIM: The A to G polymorphism in the position 2634 of human timeless gene is not related with diurnal preferences. Genetic studies in the last years have advanced our mutations. In animals, mutations such as Clock or Tau (recently understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the characterized as the CKe gene, Lowrey et al., 2000) are control of circadian rhythms. Most of these studies have used associated not only with a long or short free running period but model organisms such as Neurospora, Arabidopis, Drosophila also with alterations in the phase angle of entrainment under and mouse. -
Pololu Jrk USB Motor Controller User's Guide
Pololu Jrk USB Motor Controller User’s Guide © 2001–2019 Pololu Corporation Pololu Jrk USB Motor Controller User’s Guide https://www.pololu.com/docs/0J38/all Page 1 of 55 Pololu Jrk USB Motor Controller User’s Guide © 2001–2019 Pololu Corporation 1. Overview . 3 1.a. Module Pinout and Components . 6 1.b. Supported Operating Systems . 9 1.c. PID Calculation Overview . 10 2. Contacting Pololu . 12 3. Configuring the Motor Controller . 13 3.a. Installing Windows Drivers and the Configuration Utility . 13 3.b. Input Options . 18 3.c. Feedback Options . 20 3.d. PID Options . 22 3.e. Motor Options . 24 3.f. Error Response Options . 27 3.g. The Plots Window . 29 3.h. Upgrading Firmware . 30 4. Using the Serial Interface . 33 4.a. Serial Modes . 33 4.b. TTL Serial . 34 4.c. Command Protocols . 36 4.d. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Error Detection . 37 4.e. Motor Control Commands . 39 4.f. Error Reporting Commands . 41 4.g. Variable Reading Commands . 44 4.h. Daisy-Chaining . 46 4.i. Serial Example Code . 48 4.i.1. Cross-platform C . 48 4.i.2. Windows C . 50 5. Setting Up Your System . 51 6. Writing PC Software to Control the Jrk . 55 Page 2 of 55 Pololu Jrk USB Motor Controller User’s Guide © 2001–2019 Pololu Corporation 1. Overview The jrk family of versatile, general-purpose motor controllers supports a variety of interfaces, including USB. Analog voltage and tachometer (frequency) feedback options allow quick implementation of closed-loop servo systems, and a free configuration utility (for Windows) allows easy calibration and configuration through the USB port. -
So Here's a Figure of This, Here's the Per Gene, Here's Its Promoter
So here's a figure of this, here's the per gene, here's its promoter. There's a ribosome, and this gene is now active, illustrated by this glow and the gene is producing messenger RNA which is being turned into protein, into period protein by the protein synthesis machinery. Some of those protein molecules are unstable and they are degraded by the cellular machinery, the pink ones. And some of them are stable for reasons, which we will come to tomorrow, and the stable proteins accumulate. And this protein build-up continues, the gene is active, RNA is made, protein is produced, and at some point in the middle of the night there's enough protein which has been produced, and that protein migrates into the nucleus and the protein then acts as a repressor to turn off its own gene expression. And in the morning, when the sun comes up these protein molecules start to turn over, they degrade and disappear over the course of several hours leading to the turn-on of the gene, which begins the next cycle, the next production of RNA. Now this animation is similar to the one I showed you yesterday except now we have the positive transcription factor CYC and CLOCK, which actually bind to the per promoter at this e-box and drive transcription, turning on RNA synthesis and here is the production of the per protein by the ribosome, the unstable, pink proteins, which are rapidly degraded and then every other protein or so, molecule is stabilized and accumulates in the cytoplasm during the evening. -
PDF Cycling in the Dorsal Protocerebrum of the Drosophila Brain Is Not Necessary for Circadian Clock Function
PDF Cycling in the Dorsal Protocerebrum of the Drosophila Brain Is Not Necessary for Circadian Clock Function Elzbieta Kula,* Edwin S. Levitan,† Elzbieta Pyza,‡ and Michael Rosbash*,1 *Department of Biology-HHMI, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, the †Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the ‡Department of Cytology and Histology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland Abstract In Drosophila, the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is a likely circadian molecule, secreted by central pacemaker neurons (LNvs). PDF is expressed in both small and large LNvs (sLNvs and lLNvs), and there are striking circadian oscillations of PDF staining intensity in the small cell termini, which require a functional molecular clock. This cycling may be relevant to the proposed role of PDF as a synchronizer of the clock system or as an output signal connect- ing pacemaker cells to locomotor activity centers. In this study, the authors use a generic neuropeptide fusion protein (atrial natriuretic factor–green fluorescent protein [ANF-GFP]) and show that it can be expressed in the same neurons as PDF itself. Yet, ANF-GFP as well as PDF itself does not manifest any cyclical accumu- lation in sLNv termini in adult transgenic flies. Surprisingly, the absence of detectable PDF cycling is not accompanied by any detectable behavioral pheno- type, since these transgenic flies have normal morning and evening anticipation in a light-dark cycle (LD) and are fully rhythmic in constant darkness (DD). The molecular clock is also not compromised. The results suggest that robust PDF cycling in sLNv termini plays no more than a minor role in the Drosophila circa- dian system and is apparently not even necessary for clock output function. -
The Roles of Drosophila Protein Kinase Doubletime In
THE ROLES OF DROSOPHILA PROTEIN KINASE DOUBLETIME IN CIRCADIAN PERIOD DETERMINATION, MORNING AND EVENING OSCILLATORS AND TAUOPATHY A DISSERTATION IN Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Biophysics Presented to the faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ANANDAKRISHNAN VENKATESAN B.Sc., University of Chennai, 2000 M.Sc., University of Chennai, 2002 M.S., University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2007 Kansas City, Missouri 2012 THE ROLES OF DROSOPHILA PROTEIN KINASE DOUBLETIME IN CIRCADIAN PERIOD DETERMINATION, MORNING AND EVENING OSCILLATORS AND TAUOPATHY Anandakrishnan Venkatesan, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree University of Missouri Kansas City, 2012 ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I used the GAL4-UAS binary expression method to overexpress mutant and wild type forms of the circadian protein kinase DBT in order to address several basic questions about DBT’s biological functions. Different dbt mutations either shorten or lengthen the circadian period, although they all possess lower kinase activity in vitro. Therefore, I first addressed whether these period-altering mutations of DBT act independently of any effects on DBT’s intrinsic kinase activity by analyzing them in a kinase inactive background (DBTK/R) in cis. All three double mutants shortened the DBTK/R period in cis and enhanced PER oscillations, supporting our hypothesis. Next, I addressed whether DBT has different roles in the cytoplasm and the nucleus with opposite effects in these two compartments (lengthening period in the cytoplasm and i shortening it in the nucleus). I mutated the putative nuclear localization sequence (DBTWTNLS-) and added a strong NLS (DBTWT stNLS) to make DBT cytoplasmic or nuclear, respectively.