Taurine and Dopamine-Related Effects of Ethanol - an Experimental Study in Rodents
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N-Acyl Taurines Are Endogenous Lipid Messengers That Improve Glucose Homeostasis
N-acyl taurines are endogenous lipid messengers that improve glucose homeostasis Trisha J. Grevengoeda, Samuel A. J. Trammella, Michele K. McKinneyb,c, Natalia Petersena, Rebecca L. Cardoned, Jens S. Svenningsena, Daisuke Ogasawarab,c, Christina C. Nexøe-Larsene, Filip K. Knopa,e,f,g, Thue W. Schwartza, Richard G. Kibbeyd, Benjamin F. Cravattb,c,1, and Matthew P. Gilluma,1 aNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; bDepartment of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; cDepartment of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; eCenter for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; fDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and gClinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, 2820 Hellerup, Denmark Contributed by Benjamin F. Cravatt, October 17, 2019 (sent for review September 19, 2019; reviewed by George Kunos and Richard Lehner) Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) degrades 2 major classes of involvement in the endocannabinoid system may have, to date, bioactive fatty acid amides, the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and overshadowed the study of NATs, the physiological functions N-acyl taurines (NATs), in central and peripheral tissues. A functional of which remain poorly understood despite their bioactivity and polymorphism in the human FAAH gene is linked to obesity and dysregulation in disease states (20–22). mice lacking FAAH show altered metabolic states, but whether these NATs have been identified by liquid chromatography-tandem phenotypesarecausedbyelevationsinNAEsorNATsisunknown. -
Cloning and Expression of a Cdna Encoding the Transporter of Taurine
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 12145-12149, December 1992 Biochemistry Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the transporter of taurine and /8-alanine in mouse brain (neurotransmitters/membrane protein/moecular cloning) QING-RONG Liu, BEATRIZ L6PEZ-CORCUERA, HANNAH NELSON, SREEKALA MANDIYAN, AND NATHAN NELSON* Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ 07110 Communicated by Leon A. Heppel, September 8, 1992 (receivedfor review July 30, 1992) ABSTRACT A taurine/fl-alanine transporter was cloned hippocampus induced an increase in chloride permeability of from a mouse brain cDNA library by screening with a partial the cellular membranes (16, 17). Responses to all of those cDNA probe of the glycine transporter at low stringency. The substances were blocked by external strychnine, indicating deduced amino acid sequence predicts 590 amino acids with that they interacted with the same system. However, no typical characteristics of the sodium-dependent neurotrans- specific receptors for taurine or f-alanine could be identified. mitter transporters such as sequence homology and membrane Moreover, /3-alanine and taurine uptake systems could be topography. However, the calculated isoelectric point of the shared by other neurotransmitters. It was reported that a taurine/fi-alanine transporter is more acidic (pI = 5.98) than low-affinity GABA transporter accumulates taurine and those (pI > 8.0) ofother cloned neurotransmitter transporters. f3-alanine (18). The taurine transporter takes up /3-alanine Xenopus oocytes Injected with cRNA of the cloned transporter with high efficiency in neuronal and astroglial cells in culture. expressed uptake activities with K. = 4.5 FM for taurine and In this communication we report on the cloning and expres- K. -
Taurine and Osmoregulation: Taurine Is a Cerebral Osmoprotective Molecule in Chronic Hypernatremic Dehydration1
003 1-3998/88/2301-0035$02.00/0 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Vol. 23, No. 1, 1988 Copyright 0 1988 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Printed in US.A. Taurine and Osmoregulation: Taurine Is a Cerebral Osmoprotective Molecule in Chronic Hypernatremic Dehydration1 HOWARD TRACHTMAN, RANDY BARBOUR, JOHN A. STURMAN, AND LAURENCE FINBERG Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn; and the Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York ABSTRACT. We studied the effect of 8-wk dietary taurine ative during more prolonged hypernatremia, namely the intra- depletion on the vulnerability to hypernatremic dehydra- cellular accumulation of osmoprotective molecules. These sol- tion in postweanling kittens. While experimental taurine utes, previously referred to as "idiogenic" (3), consist in part of depletion was not associated with increased susceptibility amino acids, taurine in particular (4). If rapid rehydration is to acute hypernatremia (1.5 M NaCl/NaHC03 35 ml/kg attempted, these molecules cannot exit from the cells quickly body weight, single injection), there was an increase in enough and cellular swelling may ensue due to the sudden mortality (five of seven versus one of seven, p = 0.05) and reversal of the osmolal gradient. seizure activity (three of seven versus none of seven, p = The present studies were designed in kittens to assess the role 0.08) in taurine-depleted compared to taurine-replete kit- of taurine as a cerebral osmoprotective molecule in CHD. These tens rendered chronically hypernatremic over 96 h. Fur- animals synthesize little taurine owing to low levels of CSAD thermore, there was a significant decrease in brain cell activity (5, 6). -
Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hepatic Diseases
Review Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hepatic Diseases: Therapeutic Possibilities of N-Acetylcysteine Kívia Queiroz de Andrade 1, Fabiana Andréa Moura 1,2, John Marques dos Santos 3, Orlando Roberto Pimentel de Araújo 3, Juliana Célia de Farias Santos 2 and Marília Oliveira Fonseca Goulart 3,* Received: 10 October 2015; Accepted: 4 December 2015; Published: 18 December 2015 Academic Editor: Guido Haenen 1 Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), Campus A. C. Simões, Tabuleiro dos Martins, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil; [email protected] (K.Q.A.); [email protected] (F.A.M.) 2 Faculdade de Nutrição/Universidade Federal de Alagoas (FANUT/UFAL), Campus A. C. Simões, Tabuleiro dos Martins, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia (IQB), Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Campus A. C. Simões, Tabuleiro dos Martins, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil; [email protected] (J.M.S.); [email protected] (O.R.P.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-82-98818-0463 Abstract: Liver disease is highly prevalent in the world. Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are the most important pathogenetic events in liver diseases, regardless the different etiology and natural course. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (the active form) (NAC) is being studied in diseases characterized by increased OS or decreased glutathione (GSH) level. NAC acts mainly on the supply of cysteine for GSH synthesis. The objective of this review is to examine experimental and clinical studies that evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles of NAC in attenuating markers of inflammation and OS in hepatic damage. -
Taurine Conjugated Bile Acids in Healthy Subjects
Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.24.3.249 on 1 March 1983. Downloaded from Cl1t,I98-3. 24, 2249-252 Postprandial plasma concentrations of glycine and taurine conjugated bile acids in healthy subjects K LINNET Fronti tlh,e Departmen t of (-Ctlnicll (Chew istrrv ktred(riksbe,rg, Hospital. C(openIhagen Dentllark SUMMARY Fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of glycine and taurine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic. and deoxvcholic acid were measured by a high pressure liquid chromatography-enzymatic assay in nine healthy subjects. The mean value of each bile acid concentration increased significantly (2 4-4.7 times) in the postprandial period. The total glycine/taurine ratio of 2.5 in the fasting state increased significantly to a maximum value of 3 3 at one to 18 hours postprandially and then declined. This shift in glycine/taurine ratio shows, that the relative increase in concentrations of glvcine conjugates exceeds the relative increase in concentrations of taurine conjugates in the early postprandial period, and supports the view that there is significant absorption of glycine conjugated bile acids from the proximal small intestine. Measurements of fasting and postprandial serum Methods concentrations of individual bile acids have so far been performed by radioimmunoassav or gas SUBJECTS chromatographv.' Before analvsis by aas The study was carried out in nine healthy http://gut.bmj.com/ chromatography the bile acids are deconjugated. so volunteers, four women and five men, with a mean that both free and conjugated bile acids are age of 24 years (interval 17-40 years). The subjects measured and no information is obtained regarding were fasted overnight, and in the morning blood the amino acid of the conjugate (glycine or taurine). -
Systemic Gut Microbial Modulation of Bile Acid Metabolism in Host Tissue Compartments
Systemic gut microbial modulation of bile acid metabolism in host tissue compartments Jonathan R. Swanna,b, Elizabeth J. Wanta, Florian M. Geiera, Konstantina Spagoua, Ian D. Wilsonc, James E. Sidawayd, Jeremy K. Nicholsona,1, and Elaine Holmesa,1 aBiomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; cAstraZeneca, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; and dAstraZeneca, Global Safety Assessment, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom Edited by Todd R. Klaenhammer, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, and approved July 30, 2010 (received for review May 26, 2010) We elucidate the detailed effects of gut microbial depletion on the deconjugation, dehydrogenation, dehydroxylation, and sulfation bile acid sub-metabolome of multiple body compartments (liver, reactions (8) to produce secondary bile acids, which are reabsorbed kidney, heart, and blood plasma) in rats. We use a targeted ultra- and returned to the liver for further processing. performance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass-spec- Historically, bile acids have been primarily viewed as detergent trometry assay to characterize the differential primary and secondary molecules important for the absorption of dietary fats and lipid- bile acid profiles in each tissue and show a major increase in the soluble vitamins in the small intestine and the maintenance of proportion of taurine-conjugated bile acids in germ-free (GF) and cholesterol homeostasis in the liver. However, their role in the antibiotic (streptomycin/penicillin)-treated rats. Although conjugated mammalian system is much broader than this, and they are now bile acids dominate the hepatic profile (97.0 ± 1.5%) of conventional recognized as important signaling molecules with systemic endo- animals, unconjugated bile acids comprise the largest proportion of crine functions. -
Taurine-Deficient Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs October 16Th, 2018
TAURINE-DEFICIENT DCM IN DOGS Taurine-Deficient Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs October 16th, 2018 What is this disease? Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a form of heart disease in which the heart muscle becomes weak and the heart becomes enlarged. This results in poor heart function, leading to exercise intolerance, collapse, pale gums, coughing, and panting. Eventually, DCM results in complete heart failure. Many dogs show no symptoms until the disease is quite advanced. DCM may be caused by a genetic predisposition in many breeds of dogs. However, the current concern is that cardiologists have been diagnosing DCM in breeds of dogs not generally genetically predisposed—especially golden retrievers. In July, the FDA issued a warning that certainly types of diets may be contributing to the development of nutritional deficiencies in dogs. The cases reported to the FDA have been patients who have developed taurine-deficient DCM. Taurine is an amino acid that dogs are normally able to synthesize from other amino acids in the their food. Many dog foods also add taurine specifically. Cardiologists noticed a trend that pets who were developing taurine-deficient DCM were mainly eating one of three categories of food: boutique, exotic-ingredient, or grain-free diets. The common link is that these diets contain one or more suspect ingredients: Legumes Potatoes Peas Red potatoes ▹ ▹ To Stay Updated... ▹ Chickpeas ▹ White potatoes ▹ Lentils ▹ Sweet potatoes LHV’s Facebook Page ▹ Soybeans ▹ Beans Facebook group “Taurine- The majority of these companies also do not employ a PhD nutritionist or a Deficient Dilated Cardiomyopathy” veterinary nutritionist, and often these foods have not been subjected to feeding trials on dogs. -
Identification of a Distinct Metabolomic Subtype of Sporadic ALS Patients
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/416396; this version posted September 13, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Identification of a Distinct Metabolomic Subtype of Sporadic ALS Patients Running title – Increased cysteine and glucose metabolism in sALS cases Qiuying Chen, PhD1*, Davinder Sandhu, M.S.1*, Csaba Konrad, PhD2, Dipa Roychoudhury, PhD3, Benjamin I. Schwartz1, Roger R. Cheng1, Kirsten Bredvik2, Hibiki Kawamata, PhD2, Elizabeth L. Calder, PhD4, Lorenz Studer, MD4, Steven. M. Fischer3, Giovanni Manfredi MD/PhD2* and Steven. S. Gross, PhD1* *Joint first/senior authors 1Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA 2Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA 3Agilent Technology, Santa Clara, CA, USA 4The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Center, New York, NY. Keywords: sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, metabolomics, stable isotope tracing, trans-sulfuration, hypermetabolism, disease stratification, energy metabolism Co-Corresponding Authors: Steven S. Gross, PhD Department of Pharmacology Weill Cornell Medicine Phone: 212-746-6257 Email: [email protected] Giovanni Manfredi, MD/PhD Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine Phone: 646-962-8172 Email: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/416396; this version posted September 13, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Number of characters: Title --- 94 Running head---48 Number of words: Title --- 13 Running head --- 8 Abstract---232 Introduction --- 549 Discussion --- 1126 Body of manuscript --- 5706 Number of figures: 8 Number of color figures: 8 Number of tables:1 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/416396; this version posted September 13, 2018. -
Harnessing the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol to Lower Intraocular Pressure in a Murine Model
Glaucoma Harnessing the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol to Lower Intraocular Pressure in a Murine Model Sally Miller,1 Emma Leishman,1 Sherry Shujung Hu,2 Alhasan Elghouche,1 Laura Daily,1 Natalia Murataeva,1 Heather Bradshaw,1 and Alex Straiker1 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States 2Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Correspondence: Alex Straiker, De- PURPOSE. Cannabinoids, such as D9-THC, act through an endogenous signaling system in the partment of Psychological and Brain vertebrate eye that reduces IOP via CB1 receptors. Endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) ligand, 2- Sciences, Indiana University, Bloom- arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), likewise activates CB1 and is metabolized by monoacylglycerol ington, IN 47405, USA; lipase (MAGL). We investigated ocular 2-AG and its regulation by MAGL and the therapeutic [email protected]. potential of harnessing eCBs to lower IOP. Submitted: February 16, 2016 Accepted: May 16, 2016 METHODS. We tested the effect of topical application of 2-AG and MAGL blockers in normotensive mice and examined changes in eCB-related lipid species in the eyes and spinal Citation: Miller S, Leishman E, Hu SS, cord of MAGL knockout (MAGLÀ/À) mice using high performance liquid chromatography/ et al. Harnessing the endocannabinoid tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). We also examined the protein distribution of 2-arachidonoylglycerol to lower intra- ocular pressure in a murine model. MAGL in the mouse anterior chamber. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. RESULTS. 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol reliably lowered IOP in a CB1- and concentration-dependent 2016;57:3287–3296. DOI:10.1167/ manner. Monoacylglycerol lipase is expressed prominently in nonpigmented ciliary iovs.16-19356 epithelium. -
Interpretive Guide for Amino Acids
Interpretive Guide for Amino Acids Intervention Options LOW HIGH Essential Amino Acids Arginine (Arg) Arg Mn Histidine (His) Folate, His Isoleucine (Ile) * B6, Check for insulin insensitivity Leucine (Leu) * B6, Check for insulin insensitivity Lysine (Lys) Carnitine Vitamin C, Niacin, B6, Iron, a-KG Methionine(Met) * B6, á-KG, Mg, SAM Phenylalanine (Phe) * Iron,VitaminC,Niacin,LowPhediet Threonine(Thr) * B6, Zn Tryptophan(Trp) Trpor5-HTP Niacin, B6 Valine (Val) * B6, Check for insulin insensitivity Essential Amino Acid Derivatives Neuroendocrine Metabolism y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) a-KG, B6 Glycine (Gly) Gly Folate, B6,B2,B5 Serine (Ser) B6, Mn, Folate * Taurine (Tau) Tau, B6 Vit. E, Vit. C, B-Carotene, CoQ10, Lipoate Tyrosine(Tyr) Iron,Tyr,VitaminC,Niacin Cu, Iron, Vitamin C, B6 Ammonia/Energy Metabolism a-Aminoadipic Acid B6, a-KG Asparagine (Asn) Mg Aspartic Acid (Asp) a-KG, B6 Mg, Zn Citrulline (Cit) Mg, Aspartic acid Glutamic Acid (Glu) B6, a-KG Niacin, B6 Glutamine (Gln) a-KG, B6 Ornithine (Orn) Arg Mg, a-KG, B6 Sulfur Metabolism Cystine (Cys) NAC B2 Cystathionine B6 Homocystine (HCys) B6, Folate, B12, Betaine Additional Metabolites a-Amino-N-Butyric Acid a-KG, B6 B6, a-KG Alanine (Ala) * B6 Anserine Zn n-Alanine Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, B6 n-Aminoisobutyric Acid B6 Carnosine Zn Ethanolamine Mg Hydroxylysine (HLys) Vitamin C, Iron, a-KG Hydroxyproline (HPro) Vitamin C, Iron, a-KG 1-Methylhistidine Vitamin E, B12, Folate 3-Methylhistidine BCAAs, Vit. E, Vit. C, n-Carotene, CoQ10, Lipoate Phosphoethanolamine (PE) SAM, B12, Folate, Betaine Phosphoserine Mg Proline (Pro) a-KG Vitamin C, Niacin Sarcosine B2 * Use balanced or custom mixtures of essential amino acids Nordic Laboratiroes∙ Nygade 6, 3.sal ∙ 1164 Copenhagen K ∙ DenmarkTel: +45 33 75 1000 ∙ e-mail: [email protected] In association with ©Metametrix, Inc. -
Supplemental Table 1. Differences in Fasting Metabolites (All) by CKD Status in Plasma
Supplemental table 1. Differences in fasting metabolites (all) by CKD status in plasma. Metabolites in bold show hits controlling FDR at 10%, in a model that controls for age, sex, race (white versus not), and weight. Ordered by subclasses of metabolites followed by adjusted percent difference between CKD and controls and adjusted p-value for difference. Metabolite % Difference p-value q-value Pathway in CKD, compared with controls Cystine (241.1 / 120.0) 33 2.60E-09 1.52E-08 Amino Acid Proline (116.1 / 70.0) 20 0.000195 0.000692 Amino Acid 2-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid (117.0 / 71.0) 47 0.000331 0.001139 Amino Acid Tyrosine (182.1 / 136.0) -13 0.000633 0.002014 Amino Acid Serine (106.0 / 60.0) -8 0.029507 0.065132 Amino Acid Glycine (76.0 / 30.1) 13 0.032003 0.06842 Amino Acid Leucine (132.1 / 86.0) -5 0.067499 0.139499 Amino Acid 5-Aminovaleric Acid (118.0 / 55.0) -4 0.127339 0.253324 Amino Acid Threonine (120.1 / 74.0 (2)) -7 0.145125 0.281179 Amino Acid Glutamine (147.1 / 84.0) 3 0.169291 0.318061 Amino Acid Valine (118.1 / 72.0) -4 0.201091 0.36138 Amino Acid Arginine (175.1 / 70.0) 5 0.209045 0.362752 Amino Acid Sarcosine (89.9 / 44.0) -7 0.209395 0.362752 Amino Acid Cadaverine (103.0 / 86.0) 4 0.281896 0.459935 Amino Acid Histidine (156.1 / 110.0) 3 0.319987 0.495386 Amino Acid Alanine (90.0 / 44.0) 5 0.330111 0.499193 Amino Acid iso-Leucine (132.1 / 86.0 (2)) -3 0.336431 0.50262 Amino Acid Phenylalanine (166.1 / 120.0) 2 0.461445 0.61526 Amino Acid Methionine (150.1 / 61.0) -3 0.516557 0.681415 Amino Acid Pipecolate (130.0 / 84.0) -2 -
Taurine Supplementation Improves the Utilization of Sulfur
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 20 (2009) 132–139 Taurine supplementation improves the utilization of sulfur-containing amino acids in rats continually administrated alcohol Hui-Ting Yanga, Yi-Wen Chienb, Jen-Horng Tsenc, Ching-Chien Changb,d, ⁎ ⁎ Jer-Hwa Change, ,1, Shih-Yi Huangb, ,1 aSchool of Pharmaceutical Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei bSchool of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei cSchool of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan dGeneral Education Center, Northern Taiwan Institute of Science and Technology, Taipei eDepartment of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Received 27 September 2007; received in revised form 18 December 2007; accepted 4 January 2008 Abstract The main purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in brain sulfur-containing amino acid (SCAA) metabolism to determine whether taurine intervened under continuous alcohol intake. We fed 80 male Sprague–Dawley rats 30% alcohol-containing water for 4 weeks. Eighty animals were divided into two groups (with or without 2 g/kg body weight taurine supplementation), and five were killed every week in each group for monitoring SCAA changes in the brain, liver, kidneys and heart. Results indicated that the plasma alcohol concentration increased from Weeks 1–4; however, animals with taurine supplementation showed a lower plasma concentration of ethanol in Week 2. As to SCAA concentrations, cysteine and taurine were both lower after a week of alcohol ingestion in the brain and plasma; the same declining trend was shown in the liver in Week 2. In contrast, plasma and hepatic concentrations of homocysteine were elevated in Week 2, and the plasma S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)/S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) ratio also decreased in Week 1.