DOCSLIB.ORG

Seaweed Phylogeography Adaptation and Evolution of Seaweeds Under Environmental Change Seaweed Phylogeography Zi-Min Hu • Ceridwen Fraser Editors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seaweed Phylogeography Adaptation and Evolution of Seaweeds Under Environmental Change Seaweed Phylogeography Zi-Min Hu • Ceridwen Fraser Editors Zi-Min Hu Ceridwen Fraser Editors Seaweed Phylogeography Adaptation and Evolution of Seaweeds under Environmental Change Seaweed Phylogeography Zi-Min Hu • Ceridwen Fraser Editors Seaweed Phylogeography Adaptation and Evolution of Seaweeds under Environmental Change 123 Editors Zi-Min Hu Ceridwen Fraser Institute of Oceanology Fenner School of Environment and Society Chinese Academy of Sciences Australian National University Qingdao Canberra, ACT China Australia ISBN 978-94-017-7532-8 ISBN 978-94-017-7534-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7534-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015958556 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by SpringerNature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dordrecht Preface Why Seaweed Phylogeography, Why Now? Although species-level research on seaweeds, at least with regard to climate change, lags behind similar work in terrestrial environments, there is no reason that phycologists could not model a research program based on the successes of terrestrial botanists, foresters, and agricultural scientists. Harley CDG et al. (J Phycol, 2012, 48:1064−1078) Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are a group of photosynthesizing organisms that generally attach to rock or other hard substrata in coastal areas. Ecologically, many species form dense forests to provide protective habitats for a wide range of flora and fauna, maintain coastal community by modifying physical structure, form the base of the marine food chain, and serve as the primary producers and carbon sinks. It is estimated that, globally, kelps can assimilate about 1.8 kg carbon m−2 year−1, exceeding the primary production of marine phytoplankton by up to ten times. Economically, seaweeds are used by humans for food, feed, fertilizer, cosmetics, mariculture, pharmaceutical industry, and biofuels. Seaweeds are critical components of marine biodiversity and play vital roles in ecosystem function, yet many species are vulnerable to global environmental change and anthropogenic impacts. Understanding how such impacts have affected the genetic diversity and biogeographic patterns of seaweeds will facilitate pre- dictions of how seaweeds will respond to ongoing global environmental change, and thus inform management and conservation strategies. Over recent decades, rapidly evolving DNA sequencing technologies and ever-improving analytical frameworks have allowed us to begin to understand broadscale patterns of genetic diversity of seaweeds, and to interpret the processes affecting their evolution and ecosystem structure. In particular, phylogeographic inferences of how seaweeds responded to Pleistocene climate change cycles suggest that many experienced localized extinction and large-scale range contraction. Phylogeographic research has also shed light on how seaweeds have evolved and v vi Preface dispersed, how invasive species have affected marine ecosystems, and how sea- weeds have adapted to heterogeneous habitat niches. Such knowledge is crucial for linking the diversification and evolution of seaweeds to various biological, envi- ronmental, and climatic factors for marine biodiversity planning and conservation purposes. The book Seaweed Phylogeography: Adaptation and Evolution of Seaweeds under Environmental Change provides a collection of articles summarizing advances in population genetics and the evolutionary biogeography of seaweeds over the past two decades. It is intended for students at the senior undergraduate and graduate levels as well as professional researchers interested in phycology, marine biology, ecology, and evolutionary biology. While not attempting to comprehen- sively cover all research in seaweed phylogeography, we hope that this book achieves its goal of providing a useful and interesting summary of major recent discoveries and avenues for future research. China Zi-Min Hu Australia Ceridwen Fraser November 2015 Acknowledgments The topic of this book was originally proposed to Dr. Zi-Min Hu by Natalia Manrique-Hoyos, an editor at Springer Publishers. Her proposal was met with great enthusiasm by Zi-Min, and a skeleton outline was subsequently developed with useful feedback from an anonymous external reviewer. Invitations to contribute to the book, sent to around 40 researchers, met with heartening response. Within three weeks, we had a list of chapter authors that would allow us to cover most of the topics we envisioned. This rapid and positive response re-emphasized the great thirst for such a book. However, as chapter proposals began to come in, the scope of the book expanded dramatically, and Dr. Ceridwen Fraser was invited to join in as a co-editor. The editors’ roles were highly complementary, with Zi-Min proposing and developing the book skeleton, and overseeing compilation and formatting, and Ceridwen focusing on managing the review and revision process for individual chapters. The long-term fruitful communication and consultation between both of us not only helped to bring about the finalization of the book, but also enhanced the mutual recognition and cooperation. We are delighted to see the book realized. The contributing authors made great efforts to keep the content as updated, relevant, and conclusive as possible, and this book would not exist without their dedication. We thank them for making every effort to meet our deadlines, and for assisting with providing reviews of other chapters. We particularly thank Dr. Stewart Grant who not only contributed an important chapter, but also provided in-depth reviews of other book chapters. His rapid, willing and constructive feed- back greatly enhanced both the speed of the review process and the quality of the finished work. We gratefully acknowledge the professionalism and patience of Springer Publishers and, in particular, the editors Abbey Huang and Becky Zhao for their help and support during the creation of this book. Finally, we would like to thank vii viii Acknowledgments our families, Catherine (Cui), Tony (Hu), Amit, and baby Rishi (who was born shortly before Ceridwen joined the editorial team), for forgiving us for occasionally working at home on the book. China Zi-Min Hu Australia Ceridwen Fraser November 2015 Contents Part I The Field of Phylogeographic Research on Seaweeds 1 Seaweed Phylogeography from 1994 to 2014: An Overview ...... 3 Zi-Min Hu, De-Lin Duan and Juan Lopez-Bautista 2 Paradigm Shifts in the Phylogeographic Analysis of Seaweeds .... 23 W. Stewart Grant 3 The Dynamic Biogeography of the Anthropocene: The Speed of Recent Range Shifts in Seaweeds ....................... 63 Sandra C. Straub, Mads Solgaard Thomsen and Thomas Wernberg Part II Seaweed at Sea: Floating as a Dispersal Mechanism 4 Float and Raft: Role of Buoyant Seaweeds in the Phylogeography and Genetic Structure of Non-buoyant Associated Flora ......................... 97 Erasmo C. Macaya, Boris Lόpez, Fadia Tala, Florence Tellier and Martin Thiel 5 Change in Southern Hemisphere Intertidal Communities Through Climate Cycles: The Role of Dispersing Algae ......... 131 Ceridwen I. Fraser Part III Invasive Seaweeds 6 Non-native Seaweeds Drive Changes in Marine Coastal Communities Around the World.......................... 147 Mads Solgaard Thomsen, Thomas Wernberg, Paul M. South and David R. Schiel ix x Contents 7 Towards an Integrative Phylogeography of Invasive Marine Seaweeds, Based on Multiple Lines of Evidence............... 187 Marianela Zanolla and Nikos Andreakis Part IV Comparative Phylogeography of Seaweeds 8 Phylogeography of Tropical Pacific Marine Algae ............. 211 Alison R. Sherwood and Giuseppe C. Zuccarello 9 Evolution and Biogeography of Laminarialean Kelps........... 227 Hiroshi Kawai, Takeaki Hanyuda and Shinya Uwai 10 Phylogeography of Seaweeds in the South East Pacific: Complex Evolutionary Processes Along a Latitudinal Gradient . 251 Marie-Laure Guillemin, Myriam Valero, Florence Tellier, Erasmo C. Macaya, Christophe Destombe and Sylvain Faugeron 11 Climate Oscillations, Range Shifts and Phylogeographic Patterns of North Atlantic Fucaceae ....................... 279 João Neiva, Ester A. Serrão, Jorge Assis, Gareth A. Pearson, James A. Coyer, Jeanine L. Olsen, Galice Hoarau and Myriam Valero 12 Survival in Glacial Refugia Versus Postglacial Dispersal in the North Atlantic: The Cases of Red Seaweeds............. 309 Jing-Jing Li, Zi-Min Hu and De-Lin Duan 13 Comparative Population
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geothermal Activity Helps Life Survive Glacial Cycles
    Geothermal activity helps life survive glacial cycles Ceridwen I. Frasera,1,2, Aleks Teraudsa,b,1, John Smelliec, Peter Conveyd,e, and Steven L. Chownf aFenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; bTerrestrial and Nearshore Ecosystems, Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia; cDepartment of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; dBritish Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom; eGateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and fSchool of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia Edited by James P. Kennett, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, and approved February 19, 2014 (received for review November 14, 2013) Climate change has played a critical role in the evolution and 22)] that require an ice-free habitat, such as microarthropods, structure of Earth’s biodiversity. Geothermal activity, which can nematodes, and mosses, survive on what is thought to have been maintain ice-free terrain in glaciated regions, provides a tantalizing a continent almost completely covered in ice? solution to the question of how diverse life can survive glaciations. Geothermal sites may hold the answer. Numerous Antarctic No comprehensive assessment of this “geothermal glacial refugia” volcanoes are currently active or have been active since and hypothesis has yet been undertaken, but Antarctica provides during the LGM, and these form
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns and Drivers of Species Diversity in the Indo-Pacific Red Seaweed Portieria
    Post-print: Leliaert, F., Payo, D.A., Gurgel, C.F.D., Schils, T., Draisma, S.G.A., Saunders, G.W., Kamiya, M., Sherwood, A.R., Lin, S.-M., Huisman, John M., Le Gall, L., Anderson, R.J., Bolton, John J., Mattio, L., Zubia, M., Spokes, T., Vieira, C., Payri, C.E., Coppejans, E., D'hondt, S., Verbruggen, H. & De Clerck, O. (2018) Patterns and drivers of species diversity in the Indo-Pacific red seaweed Portieria. Journal of Biogeography 45: 2299-2313. DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13410 Patterns and drivers of species diversity in the Indo-Pacific red seaweed Portieria Frederik Leliaert1,2, Dioli Ann Payo1,3, Carlos Frederico D. Gurgel4,19, Tom Schils5, Stefano G. A. Draisma6,7, Gary W. Saunders8, Mitsunobu Kamiya9, Alison R. Sherwood10, Showe-Mei Lin11, John M. Huisman12,13, Line Le Gall14, Robert J. Anderson15,16, John J. Bolton15, Lydiane Mattio15,17, Mayalen Zubia18, Tracey Spokes19, Christophe Vieira1, Claude E. Payri20, Eric Coppejans1, Sofie D'hondt1, Heroen Verbruggen1, Olivier De Clerck1 1Phycology Research Group, Biology Department, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 2Meise Botanic Garden, 1860 Meise, Belgium 3Division of Natural Sciences and Math, University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College, Tacloban, Philippines 4Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil 5University of Guam Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam, USA 6Excellence Center for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Replicating Genomic Analyses to Verify Phylogenetic Signal for 2 Recently-Evolved Lineages
    1 The importance of replicating genomic analyses to verify phylogenetic signal for 2 recently-evolved lineages. 3 4 Ceridwen I Fraser1, Angela McGaughran2, Aaron Chuah3, Jonathan M Waters4 5 6 1. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, 7 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 8 2. CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 9 2601, Australia; and University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, 30 Flemington 10 Road, VIC 3010, Australia 11 3. John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, 12 ACT 2601, Australia 13 4. Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Department of 14 Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand 15 16 Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS); Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP); kelp; 17 macroalgae; marine; speciation 18 19 Corresponding author: Ceridwen Fraser 20 Address: Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, 21 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. 22 Email: [email protected] 23 Fax: +61-2-61250746 24 25 Running title: Resolving closely-related species using SNPs 1 26 Abstract: 27 Genome-wide SNP data generated by non-targeted methods such as RAD and GBS are 28 increasingly being used in phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses. When these methods 29 are used in the absence of a reference genome, however, little is known about the locations 30 and evolution of the SNPs. In using such data to address phylogenetic questions, researchers 31 risk drawing false conclusions, particularly if a representative number of SNPs is not 32 obtained. Here, we empirically test the robustness of phylogenetic inference based on SNP 33 data for closely-related lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Dunedin (2010)
    BIODIVERSITY: 2010 and beyond NEW ZEALAND ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY CONFERENCE 22–25 November 2010 University of Otago, Dunedin Programme and Abstracts http://www.nzes.org.nz/ Miss E. L. Hellaby Indigenous Grasslands Research Trust Welcome and conference overview Welcome to ‗Biodiversity: 2010 and beyond‘, the 2010 annual conference of the New Zealand Ecological Society. The theme of this year‘s conference recognises and celebrates 2010 as the United Nations International Year of Biodiversity. To acknowledge this, we present ten symposia examining a range of topics related to biodiversity. There are nine plenary speakers, from Canada, the United Kingdom, the USA, and New Zealand, and more than 90 contributed oral and poster presentations. The subjects covered are diverse and we are sure you will find many to interest you. We extend a particular welcome to the students presenting many papers throughout the conference, and to our overseas guests. In addition to discussing organisms and ecosystems, several symposia explicitly consider biodiversity in relation to human populations – cultural perspectives, production lands, and urban environments. Others examine aspects of managing and protecting biodiversity – assessment, prioritisation and reporting, and reintroduction and pest management. Two special forums are offered: a workshop as part of the ‗Cultural perspectives‘ symposium, and a discussion panel as part of the ‗Production lands‘ symposium. These meetings are described later in this Programme. A successful conference depends on voluntary efforts by a great many people. We particularly thank the organising team, symposium convenors, and field trip organisers. Many people have helped in other ways, most notably the student volunteers who will assist to make things run smoothly.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Secrets in the Seaweed Jacquie Bay, Ceridwen Fraser, Hamish Spencer
    LENScience Senior Biology Seminar Series Ancient Secrets in the Seaweed Jacquie Bay, Ceridwen Fraser, Hamish Spencer Google CLIMATE CHANGE and you will see an array of headlines, blogs, web sites all with differing information, issues and opinions. Cycles of Climate Fluctuation Scientists understand that Cycles of Climate Fluctuation are a natural and on‐going part of Earth’s Climate Systems. However, since the early 1970’s scientists have been concerned at the effect of increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere resulting from Human activities. These increased greenhouse gases are raising temperatures and destabilising the Earth’s climate systems. They are changing the natural climate cycles. Natural Climate Cycles are an important part of the Earth’s systems that cause changes in the physical (abiotic) environment, and through these changes, impact on the biotic environment within ecosystems. These environmental changes may alter selection pressures that could result in changes to the distribution patterns of species. Allan Wilson Centre Post Doctoral Fellow Ceridwen Fraser has recently completed her PhD, which saw her spend three years unravelling a story of the impact of climate cycles that is hidden in the DNA of Southern Bull Kelp (Durvillaea antarctica). Using modern biotechnologies to analyse DNA from Bull Kelp samples collected from the coastline of New Zealand, Southern Chile and Sub‐Antarctic Islands, Ceridwen has discovered evidence that in the last ice age the sea ice was more extensive than previously thought, and that this has Fig 1. Ceridwen with a Kelp Holdfast, Falkland Islands affected the distribution of populations of Kelp that we see today.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Antarctic Magazine
    AusTRALIAN MAGAZINE ISSUE 21 2011 7317 AusTRALIAN ANTARCTIC ISSUE 2011 MAGAZINE 21 The Australian Antarctic Division, a division of the Department for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, leads Australia’s CONTENTS Antarctic program and seeks to advance Australia’s Antarctic interests in pursuit of its vision of having New Director looks forward to Antarctic future 1 ‘Antarctica valued, protected and understood’. It does CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS this by managing Australian government activity in Antarctica, providing transport and logistic support to A centenary of science 4 Australia’s Antarctic research program, maintaining four Spinning an icy yarn in Antarctica 6 permanent Australian research stations, and conducting scientific research programs both on land and in the Cape Denison Post Office established 7 Southern Ocean. ANTARCTIC SCIENCE Australia’s four Antarctic goals are: • To maintain the Antarctic Treaty System and Oceans need big animals 8 enhance Australia’s influence in it; Journal focuses on Antarctic sea ice research 12 • To protect the Antarctic environment; Model simulations investigate Totten thinning 14 • To understand the role of Antarctica in the Australian Antarctic Science Season 2011–12 16 global climate system; and • To undertake scientific work of practical, MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH economic and national significance. Surveying dugong responses to extreme weather events 18 Australian Antarctic Magazine seeks to inform the Conserving Thailand ’s cetaceans 19 Australian and international Antarctic community about the activities of the Australian Antarctic program. Dolphins under threat 20 Opinions expressed in Australian Antarctic Magazine do Surveying cetaceans in Palau 21 not necessarily represent the position of the Australian Government. SUBANTARCTIC FORUM Australian Antarctic Magazine is produced twice a year Subantarctic islands in the spotlight 22 (June and December).
    [Show full text]
  • Genome‐Wide SNP Data Reveal Improved Evidence for Antarctic
    DR. ANGELA MCGAUGHRAN (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-3429-8699) DR. CERIDWEN FRASER (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-6918-8959) Article type : Original Article Corresponding author mail id:- [email protected] Running title: Dispersal from Antarctic glacial refugia Genome-wide SNP data reveal improved evidence for Antarctic glacial refugia and dispersal of terrestrial invertebrates Angela McGaughran1,2*, Aleks Terauds3,4, Peter Convey5, Ceridwen I. Fraser4,6 1 Research School of Biology, Division of Ecology and Evolution, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 2 Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia 3 Department of Energy and the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia. 4 Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 5 British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom 6 Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand * Corresponding author ThisAccepted Article article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/MEC.15269 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved Abstract Antarctica is isolated, surrounded by the Southern Ocean, and has experienced extreme environmental conditions for millions of years, including during recent Pleistocene glacial maxima. How Antarctic terrestrial species might have survived these glaciations has been a topic of intense interest, yet many questions remain unanswered, particularly for Antarctica’s invertebrate fauna.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Activity Helps Life Survive Glacial Cycles
    Geothermal activity helps life survive glacial cycles Ceridwen I. Frasera,1,2, Aleks Teraudsa,b,1, John Smelliec, Peter Conveyd,e, and Steven L. Chownf aFenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; bTerrestrial and Nearshore Ecosystems, Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia; cDepartment of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; dBritish Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom; eGateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and fSchool of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia Edited by James P. Kennett, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, and approved February 19, 2014 (received for review November 14, 2013) Climate change has played a critical role in the evolution and did Antarctic terrestrial species [many of which are endemic (19– structure of Earth’s biodiversity. Geothermal activity, which can 22)] that require an ice-free habitat, such as microarthropods, maintain ice-free terrain in glaciated regions, provides a tantalizing nematodes, and mosses, survive on what is thought to have been solution to the question of how diverse life can survive glaciations. a continent almost completely covered in ice? No comprehensive assessment of this “geothermal glacial refugia” Geothermal sites may hold the answer. Numerous Antarctic hypothesis has yet been undertaken, but Antarctica provides volcanoes are currently active or have been active since and a unique setting for doing so. The continent has experienced re- during the LGM, and these form three general clusters: the northern Antarctic Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land, and Victoria peated glaciations that most models indicate blanketed the conti- Land (23) (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian National University Conference Program
    Australian National University 7-11 January, 2014 Conference Program & Presentation Abstracts 0 International Biogeography Society Board Rosemary Gillespie President Carsten Rahbek President Elect Lawrence Heaney Past President Daniel Gavin V. P. for Conferences Michael Dawson V. P. for Public Affairs & Communications George Stevens V. P. for Development & AwarDs Richard Field Secretary Lois F. AlexanDer Treasurer Catherine Graham Director-at-large David Nogués-Bravo Director-at-large Leticia M. Ochoa Ochoa Student-at-large Early Career Committee Carolina Tovar, Sandra Nogué, Ana Santos, Marta Jarzyna, AnDrés Lira Local Organizing Committee Haris Saslis-Lagoudakis Peter Cowman Dan Warren Dan Rosauer Renee Catullo Marcel CarDillo Conference Venue ANU Commons, Rimmer Street, Corner Barry Drive and Marcus Clarke Street, Acton ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia 1 Workshops January 7, 2014 Introduction to species distribution modelling Presenters: Jane Elith (University of Melbourne), Yung En Chee (University of Melbourne), Dan Warren (ANU) Modelling compositional turnover using generalised dissimilarity modelling Presenters: Dan Rosauer (ANU) and Karel Mokany (CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences) An Introduction to R for beginners Presenter: Rob Lanfear (ANU) Free your mind: Model comparison and model testing in historical biogeography with the R package 'BioGeoBEARS' Presenter: Nick Matzke (UC Berkeley) 2 Species distribution across time anD space January 8, 2014 Species distribution across time and space January 8, 2014 Time Presenter's Name Title of Presentation
    [Show full text]
  • 23 March 2015 to Whom It May Concern: I Would Like to Apply for An
    ANU COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, BIOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr Ceridwen Fraser The Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Building No. 141, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia [email protected] 23 March 2015 To Whom it May Concern: I would like to apply for an Antarctic Science Bursary to support field work on Deception Island with the Spanish Polar Programme in the coming summer season (2015-2016). The following pages comprise, in order: - Description of my current research project - Description of my proposed research project (to be supported by the Bursary) - Budget and budget justification - Emails from the Spanish Polar Programme regarding my participation - A brief curriculum vitae - A copy of my collecting permit for the Deception Island work The application form, with the relevant sections completed by my supervisor, is included separately. Please note: I received my PhD in December 2009, and am therefore just over five years post-PhD. I recently asked Prof David Walton how ‘early career’ is defined for these Antarctic Science Bursaries. He told me that there are no strict limits, and that I would probably be considered early career by the Board. Thank you in advance for considering my application. Yours Sincerely, Ceridwen Fraser CURRENT PROJECT Current Project: Volcanoes as safe-havens for Antarctic species during ice ages I currently have Australian Research Council (DECRA: Discovery Early Career Research Award) funding to research the role of volcanoes in maintaining biodiversity through past ice ages in Antarctica. Description of existing project: Antarctica was heavily glaciated at the peak of the last Ice Age (~18,000 years ago)1, yet biological evidence indicates that most Antarctic terrestrial species have existed on the continent for millions of years2-4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of Past Climate Change on Sub-Antarctic Nearshore Ecosystems
    Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 146, 2012 89 BRIEF COMMUNICATION THE IMPACTS OF PAST CLIMATE CHANGE ON SUB-ANTARCTIC NEARSHORE ECOSYSTEMS by Ceridwen I. Fraser (with one text-figure and two plates) Fraser, C.I. 2012 (14:xii): The impacts of past climate change on sub-Antarctic nearshore ecosystems. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 146: 89–93. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.146.89 ISSN 0080-4703. Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU College of Medicine, Biology & Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Email: [email protected] Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles would have resulted in drastic changes in the structure of sub-Antarctic littoral ecosystems. Genetic data indicate that the large kelps that dominate intertidal and shallow subtidal sub-Antarctic shores today (such as Macrocystis pyrifera and Durvillaea antarctica) were extirpated from these high latitude regions by sea ice scour during glacial maxima. These macroalgae, and their associated faunal communities, were able to return to the sub-Antarctic islands during interglacial periods by drifting at sea in the path of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. During glacial maxima, sub-Antarctic littoral communities would have been severely reduced, comprising mainly ice-scour hardy taxa such as small and/or seasonal macroalgae, and mobile molluscs. Key Words: sub-Antarctic, ice scour, postglacial recolonisation, rafting, West Wind Drift, global warming. INTRODUCTION than 100 kg wet mass/m2 (Haxen & Grindley 1985), and makes a large contribution to local marine (Kaehler et al. Earth’s climate fluctuated between glacial and interglacial 2000) and terrestrial (Dufour 2011) trophic webs.
    [Show full text]
  • KEEPING IT COOL When the Temperature Is Rising
    A vital opportunity to discover how Antarctica’s cold-adapted plants and animals survive in warmer environments, and what that means for the future. KEEPING IT COOL when the temperature is rising Antarctica is a truly unique temperature regimes will help us RESEARCH TEAM environment. It is home to plants predict how species will cope with and animals that are found nowhere future climate warming. Lead researcher: else in the world, some of which have Your support can help unlock that Dr Angela McGaughran inhabited the frozen continent for knowledge. Australian National University, millions of years. Canberra Although many Antarctic species have What are the big “There is just something so adapted to live in the extreme cold, questions? special about Antarctica – it you might be surprised to discover is such a privilege to research there are others which live in positively In some areas of Antarctica, there are Antarctic plants and animals and balmy conditions. warm and cold environments in very close proximity: the change can be as I hope to actively work towards Hundreds of volcanoes around extreme as 65° C to -20° C in less than understanding and protecting Antarctica mean there are scattered one metre. Surprisingly, the same plant this unique continent for many areas of warm, ice-free rocks and and animal species can be found living years to come.” soils, along with subglacial geothermal on both sides of these gradients. caves. With soil temperatures over Supporting researchers: 100° C and air temperatures exceeding That unusual fact leads researchers to Associate Professor 25° C, these environments challenge ask a number of questions: Ceridwen Fraser our traditional understanding of • is heat good or bad for cold-adapted University of Otago, NZ conditions in the polar regions.
    [Show full text]