Zi-Min Hu Ceridwen Fraser Editors Seaweed Phylogeography Adaptation and Evolution of Seaweeds under Environmental Change Seaweed Phylogeography Zi-Min Hu • Ceridwen Fraser Editors Seaweed Phylogeography Adaptation and Evolution of Seaweeds under Environmental Change 123 Editors Zi-Min Hu Ceridwen Fraser Institute of Oceanology Fenner School of Environment and Society Chinese Academy of Sciences Australian National University Qingdao Canberra, ACT China Australia ISBN 978-94-017-7532-8 ISBN 978-94-017-7534-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7534-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015958556 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by SpringerNature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dordrecht Preface Why Seaweed Phylogeography, Why Now? Although species-level research on seaweeds, at least with regard to climate change, lags behind similar work in terrestrial environments, there is no reason that phycologists could not model a research program based on the successes of terrestrial botanists, foresters, and agricultural scientists. Harley CDG et al. (J Phycol, 2012, 48:1064−1078) Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are a group of photosynthesizing organisms that generally attach to rock or other hard substrata in coastal areas. Ecologically, many species form dense forests to provide protective habitats for a wide range of flora and fauna, maintain coastal community by modifying physical structure, form the base of the marine food chain, and serve as the primary producers and carbon sinks. It is estimated that, globally, kelps can assimilate about 1.8 kg carbon m−2 year−1, exceeding the primary production of marine phytoplankton by up to ten times. Economically, seaweeds are used by humans for food, feed, fertilizer, cosmetics, mariculture, pharmaceutical industry, and biofuels. Seaweeds are critical components of marine biodiversity and play vital roles in ecosystem function, yet many species are vulnerable to global environmental change and anthropogenic impacts. Understanding how such impacts have affected the genetic diversity and biogeographic patterns of seaweeds will facilitate pre- dictions of how seaweeds will respond to ongoing global environmental change, and thus inform management and conservation strategies. Over recent decades, rapidly evolving DNA sequencing technologies and ever-improving analytical frameworks have allowed us to begin to understand broadscale patterns of genetic diversity of seaweeds, and to interpret the processes affecting their evolution and ecosystem structure. In particular, phylogeographic inferences of how seaweeds responded to Pleistocene climate change cycles suggest that many experienced localized extinction and large-scale range contraction. Phylogeographic research has also shed light on how seaweeds have evolved and v vi Preface dispersed, how invasive species have affected marine ecosystems, and how sea- weeds have adapted to heterogeneous habitat niches. Such knowledge is crucial for linking the diversification and evolution of seaweeds to various biological, envi- ronmental, and climatic factors for marine biodiversity planning and conservation purposes. The book Seaweed Phylogeography: Adaptation and Evolution of Seaweeds under Environmental Change provides a collection of articles summarizing advances in population genetics and the evolutionary biogeography of seaweeds over the past two decades. It is intended for students at the senior undergraduate and graduate levels as well as professional researchers interested in phycology, marine biology, ecology, and evolutionary biology. While not attempting to comprehen- sively cover all research in seaweed phylogeography, we hope that this book achieves its goal of providing a useful and interesting summary of major recent discoveries and avenues for future research. China Zi-Min Hu Australia Ceridwen Fraser November 2015 Acknowledgments The topic of this book was originally proposed to Dr. Zi-Min Hu by Natalia Manrique-Hoyos, an editor at Springer Publishers. Her proposal was met with great enthusiasm by Zi-Min, and a skeleton outline was subsequently developed with useful feedback from an anonymous external reviewer. Invitations to contribute to the book, sent to around 40 researchers, met with heartening response. Within three weeks, we had a list of chapter authors that would allow us to cover most of the topics we envisioned. This rapid and positive response re-emphasized the great thirst for such a book. However, as chapter proposals began to come in, the scope of the book expanded dramatically, and Dr. Ceridwen Fraser was invited to join in as a co-editor. The editors’ roles were highly complementary, with Zi-Min proposing and developing the book skeleton, and overseeing compilation and formatting, and Ceridwen focusing on managing the review and revision process for individual chapters. The long-term fruitful communication and consultation between both of us not only helped to bring about the finalization of the book, but also enhanced the mutual recognition and cooperation. We are delighted to see the book realized. The contributing authors made great efforts to keep the content as updated, relevant, and conclusive as possible, and this book would not exist without their dedication. We thank them for making every effort to meet our deadlines, and for assisting with providing reviews of other chapters. We particularly thank Dr. Stewart Grant who not only contributed an important chapter, but also provided in-depth reviews of other book chapters. His rapid, willing and constructive feed- back greatly enhanced both the speed of the review process and the quality of the finished work. We gratefully acknowledge the professionalism and patience of Springer Publishers and, in particular, the editors Abbey Huang and Becky Zhao for their help and support during the creation of this book. Finally, we would like to thank vii viii Acknowledgments our families, Catherine (Cui), Tony (Hu), Amit, and baby Rishi (who was born shortly before Ceridwen joined the editorial team), for forgiving us for occasionally working at home on the book. China Zi-Min Hu Australia Ceridwen Fraser November 2015 Contents Part I The Field of Phylogeographic Research on Seaweeds 1 Seaweed Phylogeography from 1994 to 2014: An Overview ...... 3 Zi-Min Hu, De-Lin Duan and Juan Lopez-Bautista 2 Paradigm Shifts in the Phylogeographic Analysis of Seaweeds .... 23 W. Stewart Grant 3 The Dynamic Biogeography of the Anthropocene: The Speed of Recent Range Shifts in Seaweeds ....................... 63 Sandra C. Straub, Mads Solgaard Thomsen and Thomas Wernberg Part II Seaweed at Sea: Floating as a Dispersal Mechanism 4 Float and Raft: Role of Buoyant Seaweeds in the Phylogeography and Genetic Structure of Non-buoyant Associated Flora ......................... 97 Erasmo C. Macaya, Boris Lόpez, Fadia Tala, Florence Tellier and Martin Thiel 5 Change in Southern Hemisphere Intertidal Communities Through Climate Cycles: The Role of Dispersing Algae ......... 131 Ceridwen I. Fraser Part III Invasive Seaweeds 6 Non-native Seaweeds Drive Changes in Marine Coastal Communities Around the World.......................... 147 Mads Solgaard Thomsen, Thomas Wernberg, Paul M. South and David R. Schiel ix x Contents 7 Towards an Integrative Phylogeography of Invasive Marine Seaweeds, Based on Multiple Lines of Evidence............... 187 Marianela Zanolla and Nikos Andreakis Part IV Comparative Phylogeography of Seaweeds 8 Phylogeography of Tropical Pacific Marine Algae ............. 211 Alison R. Sherwood and Giuseppe C. Zuccarello 9 Evolution and Biogeography of Laminarialean Kelps........... 227 Hiroshi Kawai, Takeaki Hanyuda and Shinya Uwai 10 Phylogeography of Seaweeds in the South East Pacific: Complex Evolutionary Processes Along a Latitudinal Gradient . 251 Marie-Laure Guillemin, Myriam Valero, Florence Tellier, Erasmo C. Macaya, Christophe Destombe and Sylvain Faugeron 11 Climate Oscillations, Range Shifts and Phylogeographic Patterns of North Atlantic Fucaceae ....................... 279 João Neiva, Ester A. Serrão, Jorge Assis, Gareth A. Pearson, James A. Coyer, Jeanine L. Olsen, Galice Hoarau and Myriam Valero 12 Survival in Glacial Refugia Versus Postglacial Dispersal in the North Atlantic: The Cases of Red Seaweeds............. 309 Jing-Jing Li, Zi-Min Hu and De-Lin Duan 13 Comparative Population