DOCSLIB.ORG

Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies Working Paper Series

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies Working Paper Series Cambridge Risk Framework Profile of a Macro-Catastrophe Threat Type Political Violence Organised Crime: Piracy Adrian Leonard, Andrew Coburn, Gary Bowman Working Paper 201203.05 Draft: March 2012 Availability for download at www.risk.jbs.cam.ac.uk Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies Working Paper Series Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies University of Cambridge Judge Business School Trumpington Street Cambridge, CB2 1AG United Kingdom [email protected] www.risk.jbs.cam.ac.uk Disclaimer Information: This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the University of Cambridge Judge Business School – Centre for Risk Studies. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Centre. The Centre will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from the use of this Publication. Acknowledgement This work was carried out with partial support from Centre for Risk Studies A Shock to the System – Research Programme of the Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies Threat Assessment Monograph 4 Political Violence 4.5 Organized Crime – Piracy Adrian Leonard1, Andrew Coburn2, Gary Bowman3* 5 March 2012 Abstract International trading networks, such as commercial supply chains or timely delivery of goods, and national security concerns, such as food and energy delivery, need to consider the threats to them to develop a risk management strategy for resilience. 90% of commerce is seaborne. This publication considers the threat to international shipping networks and commerce that depends on it, from organized crime in the form of piracy at sea. The phenomenon of piracy is profiled, with a history and quantification of recent trends. The geography of threat is described and an index for global terrorism activity is proposed. The potential for step-changes in the level of pirate activity is considered, along with ‘control process’ constraints that limit the rate of change that might be possible. A scenario for extreme pirate activity is developed for use as a stress test in risk management, consistent with a ‘1 in 100’ probability of occurrence. Keywords: Piracy, risk, organized crime, marine, insurance, shipping, Working Paper 201203.05 www.risk.jbs.cam.ac.uk Author(s): 1, Lead subject matter specialist, 'Affiliated researcher, Centre for Financial History at Newnham College, University of Cambridge 2, Centre for Risk Studies, University of Cambridge 3, Centre for Risk Studies, University of Cambridge; Cambridge-Singapore Fellow; partial support from the Institute of Catastrophe Risk Management, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, gratefully acknowledged * Correspondence to: Gary Bowman, University of Cambridge Judge Business School – Centre for Risk Studies, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1AG. Email address: [email protected] Centre for Risk Studies 1 Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies Working Paper Series 1 Summary Organized crime adds a burden to modern business, increasing costs and adding operational danger to international operations. One of the worst operational hazards in international commerce is piracy. Modern day pirates are criminals who typically intercept ships at sea and steal cargo or hold the vessels, crews and cargo hostage for ransom. Pirates may also make attacks onshore. Piracy has become an industry in its own right in several parts of the world, usually operating from havens away from law and order, in places such as Somalia and Indonesia. Modern piracy has been resurgent worldwide since the mid-1990s. In the period 1995 to 2010 there were over 5,000 recorded pirate incidents worldwide – attempted and successful attacks – an average rate of 320 a year. In a single year, 2009, pirates took 746 hostages, hijacked 56 ships, murdered 8 crew members and injured 59 others. Piracy is seen worldwide, but activity varies in different regions. The late-1990s boom in piracy was chiefly in the South China Sea and Malacca Straits, but this has declined with concerted policing and military assistance. The recent escalation of piracy is from Somalia, attacking the busy shipping lanes around the Horn of Africa and East Africa. The Gulf of Aden has been classified as a piracy ‘war zone’ by Lloyd’s marine insurers since 2008. Commercial shipping companies and their insurers have paid ransoms rather than lose ships and crews. In 2009-10 an estimated $415 million was paid out in ransoms to pirates. The average ransom demand has escalated from an average of $150,000 in 2005 to over $4 million in 2010. In November 2010, Samho Dream, a South Korean oil tanker seized by Somali pirates, was ransomed for $9.5 million. The ransom revenues have also made pirate warlords rich, provided economic support for entire Somalian communities, and been reinvested in the equipment and weaponry for more piracy. Piracy has added significantly to shipping cost overheads, in lengthening travel routes, increasing pay scales for crews, and escalating insurance rates: insurance premiums for ships traveling through the Gulf of Aden have increased from $500 per voyage in 2008, to up to $150,000 in 2010. The total costs of piracy including commercial cost escalation, re-routing and security measures are estimated to be in their billions: One estimate puts the cost as high as $12 billion in 2010. The rapid growth in piracy threatens to have even worse consequences. A step-change increase in the frequency of pirate incidence could have a severe impact on world trade: very significant reductions in traffic along the trade lanes between the Far East and Europe would result, according to some analysts, causing major strcutural shifts in global trading patterns. For piracy activity to achieve a step-function increase, new conditions would have to arise, for example increases in the pirate populations through economic austerity and failed states; increased incentives with escalating ransom values; any reduction in naval deterrence; or new techniques and weaponry that could increase pirate success. The rate at which pirate activity can increase is however constrained by ‘control processes’: the rate at which new pirate action can occur is limited by logistical challenges of pirates gearing up their activity, manning and equipping larger numbers of pirate teams; by adaptive and defensive strategies adopted by the sailing vessel targets, and most importantly, by the naval and military response to counter increases in pirate activity. A stress test scenario of pirate activity is proposed for risk management, representing a ‘1 in 100’ probability level of occurring in the short term. Analysis suggests that there is a 1% probability of pirate activity suddenly increasing to a level of 1,000 incidents in a single year, or 3 times the current annual average rate. For the stress test scenario 75% of these attacks are assumed to occur in the East Africa ocean region. The piracy stress test scenario can be used to assess supply chain vulnerabilities, food and energy security management, and other risk management activities. Centre for Risk Studies 2 Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies Working Paper Series 2 Definition No definition of piracy has been universally agreed. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea includes ‘any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed: (i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft; (ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State; any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft; any act inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described *above+.’ However, this definition captures only acts committed in international waters, which excludes, for example, piracy in the Strait of Malacca. To account for this, the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) has broadened the definition to include any ‘act of boarding (or attempted boarding) with the intent to commit theft or any other crime and with the intent or capability to use force in furtherance of that act’. Others have adapted the definition to exclude politically motivated crimes. Further, a distinction must be drawn between piracy and privateering. The latter is a state-sanctioned act of war by private agents against an enemy nation’s merchant shipping, but has the look and feel of piracy. 3 The Threat Seaborne trade accounts for as much as 90% of international trade, and any vessel is a target. The immediate threat of piracy is obvious: danger to the property and safety, and to the lives of mariners. According to the International Maritime Organisation, pirates killed eight crew members, and fifty- nine were injured or assaulted in 2009. About seven hundred and forty-six were taken hostage or kidnapped; in total fifty-six ships were reportedly hijacked1. Small private vessels may be attacked for the crews’ valuables; larger vessels sometimes have the additional lure of the ship’s safe, which often includes large sums of cash for port payrolls, and potentially items of cargo. At the other end of the scale, massive cargo and crude carriers have been hijacked and taken hostage by pirates, either for ransom or for the sale of their cargoes. The average length of a hijacking of vessel and her crew is over 7 months2, removing the vessel from productive service and causing distress and management distraction for the shipping companies and their customers. 3.1 Consequences Beyond the immediate threat to trade goods, vessels, and to the individuals facilitating their transport, piracy attacks can generate significant and far-reaching secondary outcomes. 3.1.1 Increased cost of shipping One is additional cost. Marine insurance is routinely and almost always purchased for international cargoes and vessels, but a concentration of piracy attacks can drive insurance prices higher by multiples.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Univerza V Ljubljani Filozofska Fakulteta Fakulteta Za Družbene Vede
    UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Borut Velikanje Pomorsko piratstvo nekdaj in danes Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, 2009 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Borut Velikanje Mentor: doc. dr. Marko Štuhec Mentor: doc. dr. Damijan Guštin Somentor: doc. dr. Jelenko Švetak Pomorsko piratstvo nekdaj in danes Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, 2009 Morska vročica Moram iti dol k morjem spet, k samotnemu morju in k nebu, in vse kar prosim je ladja in zvezda, da bi po njej jo vodil, in sunek krmila, in pesem vetra in frfotanje jader in siva megla na gladini in trgajoča temna noč Moram iti dol k morjem spet, k klicu bližajoče plime, je divji in je jasen klic, ki se mu ne da odreči, in vse kar prosim je vetroven dan z belimi oblaki, in vodni pršec in jok galebov Moram iti dol k morjem spet, k vagabundskemu življenju, k galebovi in kitovi poti, kjer piha veter kot nabrušeno rezilo, in vse kar prosim je vesela štorija od šaljivega sotrpina, in tihi spanec in lepe sanje ko je dolga služba mimo..... John Masefield Diplomsko delo z naslovom Pomorsko piratstvo nekdaj in danes, je izdelano s soglasjem obeh fakultet in urejeno po pravilniku matične fakultete. Pomorsko piratstvo nekdaj in danes Cilj raziskave podati zgodovinski pregled tega družbena pojava ter v sklopu tega podrobneje predstaviti vzroke za njegov nastanek, razvoj pomorskega piratstva skozi različna zgodovinska obdobja, žarišča piratske dejavnosti, oborožitev, opremo, plovila, običaje in pomembnejše pirate. Poseben poudarek je podan tudi na predstavitvi sodobnega pomorskega piratstva, ki se dogaja pred našimi očmi ter njegovega vpliva na sodobno pomorsko trgovino ter posledično na življenja slehernega izmed nas; v sklopu tega pa predstaviti tudi možne rešitve.
    [Show full text]
  • À L'abordage ! Corsaires, Pirates Et Flibustiers : De L'histoire Au Cinéma
    A L'ABORDAGE ! @ Corlet, Imprimeur, S.A., département éditions, 1996 ISBN : 2-85480-523-2 Michel GIARD A L'ABORDAGE ! Corsaires, Pirates et Flibustiers de l'histoire au cinéma EDITIONS Z.I. route de Vire 14110 Condé-sur-Noireau Du même auteur : Aux éditions La Fenêtre ouverte du Cotentin Les Pieux d'avant, Normandie d'hier, 1986 Flamanville, d'une marée à l'autre, 1988 Aux éditions Charles CORLET Naufrages et sauvetages en Manche, 1989 Les canotiers de l'impossible, 1990 Sauveteurs de Normandie, 1991 (prix des Libraires de Normandie) Naufrages et sauvetages en Bretagne, 1992 préface de Didier Decoin (Prix Goncourt) La Mer et rien d'autre !, 1993 Ouistreham, d'une tempête à l'autre, 1994 Chacun, nous combattons pour acquérir ce qui nous manque. Robert Surcouf FEU VERT POUR LA COURSE - « Navire sous vent à nous ! » Perché tout là-haut, dans le nid de pie, à la pointe du grand mât, la vigie vient de lancer son cri. L'officier de quart ajuste sa longue vue et repère un navire. - Faites donner toute la toile. Les gabiers courent dans la mâture, ils déferlent les perroquets et filent à bout de vergue les bonnettes. Toute la toile a été établie. Le corsaire fend la mer à toute vitesse vers ce qui n'est encore qu'une tache sur l'horizon. Les voiles montent sur la mer, elles grandissent. Quand les deux navires sont assez proches, le capitaine cor- saire donne un ordre : - Envoyez-lui un coup de semonce. Qu 'il se décide à hisser ses couleurs ; que l'on sache s'il est ami ou ennemi.
    [Show full text]
  • Duaj Diss April Final Edited
    Regulating the Ocean: Piracy and Protection along the East African Coast by Jatin Dua Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Charles Piot, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ William O’Barr ___________________________ Anne-Maria Makhulu ___________________________ Edward Balleisen Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University i 2014 v ABSTRACT Regulating the Ocean: Piracy and Protection along the East African Coast by Jatin Dua Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Charles Piot, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ William O’Barr ___________________________ Anne-Maria Makhulu ___________________________ Edward Balleisen An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2014 Copyright by Jatin Dua 2014 Abstract From 2008-2012, a dramatic upsurge in incidents of maritime piracy in the Western Indian Ocean led to renewed global attention to this region: including the deployment of multi national naval patrols, attempts to prosecute suspected pirates, and the development of financial interdiction systems to track and stop the flow of piracy ransoms. Largely seen as the maritime ripple effect of anarchy on land, piracy has been slotted into narratives of state failure and problems of governance and criminality in this region. This view fails to account for a number of factors that were crucial in making possible the unprecedented rise of Somali piracy and its contemporary transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Treasure
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-22387-4 – Super Minds Level 6 Herbert Puchta Günter Gerngross and Peter Lewis-Jones Excerpt More information The treasure ThereThere werewere lots of pirates in the Caribbean Sea from around 1500 until the 1700s. The pirates robbed lots of ships, but they didn’t always steal gold coins and jewels. Very often they stole food, water, weapons and clothing. They even stole things like soap, ropes and anchors. Sometimes they used to keep the ship which they captured and then sell it. On other occasions, they kept the ship because it was better than theirs. 1 1 palm tree 2 spade 3 hook 3 2 4 hammock 4 5 5 eye-patch 6 treasure chest 7 coins 8 key 6 9 hole 7 8 10 binoculars 9 10 CD 1 1 13 Listen and say the words. Check with your partner. CD 1 2 14 Read, listen and complete the sentences. 1 The treasure chest is full of . 2 The pirates are the treasure. 3 The captain has got a and a . 4 The children plan to the treasure. 3 Choose a word. Mime it for your partner to guess. Look! Can you guess the word? I’m not sure. Is it … ? 10 Pirates © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-22387-4 – Super Minds Level 6 Herbert Puchta Günter Gerngross and Peter Lewis-Jones Excerpt More information 1 Read the magazine article and match the names with the jobs. Film director Bruce Stevens has been in the Caribbean for more than six months now.
    [Show full text]
  • Treasure Hunter Adventures 3
    TreasureTreasure HunterHunter AdventuresAdventures 3:3: UnderwaterUnderwater SalvageSalvage Sample file 1 Introduction This supplement, for use with Treasure Hunter Adventures and the Savage Worlds RPG, presents tales of numerous lost ships and sunken cities that treasure hunters can pursue, along with a puzzle, deck plans for shipwrecks, a layout for a dive boat, and new equipment, hazards and Edges and Hindrances to add to the adventure. -Nate Christen 15 August 2020 Table of Contents Lost Ships and Sunken Cities... page 3 Deck Plans for Shipwrecks... page 6 New Gear... page 10 Dive Boat.. page 11 Ship's Crew... page 12 New Hazards... page 13 New Hindrance and Edges... page 14 Captain's Log... page 15 Glossary of Nautical Terms... page 16 Art Credits • Page 1: Shared by Scewing in Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tsunami_by_hokusai_19th_century.jpg . • Page 3: Shared by Strebe in Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg • Page 10: Shared by Alkari in Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diver_Down_Flag.svg • Page 12: Shared by Alkari in Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha_flag.svg • Page 13: Shared by WarX in Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Edward_England.svg • Page 14: Shared by Vloeck in Wikimedia Commons: Samplehttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Windrose.svg file 2 Lost Ships and Sunken Cities Over 70% of the Earth is covered by water, and countless sailing vessels have succumbed to the oceans' cold embrace. Numerous settlements have also been drowned by the seas' changes. Refer to the map above for estimated locations of the following lost ships and sunken cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Pirates in the Age of Projects, 1688–1707
    Pirates in the Age of Projects, 1688–1707 Oliver John Finnegan A dissertation submitted to the University of Cambridge for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Pembroke College September 2018 ii Contents Preface v Abstract vii Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations xiii Maps xv Introduction 1 I: The Colonising of Ireland, Franco–Irish Networks and Piracy, 1689–1697 40 II: The Darien Scheme and Venture Calvinism in the Caribbean Sea, 1695–1701 78 III: The Earl of Bellomont, the Madagascar Trade and John Locke’s Atlantis, 1695–1701 118 IV: Missionary Anglicanism, Quaker Outcasts and Pirates in Pennsylvania, 1691–1702 160 V: The Assada Projects, Pirates and East India Companies, 1688–1707 194 Conclusion 230 Bibliography 242 iii iv Preface This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing that is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted or any that is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other university or similar institution. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted or is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee Dates have been given throughout in old style but with the year taken to begin on 1 January rather than 25 March. Quotations in other languages have been translated by the author and provided in the body of the text with modern spelling and grammar.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Piracy
    Marine Piracy Members David Sanders Neil Hilary Peter Hinton Darren Farr Yves Colomb James Anderson October 4, 2010 Marine Piracy TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 4 2 BACKGROUND 5 Definition of Piracy 5 Historic Considerations 6 CurrentT Considerations 6 3 PIRACY AND THE LAW 7 UN Convention on the High Seas (1958) 7 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). 7 The high seas 8 Huascar 9 Rebellion & terrorism 9 Santa Maria (Operation Dulcinea) 10 Achille Lauro 10 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation 10 Masefield v Amlin (2010) 11 COSCO BULK CARRIER CO LTD V TEAM-UP OWNING CO LTD (2010) 12 Payment of Ransom 12 4 MODERN PIRACY 13 Forms of modern piracy 13 ISPS Code (International Ships and Port Facility Security Code) 13 Somali (Puntland) Pirates 14 Malacca Straits 15 Nigeria 15 Other hotspots 16 Attacks on yachts 16 5 TERRORISM AT SEA 17 Introduction 17 Philippines 17 Malacca STraits 17 Suez Canal 18 Panama Canal 18 US Ports 18 6 INSURANCE AND PIRACY 19 Introduction 19 Hull Insurance 19 War 19 Cargo 20 Protection and Indemnity (P&I) 20 K&R 20 Loss of Hire (LOH) 21 Small Craft 21 Risk Management 21 7 STATISTICS AND COSTS OF PIRACY 25 Facts and figures 25 Additional Costs 29 Alternative transport routes 29 Security and protection 30 Security at the international level 30 Insurance 31 Human costs 31 Data 31 Cost model 33 Frequency-severity approach 33 October 4, 2010 2 Marine Piracy Assessing severity 33 Assessing FREQUENCY 35 Cost of rerouting vessels around the Cape 37 8
    [Show full text]
  • «The Silver Age of Piracy»: French Pirates in the Atlantic in the First Third of the XVI Century И Археология
    Ashrafyan K.E. Исторические науки «The Silver Age of Piracy»: French pirates in the Atlantic in the first third of the XVI century и археология УДК 93, 94, 327 Статья поступила в редакцию 10.10.2020 DOI 10.17816/snv202094204 Статья принята к опубликованию 27.11.2020 «THE SILVER AGE OF PIRACY»: FRENCH PIRATES IN THE ATLANTIC IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE XVI CENTURY © 2020 Ashrafyan K.E. Moscow Region State University (Moscow, Russian Federation) Abstract. The purpose of the study was to find a causal relationship between the activities of king Francis I and the large-scale pirate actions of the captains of the French merchant fleet, Jean Ango. This was necessary to show pi- racy as a fusion of the military and diplomatic policies of France against Portugal and Spain with the naval experi- ence of warfare on the seas and in the oceans, which had the captains of the merchant fleet of Jean Ango. We can see this connection by the captured and looted of hundreds of ships in Portugal and Spain with the full support of piracy from the French crown. The goal was also to show how France, through piracy and its promotion at the state level, destroyed the system of international agreements and Royal oaths in the Christian world for the sake of its commer- cial advantage. The author studies and gives examples of numerous acts of piracy, numbering in the hundreds of cap- tured, robbed, and sunk ships, the reasons and conclusions are given why Francis I began to demand «Open seas and oceans» and why he demanded a revision of the borders of the world in the XVI century.
    [Show full text]
  • A Nation of Those Without a State: a Case Study of Nationalism Regarding Piracy in the Atlantic Before and During the Golden Age
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2013 A nation of those without a state: a case study of nationalism regarding piracy in the Atlantic before and during the Golden Age Jessica L. (Jessica Lyn) Peters Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Peters, Jessica L. (Jessica Lyn), "A nation of those without a state: a case study of nationalism regarding piracy in the Atlantic before and during the Golden Age" (2013). WWU Graduate School Collection. 278. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/278 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Nation of Those Without a State: A Case Study of Nationalism Regarding Piracy in the Atlantic Before and During the Golden Age By Jessica Lyn Peters Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Kathleen L. Kitto, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. Ricardo Lopez Dr. Amanda Eurich Dr. Laurie Hochstetler MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non- exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU.
    [Show full text]
  • Quebec and New Amsterdam to 1664
    © 2012 Daniel J. Weeks ALL RIGHTS RESERVED QUEBEC AND NEW AMSTERDAM TO 1664: A COMPARATIVE NETWORK ANALYSIS By DANIEL J. WEEKS A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School—New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History Written under the direction of Paul G.E. Clemens And approved by __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey OCTOBER 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION QUEBEC AND NEW AMSTERDAM TO 1664: A COMPARATIVE NETWORK ANALYSIS By DANIEL J. WEEKS Dissertation Director: Professor Paul G.E. Clemens This study examines the techniques by which the French and Dutch secured preliminary information about the New World, claimed possession of territory in North America, and developed policies to secure possession against European competitors. It traces the development of French and Dutch colonial networks with an eye toward understanding the intentions of the colonizing powers. Finally, this study analyzes the dominant and significant flows of people, ideas, and goods along the colonial networks of the New France and New Netherland in order to map the interconnections of these colonies with the larger world. Tracing these flows reveals that the networks to which Quebec and New Amsterdam belonged were actually quite different, even though the dominant outflow—furs—was the same. The thesis of the dissertation is that for reasons related to European politics, French and Dutch policymakers adopted the principle that settlement was the only legal and practical means of possessing territory in the Americas and that it was the intention of the respective metropolitan governments to create agriculturally based settlement colonies in New France and New Netherland.
    [Show full text]
  • Pirates Exercises
    Pirates Exercises 1 Match 1–5 with a–e. 1 John Gow led a mutiny in 1724. ___ 2 Henry Morgan was a buccaneer and a privateer. ___ 3 Jean Fleury, a Frenchman, captured two Spanish ships in 1523. ___ 4 Francis Drake sailed round the world between 1577 and 1580. ___ 5 Grace O’Malley and her crew attacked ships up and down the coast of Ireland in the 1560s. ___ a In 1669 his crew blew up their own ship by mistake and killed 250 people. b Queen Elizabeth I knighted him when he came home. c She demanded to meet Queen Elizabeth I after the English complained about her piracy. d He murdered his ship’s officers and became a pirate. e He stole lots of gold but he had papers to prove that he was a privateer. 2 Which word does not belong? 1 sloop braid galley schooner 2 blackjack plumed Jolly Roger skull and crossbones 3 cannon cutlass axes hull 4 ransom sun stars charts 5 Jamaica Madagascar Barbary Coast Scotland 3 Write a magazine article about a famous shipwreck. Write a description of the pirate who owned the ship and what was found on the ship. This page was downloaded from www.macmillanyounglearners.com/readers. It may be photocopied and used in class. © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2012 Pirates Exercises 4 Choose a, b or c to complete the sentences. 1 Some people became pirates because they were ___ a buccaneers. b mutineers. c buccaneers or mutineers. 2 In 1907, a Chinese pirate chief’s widow, Zheng Shi, took command of her husband’s ___ a large fleet of ships and men.
    [Show full text]