DOCSLIB.ORG

A Generalized Genetic Framework for the Development of Sinkholes and Karst in Florida, U.S.A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Generalized Genetic Framework for the Development of Sinkholes and Karst in Florida, U.S.A A Generalized Genetic Framework for the Development of Sinkholes and Karst in Florida, U.S.A. BARRY F. BECK limestone and subsidence of the overlying unconsolidated Florida Sinkhole Research Institute sediments causes surface collapse a subsidence doline or University of Central Florida sinkhole This process may penetrate up to 60 m of the Florida 32816 semi-consolidated Hawthorn cover, as occurred when the Winter Park sinkhole developed Dense clusters of solution ABSTRACT / Karst topography in Florida is developed on the pipes may have formed cenotes which are now found on the Tertiary limestones of the Floridan aquifer Post-depositional exposed limestone terrain diagenesis and solution have made these limestones highly permeable, T = ca. 50,000 m2/d. Zones of megaporosity have formed at unconformities, and dissolution has enlarged Groundwater moves laterally as diffuse flow except where joints and fractures Erosion of the overlying clastic Miocene input or outflow is concentrated. At sinking streams, vertical Hawthorn group strata on one flank of a structural arch has shafts, and springs, karst caves have formed, but only the exposed the limestone The elevated edge of the Hawthorn major sinkng streams form through-flowing conduit systems cover forms the Cody scarp Ubiquitous solution pipes have Shaft recharge dissipates diffusely. Spring discharge is con- previously formed at joint intersections and are now filled centrated from diffuse flow In both cases, conduits taper Downwashing of the fill deeper into solution cavities in the and merge into a zone of megaporosity Geologic Setting sediments. In the northern peninsula and the coastal plains, the clastic, Miocene Hawthorn group caps this sequence of limestones. However, in many areas of the Florida, as well as Georgia and South Carolina, is a Florida peninsula, the majority of the lower Hawthorn part of the Southeastern Coastal Plain. During Meso- is also calcareous or dolomitic. This thick sequence of zoic and Cenozoic times, shallow marine sediments carbonate rocks constitutes one of the world's most pro- were deposited in an off-lapping sequence on the coasts lific aquifers. In Florida it is called the Floridan aquifer of both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. At and elsewhere it is termed the principal artesian the juncture of these two provinces, the Floridan pla- aquifer. teau extends southerly from the North American main- The central portion of the northern two-thirds of land. Since Cretaceous time, the Floridan plateau has peninsular Florida is occupied by a distinct subsurface been a dominantly carbonate platform on which have structural axis or elevated ridge commonly referred to accumulated thousands of feet of limestones and do- as the Peninsular Arch (Fig. 1), or "backbone." This lomites with comparatively minor amounts of evapo- area was the first to rise above sea level and become an rites and clastic sediments. The Floridan peninsula is the exposed land mass. Later, the arch itself was covered exposed portion of this plateau. Most of the peninsular by shallow transgressive and regressive seas, as evi- area is mantled by thin deposits of recent and residual denced by those rocks that now constitute the Floridan sands and clayey sands, peat, or wetlands and lakes, so aquifer in central and north Florida. The Ocala uplift that the majority of the geologic history must be inter- is a younger axis of gentle folding (Fig. 2) parallel to, preted from cores. and 30-35 miles west of, the Peninsular Arch. This The Floridan aquifer comprises a continuous se- rather broad, tension-faulted anticlinal structure is quence of limestones deposited from the Paleocene to mappable (Faulkner 1973) through exposures of the Miocene epochs (Fig. 1). Correlative limestones ex- Middle and Upper Eocene limestone and dolomite tend into the Florida panhandle (the portion extending rocks. Relationships between the Peninsular Arch, westward along the Gulf Coast), Georgia, and South Ocala uplift, tension faults, surface and subsurface Carolina. However, away from the peninsula, limestone units, and their respective general thicknesses are may be only the marine facies, and the updip (inland), shown in cross-section in Figure 1. The vertical scale in continental/littoral equivalents are frequently clastic Figure 1 is exaggerated approximately 160 times; ac- Environ Geol Water Sci Vol 8, Nos 1/2, 5-18 1986 Springer-Verlag New York Inc 6 Bar~ F Beck SOUTHWEST b, NORTHEAST X C~, e..,. q.1 q~' X IO00 ~ I TM, L I TMu.. I TQu.~Cb ~ u~ <~ kc(~ ~,,~ [ "- To l TMu I I TQu ] TQu..,~_.l '~ - Mean Sea Level To p~__..~-T~ ~ ~ ',j, ~ To T~c " '"~, r ~" I000 Tck 2000 - _J Upper Cretaceous ~ -r (sedimentary) u~Zcr LU 3000' CL -7 Lower Cretaceous 4000- 5000 EXPLANATION TQu - Tertiary - Quarternary, undifferentiated TMu- Mio- Pliocene (?), undifferentiated To- Upper Eocene, Ocolo Limestone Tap-Middle Eocene, Avon Park Limestone Tic- Middle Eocene, Lake City Limestone Tol- Lower Eocene, Oldsmar Limestone 1 Tck- Paleocene, Cedar Keys Limestone 0 I0 20 30 40 50 MILES I I I I I I LOCATION Figure 1. E-W cross-section through peninsular Florida showing structure and its relationship to surficial geology (from Faulkner 1973). Framework for Sinkhole Development 7 N (1 / \l I " ;-'-'- "- / )---/-- ~ .... I-- <'--~ / <'~ >%; ,. ,,~,o,v,~, ~,4 ,K~ '~_r '''~ .,, ~ \~. r-,--Xr~,Ck YANKEETOWN r,,---. ,~ \'q/_ ) 0 2 .f/ 4, -1 x, \ --/- ) \*r % o <- #-, Approximate edge /~ of Floridon Plateau5 \ "~ , 6, (datum: mean sea level) ( L__~ ~--- % _i ~ - i o 50 Ioo MILES I 1 I Figure 2. The Floridan plateau and peninsular Florida showing the main geologic structures (from Faulkner 1973). tually the flanks of the Peninsular Arch and Ocala over 4,600 m thick have been encountered. The Cedar uplift dip one-half degree or less. Keys limestone, Oldsmar limestone, and Lake City The subsurface units thicken outward to the east limestone are not exposed and are known only through and west and particularly to the south were sediments cuttings and cores. The Lake City limestone, the Avon 8 Barry F Beck Park limestone, and the Ocala group limestones gen- dish-brown, river-type water. However, there is also a erally constitute the Flor.idan aquifer. To the south and substantial groundwater addition to this flow (Ceryak north in Figure i, younger units including the Su- 1977). wannee limestone, the Tampa limestone (or its equiv- alent), and limestones within the Hawthorn group also Hydrogeology are included in the Floridan aquifer. In the central and northern peninsula, the clastic The limestones that compose the Floridan aquifer sediments of the Miocene Hawthorn group overlie and have been variously subjected to repeated cycles of sea confine the limestones of the Floridan aquifer. Along level fluctuation. During some regressions, they were the crest and western flank of the Ocala uplift, erosion subaerially exposed, producing unconformities marked has stripped off this cover leaving an exposed limestone by paleokarst surfaces (Randazzo 1982; Schmidt and surface, or one thinly mantled by younger unconsoli- Scott 1984; Popenoe and others 1984). During the dated sands and clayey sands (Figs. 1 and 3). This area transgressions and regressions, the saltwater/freshwater is broadly referred to as the Gulf coastal lowlands mixing zone also oscillated. This zone has been related (Head and Marcus 1984). It contains broad areas of to various diagenetic changes. "A major environment low, level karst plains marked by cenotes, small subsi- of regional dolomitization is in the mixing zone (zone dence sinkholes, lakes, and scattered springs (Abbott of dispersion) where profound changes in mineralogy 1972). Surface drainage is absent, except for major and redistribution of porosity and permeability occur streams or limited areas in which the cover contains from the time of early emergence and continuing impermeable strata. Groundwater flows toward major through the time when the rocks are well-developed rivers or coastal springs and swamps, or to a few major aquifers. The reactions and processes, in resonse to inland springs. Within the Gulf coastal lowlands are mixing waters of differing chemical composition, in- several extensive, high "sand" ridges and several broad, clude dissolution and precipitation of carbonate min- alluvial valleys which irregularly interrupt the karst erals in addition to dolomitization" (Hanshaw and Back plains. 1979, p. 287). It has been noted that the more perme- Because the axis of the Ocala uplift is far to the able zones of the Floridan aquifer are dolomitic (e.g., western side of the peninsula (Fig. 2), coastal erosion Lichder and others 1968). On the other hand, Ran- has not stripped the clastic cover from all of the eastern dazzo (1982, p. 9) identifies the same processes, "dis- flank of the uplift (Fig. 1). This elevated region of solution and the creation of cavernous porosity, ctastic sediments is divided into the northern and cen- infilling of pore spaces by sparry calcite cements, cal- tral highlands. The landscape in this zone is not gen- citization and dolomitization," but ascribes their erally karst, but along the western margin there is a occurrence to "interaction with a phreatic meteoric variable region (shown in Figure 3) where subsidence water environment." sinkholes (or ravelling sinks) disrupt the surface. These Whatever the exact mechanisms, the limestones and sinkholes mark areas where unconsolidated surface dolostones of the Floridan aquifer now have a high sediments, in some areas up to 60 m thick, have sub- overall permeability. For instance, Hunn and Slack sided into preexisting voids in the underlying lime- (1983) estimate a T of 45,000 m2/day in the Santa Fe stone. River Basin of north Florida. However, many authors The boundary between the highlands and the low- have also noted that certain zones, or levels, within the lands is the irregularly dissected Cody escarpment. aquifer are more cavernous (megaporosity) than others Above the escarpment the thin, clastic cover is com- (Lichder and others 1968; Robertson 1973; Krause monly breached by erosion, both from above by 1979).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Page/Ladson (8Je591) : Excavation of an Early Holocene Occupation Site
    PAGE/LADSON (8JE591): EXCAVATION OF AN EARLY HOLOCENE OCCUPATION SITE IN THE AUCILLA RIVER, FLORIDA By BRINNEN S. CARTER A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 ' r Copyright 2003 by Brinnen S. Carter This document is dedicated to my dead father, Brinly Stewart Carter. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people who deserve the largest measure of thanks for their patience and support. On the intellectual side, S. David Webb and James (Jim) Dunbar are first and foremost. The Florida Department of State Special Category grants, National Geographic grants, and numerous private donations of money, time, and equipment, to the Aucilla River Prehistory Project, lead by Drs. Webb and Milanich paid for the fieldwork. Grants and salary from the Aucilla River Prehistory Project and discussions with Jim Dunbar have been important in directing the work that follows. Discussions with David Anderson (modeling Paleoindian/Early Archaic American Indian bands and macrobands), Albert Goodyear (tool technology and chronology), Jerald Milanich (hypothesis generation and testing), Louis Tesar (overall Florida Paleoindian site distribution and nature) have also contributed to the quality of work. One could hardly ask for a better archaeology faculty than the University of Florida's for understanding the breadth of New World Archaeology. The archaeology faculty of Florida State University—and especially Rochelle Marrinan—helped me keep my dignity while completing the dissertation. Teaching at FSU added notches to my resume and gave me a better understanding of the pressures under which university-based researchers work.
    [Show full text]
  • Excavations at the Econfina Channel Site, Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA
    Southeastern Archaeology ISSN: 0734-578X (Print) 2168-4723 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ysea20 What is past is prologue: excavations at the Econfina Channel site, Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA Jessica W. Cook Hale, Nathan L. Hale & Ervan G. Garrison To cite this article: Jessica W. Cook Hale, Nathan L. Hale & Ervan G. Garrison (2018): What is past is prologue: excavations at the Econfina Channel site, Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA, Southeastern Archaeology To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0734578X.2018.1428787 View supplementary material Published online: 01 Feb 2018. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ysea20 SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1080/0734578X.2018.1428787 What is past is prologue: excavations at the Econfina Channel site, Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA Jessica W. Cook Hale a, Nathan L. Halea and Ervan G. Garrisona,b aDepartment of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; bDepartment of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Offshore submerged sites can retain valuable data concerning many questions of interest to Received 21 September 2017 archaeology, including what form coastal occupations may have taken during periods before the Accepted 13 January 2018 establishment of modern coastlines and late Holocene climate and ecological conditions. KEYWORDS However, submerged offshore sites experience postdepositional forces entirely unlike those in Submerged prehistoric terrestrial contexts, including erosion/deflation of sediments, and degradation of artifacts and/or archaeology; Florida features caused by the marine environment.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Underwater Stone Age Archaeology in Florida
    A Review of Underwater Stone Age Archaeology in Florida JAMES ALAN READE MCCLEAN Abstract This paper provides an overview of underwater Stone Age archaeological research in Florida, USA. The public is most aware of Florida’s shipwreck legacy as a result of media sensationalism, however there also exists a community of scholars dedicated to prehistoric research in Florida. As in the Baltic region, submerged sites have provided excellent preservation of organic materials. Research in Florida’s submerged past has a history extending back over one hundred and fifty years utilizing surface supplied diving technology to recover extinct Pleistocene mammal remains from springs. Recent and current projects are outlined in this paper to raise awareness of the development of high standards in this ”nascent discipli- ne” in Florida. A brief description is also given of scientific diver training available at the authour’s home institution, Florida State University, in Tallahassee Florida. Zusammenfassung Ziel des Beitrages ist ein zusammenfassender Überblick zu den unterwasserarchäologischen Forschungsergebnissen zur steinzeitlichen Besiedlungsgeschichte Floridas. Allgemein werden die Begriffe ”Florida” und ”Unterwasserarchäologie” meist mit der Untersuchung spanischer Schiffwracks durch verschiedene Schatztaucherfirmen assoziiert. Dabei wird aber häufig übersehen, dass es in Florida neben kommerziellen Bergungen auch wissenschaftlich ausgerichtete Forschungspro- gramme zur präkolumbianischen Geschichte des Landes gibt, bei denen unterwasserarchäologische
    [Show full text]
  • Karst Hydrogeology of the Upper Suwannee River Basin, Alapaha River Area Hamilton County, Florida
    KARST HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE UPPER SUWANNEE RIVER BASIN, ALAPAHA RIVER AREA HAMILTON COUNTY, FLORIDA GUIDEBOOK NO. 63 November 7‐8, 2014 Published by The Southeastern Geological Society P.O. Box 1636 Tallahassee, Florida 32302 Compiled by Andrew Lawn Financial Support for Production of the field guide was generously provided by HSW Engineering, Inc. Acknowledgments The Southeastern Geological Society (SEGS) would like to acknowledge a number of individuals who contributed time and effort in planning and organizing this logistically challenging field trip. We thank Edwin McCook with the Suwannee River Water Management District for his assistance in helping gain access to a number of karst features on District land and for providing maps. We would also like to thank Craig Liney, park manager for the Suwannee River State Park who provided permission to access karst features on State Park lands. Thanks go to Clint Kromhout with the Florida Geological Survey (FGS) for agreeing to give a talk on ongoing karst mapping being conducted by the FGS and for providing maps and logistical support. The SEGS is also indebted to those members who serve on various committees that oversee the planning of field trips. We would also like to thank our corporate sponsor, HSW Engineering, for providing assistance in putting the field trip guidebook together and getting it ready to be printed. And finally we would like to thank the organizers and attendees of the 1981 SEGS field trip to this same area. That field trip was one of the most successful field trips ever organized by the SEGS and provides the current organizers with a lofty goal – to make this trip even more successful than the last.
    [Show full text]
  • Open-File Map Series 98, 3 Plates, Scale 1:100,000
    STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Michael W. Sole, Secretary LAND AND RECREATION Robert G. Ballard, Deputy Secretary FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Walter Schmidt, State Geologist and Director OPEN-FILE REPORT 92 Text to accompany geologic map of the western portion of the USGS Perry 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, northern Florida By Richard C. Green, David T. Paul and Thomas M. Scott 2008 ISSN (1058-1391) This geologic map was funded in part by the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Previous Work ............................................................................................................................ 3 Geologic Summary ......................................................................................................................... 4 Structure...................................................................................................................................... 4 Geomorphology .......................................................................................................................... 7 Ocala Karst District.................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • REFERENCES Barr, G
    Q_ ' \ REFER ENCE State of Florida Department of Natural Resources Torn Gardner, Executive Director Division of Resource Management Jeremy Craft, Director Florida Geological Survey Walt Schmidt, State Geologist and Chief Open File Report 22 The Geology of Wakulla Springs by Frank R. Rupert Florida Geological Survey Tallahassee, Florida 1988 THE GEOLOGY OF WAKULLA SPRINGS Frank R. Rupert Florida Geological Survey INTRODUCTION Little was known about the geologic makeup of the Wakulla Springs system prior to the 1987 Wakulla Springs Project. Olsen ( 1958) explored the outer 1100 feet of the main cave and collected paleontological and archeological remains. However,. a detailed geologic reconnaissance was apparently never performed. During the course of the Wakulla Springs Project, the project divers collected a series of rock specimens and sediment cores for analysis by the Florida Geological survey. The following section provides an overview of the geomorphology and the geology of Wakulla Springs and vicinity, including a discussion of the geology of the conduit system based on the samples collected. GEOMORPHOLOGY Wakulla Springs are situated in the Woodville Karst Plain geomorphic zone. This zone encompasses an a~ea extending southward from the Cody Scarp to the Gulf of Mexico, and from just west of U. S. Highway 319 eastward through Jefferson County (Figure 1). The Woodville Karst Plain is characterized as a flat or very gently rolling surface of porous sand overlying Oligocene and Miocene age limestones. Elevations range from 0 to 3 5 feet above mean sea level, and surface slope averages about four feet per mile southward. During the Pleistocene Epoch (two 1 Figure 1: Map showing the extent of the Woodville Karst Plain and the geologic cross section location.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Santa Fe Springs Revised Report FINAL 2 6
    Sources of Nitrate & Estimated Groundwater Travel Times to Springs of the Santa Fe River Basin Revised Report ACEPD AMEC Project No.: 6063050061 & 6063110206 February 2013 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... ES-1 1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 1-2 1.1.1 Surface Water Resources ........................................................................................ 1-2 1.1.2 Hydrogeology........................................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Sources of Nitrate to the Santa Fe River and Springs ...................................................... 1-9 1.3 GIS Application ............................................................................................................... 1-11 1.4 Past and Projected Land Use ......................................................................................... 1-11 1.5 Groundwater Travel Time ............................................................................................... 1-12 2.0 Loading Estimation Methods and Information Sources ....................................................... 2-1 2.1 Land Use-Based Loadings ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Subsidence Report
    SUMMARY REPORT OF A SINKHOLE EVALUATION NW 13TH PLACE SINKHOLE GAINESVILLE, ALACHUA COUNTY, FLORIDA GSE PROJECT No. 14866 Prepared For: CITY OF GAINESVILLE DECEMBER 2020 Certificate of Authorization No. 27430 December 9, 2020 Mr. Lee R. Feldman, ICMA-CM, City Manager City of Gainesville 200 East University Ave Gainesville, Florida 32601 Subject: Summary Report of a Sinkhole Evaluation NW 13th Place Sinkhole Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida GSE Project No. 14866 Dear Mr. Feldman: GSE Engineering & Consulting, Inc. (GSE) is pleased to submit this report of a sinkhole evaluation of the rights-of-ways of NW 13th Place and NW 14th Place that are adjacent to a sinkhole that recently developed. This report summarizes an evaluation by GSE of the findings and geologic conditions at the site and whether sinkhole activity is present beneath the road right-of-ways. GSE appreciates the opportunity to have assisted you on this project. If you have any questions or comments concerning this report, please contact us. Sincerely, GSE Engineering & Consulting, Inc. Jason E. Gowland, P.E. Kenneth L. Hill, P.E. Senior Geotechnical Engineer Principal Geotechnical Engineer Florida Registration Number 66467 Florida Registration Number 40146 JEG/KLH:maj Q:\Projects\14866 NW 13th Pl Sinkhole\14866.docx Distribution: Addressee (1-Electronic) File (1) Summary Report of a Sinkhole Evaluation December 9, 2020 NW 13th Place Sinkhole Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida GSE Project No. 14866 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GSE Engineering & Consulting, Inc. (GSE) was retained by City of Gainesville to conduct a sinkhole evaluation of the right-of-ways on NW 13th Place, NW 14th Place and NW 40th Terrace adjacent to a recently developed sinkhole.
    [Show full text]
  • Caves and Karst of West-Central Florida Lee J
    Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Geography/Geology Faculty Publications Geography & Geology 2009 Caves and Karst of West-Central Florida Lee J. Florea Western Kentucky University, [email protected] David A. Budd Robert B. Brinkman Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/geog_fac_pub Part of the Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Geology Commons, Natural Resource Economics Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Recommended Repository Citation Florea, Lee J.; Budd, David A.; and Brinkman, Robert B.. (2009). Caves and Karst of West-Central Florida. Caves and Karst of America, 2009, 189-196. Available at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/geog_fac_pub/21 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geography/Geology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 6: Coastal Plain 189 matrix. It is therefore becoming clear to hydrogeologists and water resource Caves and Karst of West-Central Florida managers that large springs like Wakulla, rather than wells, provide the best means of sampling the water quality of an aquifer, because their discharge Lee J. Florea, David Budd, and Robert Brinkmann represents a composite of all water sources in the basin. HE REAL west-central Florida is far from the “Sunshine State” Cave and Spring Protection Timage of white sand beaches and palm trees. Gently rolling hills, dense jungle-like forests, pine and palmetto scrublands, impenetrable The Woodville Karst lies just south of the growing city of Tallahasee, cypress swamps, and alligator-laden rivers are more common.
    [Show full text]
  • The Delineation of Spring-Water Source Areas in the Ichetucknee Springshed
    DELINEATION OF SPRING-WATER SOURCE AREAS IN THE ICHETUCKNEE SPRINGSHED Prepared for the Florida Department of Environmental Protection Tallahassee, Florida By Kyle M. Champion, P.G. Sam B. Upchurch, P.G., Ph.D SDII Global Corporation 4509 George Road Tampa, Florida 33634 Cover photograph: Rose Creek swallet near Columbia City is located on the Ichetucknee Trace. The swallet receives surface water from Rose Creek during runoff events. In 1997 fluorescent dye was introduced into the swallet by cave divers. Several days later, the dye was detected at several springs along the Ichetucknee River, thus giving clear evidence of a direct connection between the Rose Creek swallet and the Ichetucknee Springs. This report was authored by the undersigned for the use and distribution by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. [SDII Project No. 3004390] ______________________________ ______________________________ Sam B. Upchurch, Ph.D., P.G. Kyle M. Champion, P.G. Florida License No. 4 Florida License No. 2044 Vice President and Principal Geologist Senior Hydrogeologist SDII Global Corporation SDII Global Corporation Date signed: ______________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 DEFINITION OF A SPRINGSHED........................................................................................... 1 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA ............................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Application and Refinement of the Karst Disturbance Index in West Central, Florida Leslie A
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 4-26-2007 Application and Refinement of the Karst Disturbance Index in West Central, Florida Leslie A. North University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, and the Geography Commons Scholar Commons Citation North, Leslie A., "Application and Refinement of the Karst Disturbance Index in West Central, Florida" (2007). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3765 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Application and Refinement of the Karst Disturbance Index in West Central, Florida by Leslie A. North A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Geography College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Philip van Beynen, Ph.D. Robert Brinkmann, Ph.D. Philip Reeder, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 26, 2007 Keywords: environmental indicators, human impact, tampa bay metropolitan area, anthropogenic change, pollution, sinkholes, caves © Copyright 2007, Leslie A. North Dedication This thesis could not have been completed without the loving and unwavering support of my friends and family. I would first like to dedicate this work to Jason Polk for lovingly supporting me without waver through the good times and the bad, the crying and laughter. You always listened patiently and provided words of encouragement regardless of how busy you were.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphic Influence of Scarps in the Suwannee River Basin
    Southeastern Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook 44 Geomorphic Influence of Scarps in the Suwannee River Basin May 7, 2005 Published by Southeastern Geological Society P.O. Box 1634 Tallahassee, Florida 32302 Geomorphic Influence of Scarps in the Suwannee River Basin Southeastern Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook 44 Spring Field Trip May 7, 2005 Field Trip Committee Rick Copeland, Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL Ron Ceryak, SRWMD, Live Oak, FL Sam Upchurch, SDII Global Inc., Tampa FL Warren Zwanka, SRWMD, Live Oak, FL Tom Mirti, SRWMD, Live Oak, FL Brian Kaufman, SRWMD, Live Oak, FL Harley Means, Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL Tom Scott, Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL Brian Katz, U.S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL Joe King, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, FL 2004 SEGS Officers President - Joe May Vice President - Rick Copeland Secretary/Treasurer - Sandra Colbert Membership - Bruce Rodgers (Past President) Guidebook Compiled by Rick Copeland 2005 Published by: THE SOUTHEASTERN GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY P.O. Box 1634 Tallahassee, FL 32302 i Introduction/Acknowledgements The purpose of the field trip is to discuss the influences that scarps have had on the residents of the Suwannee River Basin. These scarps influence both ground- and surface-water quality, as well as biology. They were important in the development of the area by Native Americans and European pioneers, and even today they have a significant influence on land use patterns and the local economy. In 1981, the SEGS sponsored a field trip in the same general vicinity as this one. However, that trip focused on the dry segment of the Alapaha River and many karst features in Hamilton County.
    [Show full text]