DOCSLIB.ORG

Anti-Corruption

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anti-Corruption GLOBAL PRACTICE GUIDE Defi niti ve global law guides off ering comparati ve analysis from top ranked lawyers Anti-Corruption Canada McMillan LLP chambers.com CANADA LAW AND PRACTICE: p.3 Contributed by McMillan LLP The ‘Law & Practice’ sections provide easily accessible information on navigating the legal system when conducting business in the jurisdic- tion. Leading lawyers explain local law and practice at key transactional stages and for crucial aspects of doing business. LAW AND PRACTICE CANADA Law and Practice Contributed by McMillan LLP Contents 1. Offences p.5 1.1 Legal Framework for Offences p.5 1.2 Classification and Constituent Elements p.5 1.3 Scope p.9 1.4 Limitation Periods p.9 2. Defences and Exceptions p.10 2.1 Defences p.10 2.2 De Minimis Exceptions p.10 2.3 Exempt Sectors/Industries p.10 2.4 Safe Harbour or Amnesty Programme p.10 3. Penalties p.10 3.1 Penalties on Conviction p.10 3.2 Guidelines Applicable to the Assessment of Penalties p.10 4. Compliance and Disclosure p.11 4.1 National Legislation and Duties to Prevent Corruption p.11 4.2 Disclosure of Violations of Anti-bribery and Anti-corruption Provisions p.11 4.3 Protection Afforded to Whistle-blowers p.11 5. Enforcement p.11 5.1 Enforcement of Anti-bribery and Anti- corruption Laws p.11 5.2 Enforcement Body p.11 5.3 Process of Application for Documentation p.11 5.4 Discretion for Mitigation p.12 5.5 Jurisdictional Reach of the Body/Bodies p.12 5.6 Recent Landmark Investigations or Decisions Involving Bribery or Corruption p.12 5.7 Level of Sanctions Imposed p.12 6. Review and Trends p.13 6.1 Assessment of the Applicable Enforced Legislation p.13 6.2 Likely Future Changes to the Applicable Legislation or the Enforcement Body p.13 3 CANADA LAW AND PRACTICE McMillan LLP is a leading business law fi rm serving pub- tions, export/import controls and tax off ences, as well as lic, private and not-for-profi t clients across key industries off ences under health and safety, discrimination, immigra- in Canada, the United States and internationally through tion, fi nancial services, energy, environmental and other its offi ces in Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa, Montréal regulatory regimes. Th e team also manages and defends and Hong Kong. Th e fi rm represents corporations, other against search warrants, inspection orders, interviews given organisations and executives at all stages of criminal, quasi- under statutory compulsion, wiretapping orders, and other criminal and regulatory investigations and prosecutions for investigative actions, and advises on risk management, reg- all types of white-collar off ences, including fraud, bribery ulatory compliance, reputation management and defama- and corruption, money laundering, cartels and price-fi xing, tion, among other matters. insider-trading or other securities off ences, economic sanc- Authors Benjamin Bathgate is a partner in the Neil Campbell is a partner at the fi rm and fi rm’s Litigation and Dispute Resolution a member of the White-Collar Defence Group, a Co-Chair of the White-Collar and Government Investigations Group, as Defence and Government Investigations well as Co-Chair of the Competition and Group, and focuses on complex corporate Trade Group. His competition law practice and commercial litigation in the banking focuses on merger clearances under the and fi nancial services industries. He has expertise in Competition Act, reviews under the Investment Canada several specialised areas of litigation, including Act, representing clients in cartel investigations and related commercial fraud and professional negligence. Ben works class actions, as well as abuse of dominance and other extensively with fi nancial services clients investigating and competition law proceedings, and advising on marketing, prosecuting various forms of fraud, including fraudulent distribution, grey marketing and joint venture issues. Neil conveyances, and assists in tracing and asset recovery. He has particularly extensive experience in the fi nancial has also worked on numerous high-profi le corporate and services, pharmaceuticals and chemicals, energy, natural securities fraud cases, including fraud allegations in resources and transportation industries. various corporate transactions and in oppression and conspiracy claims. Timothy Cullen is an Associate in McMillan’s advocacy and litigation group, Guy Pinsonnault is a partner in the fi rm’s and is developing a civil, commercial and Competition Group, and a Co-Chair of regulatory litigation practice in the fi rm’s the White-Collar Defence and Ottawa offi ce. He advises and represents Government Investigations Group. He clients in a range of industries on handles the full range of competition, commercial and contract disputes, regulatory white-collar crime and Canadian business prosecutions, international trade, government and public regulation, litigation and advisory work, with a particular policy, product liability claims and procurement matters. focus on Canadian and international cartels, anti- Before joining the fi rm, Timothy served in various roles on corruption and commercial crime matters. As a Prosecutor Parliament Hill for nearly a decade, providing political and for more than 30 years, Guy has extensive experience in policy advice to Members of Parliament and Senators on a dealing with local, national and cross-border corporate range of issues, particularly foreign aff airs and crime investigations. He has appeared before Superior international trade. courts, the Federal Court, the Court of Appeal of Quebec and the Supreme Court of Canada. 4 LAW AND PRACTICE CANADA 1. Offences ernments’ does not contain information regarding interpre- tation and enforcement. 1.1 Legal Framework for Offences 1.1.1 International Conventions 1.1.4 Recent Key Amendments to National Legislation On 17 December 1998, Canada ratified the Organisation for In response to criticism about low levels of enforcement, the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Con- CFPOA was significantly expanded through amending leg- vention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in islation in June 2013. The amendments broadened the scope International Business Transactions. Canada is also a party and application of Canada’s anti-bribery of foreign public to the Inter-American Convention against Corruption (rati- officials regime, established new offences and increased fied 1 June 2000) and the United Nations Convention against penalties, among other changes. More recently, the elimina- Corruption (ratified 2 October 2007). tion of an exception in the CFPOA for facilitation payments (arising from the 2013 amending legislation) came into force 1.1.2 National Legislation on 31 October 2017. Canada followed through on its obligation under the OECD On 19 September 2018, amendments to the Criminal Code Convention to implement legislation to criminalise bribery authorising the use of remediation agreements (ie, deferred of foreign public officials by enacting the federal Corrup- prosecution agreements) became available as a means of tion of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA) on 14 February resolving criminal charges against businesses for certain 1999, which only addresses bribery of public officials who offences under the Criminal Code and other criminal stat- are outside Canada. utes, including the CFPOA. The federal Criminal Code contains a number of domestic 1.2 Classification and Constituent Elements offences for bribery, fraud, breach of trust, corruption and 1.2.1 Bribery influence-peddling, among other offences, which are appli- cable to public officials and private parties. The province of Section 3(1) of the CFPOA makes it an offence for anyone Québec is the only sub-federal jurisdiction in Canada with “who, in order to obtain or retain an advantage in the course its own anti-corruption legislation. Its Anti-Corruption Act of business, directly or indirectly gives, offers or agrees to came into force on 13 June 2011, at a time when allegations give or offer a loan, reward, advantage or benefit of any kind of significant corruption in relation to public construction to a foreign public official or to any person for the benefit of a contracts were being investigated. foreign public official: (a) as consideration for an act or omis- sion by the official in connection with the performance of 1.1.3 Guidelines for the Interpretation and Enforcement of the official’s duties or functions; or (b) to induce the official National Legislation to use his or her position to influence any acts or decision of the foreign state or public international organization for There is limited official guidance of use relating to the inter- which the official performs duties or functions.” pretation and enforcement of Canada’s anti-bribery/anti- corruption regime. In May 1999, the federal Department Foreign public officials are defined in Section 2 of the of Justice published ‘The Corruption of Foreign Public Offi- CFPOA as: cials Act: a guide’. It provides a general overview and back- ground information about the CFPOA. However, it has not • a person who holds a legislative, administrative or judicial been updated to reflect amendments to the CFPOA since position in a foreign state; its creation and does not provide significant guidance. The • a person who performs public duties or functions for a Public Prosecution Service of Canada (PPSC) – the federal foreign state, including a person employed by a board, government organisation with responsibility for prosecut- commission, corporation or other body or authority that ing criminal offences under federal jurisdiction (other than is established to perform a duty or function on behalf of the offences under the Criminal Code, which is the responsibil- foreign state, or is performing such a duty or function; and ity of provincial Attorneys General), including violations of • an official or agent of a public international organisation the CFPOA – has a ‘PPSC Deskbook’ that sets out guid- that is formed by two or more states or governments, or ing principles as well as directives and guidelines regarding by two or more such public international organisations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SFU Thesis Template Files
    The Right to Authentic Political Communication by Ann Elizabeth Rees M.A., Simon Fraser University, 2005 B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1980 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Communication Faculty of Arts and Social Science Ann Elizabeth Rees 2016 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2016 Approval Name: Ann Elizabeth Rees Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: The Right to Authentic Political Communication Examining Committee: Chair: Katherine Reilly, Assistant Professor Peter Anderson Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Catherine Murray Supervisor Professor Alison Beale Supervisor Professor Andrew Heard Internal Examiner Associate Professor Political Science Department Paul Thomas External Examiner Professor Emeritus Department of Political Studies University of Manitoba Date Defended/Approved: January 22, 2016 ii Abstract Increasingly, governments communicate strategically with the public for political advantage, seeking as Christopher Hood describes it to “avoid blame” and “claim credit” for the actions and decisions of governance. In particular, Strategic Political Communication (SPC) is becoming the dominant form of political communication between Canada’s executive branch of government and the public, both during elections and as part of a “permanent campaign” to gain and maintain public support as means to political power. This dissertation argues that SPC techniques interfere with the public’s ability to know how they are governed, and therefore undermines the central right of citizens in a democracy to legitimate elected representation by scrutinizing government and holding it to account. Realization of that right depends on an authentic political communication process that provides citizens with an understanding of government. By seeking to hide or downplay blameworthy actions, SPC undermines the legitimation role public discourse plays in a democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Consequences at Sentencing
    Update on Criminal Inadmissibility Peter Edelmann1 Division 4 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (“IRPA”) sets out the various grounds of inadmissibility along with a number of evidentiary and procedural matters. This paper will focus on the grounds of criminal inadmissibility set out in section 36. It will not address the related grounds of inadmissibility such as those under sections 34(security), 35 (international crimes) and 37 (organized criminality), each of which would provide ample material for a lengthy paper on their own. Section 36 sets out the grounds that render individuals inadmissible for criminality. The most fundamental distinction in s.36 is between criminality and serious criminality. Criminality, as described in s.36(2), only affects foreign nationals: A36 (2) A foreign national is inadmissible on grounds of criminality for (a) having been convicted in Canada of an offence under an Act of Parliament punishable by way of indictment, or of two offences under any Act of Parliament not arising out of a single occurrence; (b) having been convicted outside Canada of an offence that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an indictable offence under an Act of Parliament, or of two offences not arising out of a single occurrence that, if committed in Canada, would constitute offences under an Act of Parliament; (c) committing an act outside Canada that is an offence in the place where it was committed and that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an indictable offence under an Act of Parliament; or (d) committing, on entering Canada, an offence under an Act of Parliament prescribed by regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Carson Report Discontinuance of an Examination
    Carson Report Discontinuance of an Examination 2018 Mario Dion Conflict of Interest and June 2018 Ethics Commissioner Carson Report – Discontinuance of an Examination made under the CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACT For additional copies of this document, please contact: Office of the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner Parliament of Canada 66 Slater Street, 22nd Floor Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0A6 Telephone: 613-995-0721 Fax: 613-995-7308 Email: [email protected] Ce document est également publié en français. This document is available online at the following address: http://ciec-ccie.parl.gc.ca/ © Office of the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner, Parliament of Canada, 2018 062018-71E PREFACE The Conflict of Interest Act, S.C. 2006, c. 9, s. 2 (the Act) came into force on July 9, 2007. An examination under the Act may be initiated at the request of a member of the Senate or House of Commons or on the initiative of the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner. When an examination is initiated at the request of a Member of the House of Commons, the Commissioner is required under section 44 of the Act to examine the matter, unless he or she determines that the matter is frivolous or vexatious or is made in bad faith. The Commissioner may, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, discontinue the examination. The Commissioner must provide a report to the Prime Minister setting out the facts in question as well as the Commissioner’s analysis and conclusions in relation to the examination even where an examination is discontinued.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal Order Appeals: Chapter 8
    Chapter Eight Criminal Equivalency Introduction There are several provisions in IRPA relating to criminality IRPA where the issue of equivalency of foreign criminal convictions and offences to Canadian offences arises. If a person is found described in one of the equivalency provisions in subsection 36(1) for “serious criminality” or 36(2) for “criminality” that render them inadmissible to Canada, a removal order may be issued against that person. The relevant removal order in such cases is a deportation order, which must be issued by the Immigration Division (see Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, s. 229(1)(c) and (d)). A permanent resident may be ordered removed from Canada if found described in subsection 36(1) of IRPA for “serious criminality”. The ground of “criminality” found in subsection 36(2) does not apply to permanent residents. A foreign national, however, may be ordered removed from Canada if found described in subsection 36(1) or 36(2) of IRPA. Certain persons – notably, permanent residents, but also protected persons and foreign nationals who hold a permanent resident visa – have a right of appeal to the Immigration Appeal Division (IAD) from the removal order on both grounds of appeal, that is, that the removal order is not legally valid and that the discretionary jurisdiction of the IAD should be exercised in the appellant’s favour (see IRPA, s. 63(2) and 63(3)). It is also possible for the Minister to appeal against a decision of the Immigration Division in an inadmissibility hearing (IRPA, s. 63(5)), but such appeals occur infrequently. Relevant Legislation A person may be inadmissible on the grounds of serious criminality or criminality either because of a conviction for an offence committed outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an offence under an Act of Parliament or for having committed an act outside Canada that is an offence in the place where it was committed and that, if committed in Canada, would constitute an offence under an Act of Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Paralegal Standing Committee Report
    Convocation - Paralegal Standing Committee Report Tab 3 Paralegal Standing Committee Bill C-75 Response September 11, 2019 Committee Members: Robert Burd (Chair) Megan Shortreed (Vice-Chair) Joseph Chiummiento Cathy Corsetti Seymour Epstein Sam Goldstein Shelina Lalji Marian Lippa Nancy Lockhart Michelle Lomazzo Geneviève Painchaud Geoff Pollock Chi-Kun Shi Authored By: Will Morrison [email protected] 78 Convocation - Paralegal Standing Committee Report Bill C-75 Response Table of Contents Motion ................................................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 2 Background ....................................................................................................................... 3 A. Current Landscape of Agent Representation............................................................. 3 B. Background to Bill C-75 ............................................................................................. 6 C. Background to Bill C-46 ............................................................................................. 7 D. Law Society Response Efforts and Considerations ................................................... 8 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 10 A. Response Options ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Unplugging the Dirty Energy Economy / Ii
    Polaris Institute, June 2015 The Polaris Institute is a public interest research organization based in Canada. Since 1997 Polaris has been dedicated to developing tools and strategies to take action on major public policy issues, including the corporate power that lies behind public policy making, on issues of energy security, water rights, climate change, green economy and global trade. Acknowledgements This Profile was researched and written by Mehreen Amani Khalfan, with additional research from Richard Girard, Daniel Cayley-Daoust, Erin Callary, Alexandra Bly and Brianna Aird. Special thanks to Heather Milton-Lightening and Clayton Thomas-Muller for their contributions. Cover design by Spencer Mann. This project was made possible through generous support from the European Climate Fund Polaris Institute 180 Metcalfe Street, Suite 500 Ottawa, ON K2P 1P5 Phone: 613-237-1717 Fax: 613-237-3359 Email: [email protected] www.polarisinstitute.org i / Polaris Institute Table of Contents SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 1 - ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE ............................................................................................................... 6 1.1 TRANSCANADA’S BUSINESS STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Core 1..40 Committee (PRISM::Advent3b2 17.25)
    Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights JUST Ï NUMBER 114 Ï 1st SESSION Ï 42nd PARLIAMENT EVIDENCE Monday, October 29, 2018 Chair Mr. Anthony Housefather 1 Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights Monday, October 29, 2018 (Amendment negatived [See Minutes of Proceedings]) Ï (1230) (Clause 87 agreed to) [English] (On clause 88) The Chair (Mr. Anthony Housefather (Mount Royal, Lib.)): Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the Standing Committee on The Chair: We will move to CPC-49. Justice and Human Rights as we continue our clause-by-clause review of Bill C-75. Mr. Cooper, go ahead. Mr. Michael Cooper: Thank you, Mr. Chair. I want to take this opportunity to thank all of the personnel who were able to work so hard to have this early extra meeting. Thank This is another amendment dealing with reclassification. Bill C-75 you to the clerk, the legislative clerks, and the analysts. It is really would water down sentencing for an offence related to an appreciated. Thank you as well to the translators and everyone else unseaworthy vessel and unsafe aircraft. This would maintain the who really helped out. It is much, much appreciated. status quo, which is to treat that offence as strictly indictable. I also want to thank the members and the officials from the The Chair: Thank you very much. Department of Justice who were able to accommodate their Is there any discussion? schedules. It is much, much appreciated. (Amendment negatived [See Minutes of Proceedings]) Before I go to our next clause—that will be clause 87—I want to advise members of the committee that over the weekend the vice- (Clause 88 agreed to) chairs and I had a conversation.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 – Offences
    Law 12 Unit Introduction There are many types of criminal offences in Canada. Generally, the less serious ones are dealt with in a different way than the more serious ones. This unit explores how the seriousness of the offence affects the way in which the police can investigate, and the crown can prosecute. It will also examine specific offences against people, property, and morality... Expanding on what we did last unit. Classification of Offences Criminal offences in Canada are placed into one of three possible categories: 1. Summary Conviction Offences Least serious, and are prosecuted in a more summary and simplified way. 2. Indictable Offences More serious and are prosecuted in more detail. Classification of Offences 3. Hybrid Offences (or Dual Procedure Offences) may be tried as either Summary or Indictable offences. These are generally seen as serious in some circumstances, and less serious in others. The circumstances around the offences determines how it is tried. For example: The criminal record of the accused and the amount of violence in a crime would determine how it is tried. Classification of Offences Grouping the least serious offences together differentiates them from the more serious ones. It’s easier for all involved. More importantly, this classification system dictates the procedures that must be followed through the system, all the way from original arrest to final sentencing. The way an officer can arrest a person is tied to this system. Classification of Offences The level of court the case will be heard in, and whether the accused has a choice in the type of trial, are all tied into the classifications as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity Theft)
    Bill S-4 - Criminal Code amendments (Identity Theft) NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE SECTION CANADIAN BAR ASSOCIATION June 2009 500-865 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5S8 tel/tél : 613.237.2925 | toll free/sans frais : 1.800.267.8860 | fax/téléc : 613.237.0185 | [email protected] | www.cba.org PREFACE The Canadian Bar Association is a national association representing 37,000 jurists, including lawyers, notaries, law teachers and students across Canada. The Association's primary objectives include improvement in the law and in the administration of justice. This submission was prepared by the National Criminal Justice Section of the Canadian Bar Association, with assistance from the Legislation and Law Reform Directorate at the National Office. The submission has been reviewed by the Legislation and Law Reform Committee and approved as a public statement of the National Criminal Justice Section of the Canadian Bar Association. Copyright © 2009 Canadian Bar Association TABLE OF CONTENTS Bill S-4 - Criminal Code amendments (Identity Theft) I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1 II. GENERAL PRINCIPLES ................................................... 1 III. THE PROPOSED NEW OFFENCES................................. 2 A. Identity Document Offences ...................................................... 2 B. Identity Information Offences ..................................................... 3 C. Instruments Used for Copying Credit Card Data ........................ 5 D. Selling, Transferring or Offering
    [Show full text]
  • Mandatory Sentences of Imprisonment in Common Law Jurisdictions: Some Representative Models
    SERVING CANADIANS RESEARCH AND STATISTICS DIVISION MANDATORY SENTENCES OF IMPRISONMENT IN COMMON LAW JURISDICTIONS: SOME REPRESENTATIVE MODELS Table of Contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................................iii Highlights.............................................................................................................................v Executive Summary............................................................................................................ 1 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Mandatory Sentencing and Public Opinion ........................................................ 5 1.2 Attitudes to mandatory sentencing in the U.S., Australia and Britain................ 5 1.3 Trends in Mandatory Sentencing Legislation..................................................... 6 1.4 The Future of Mandatory Sentencing ................................................................. 7 1.5 References and Further Reading......................................................................... 7 2.0 Canada..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Summary............................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Overview of Sentencing Framework .................................................................. 9 2.3 Mandatory
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Corruptiontransactional Stages and for Crucial Aspects of Doing Business
    GLOBAL PRACTICE GUIDE CANADA Definitive global law guides offering comparative analysis from top ranked lawyers LAW AND PRACTICE: p.2 Contributed by McMillan LLP The ‘Law & Practice’ sections provide easily accessible information on navigating the legal system when conducting business in the jurisdiction. Leading lawyers explain local law and practice at key Anti-Corruptiontransactional stages and for crucial aspects of doing business. Second Edition Canada McMillan LLP chambers.com CANADA LAW AND PRacTICE Law and Practice Contributed by McMillan LLP Contents 1. Offences p.4 5. Enforcement p.10 1.1 Legal Framework for Offences p.4 5.1 Enforcement of Anti-bribery and Anti- 1.2 Classification and Constituent Elements p.4 corruption Laws p.10 1.3 Scope p.8 5.2 Enforcement Body p.10 5.3 Process of Application for Documentation p.11 2. Defences and Exceptions p.9 5.4 Discretion for Mitigation p.11 2.1 Defences p.9 5.5 Jurisdictional Reach of the Body/Bodies p.11 2.2 Exceptions p.9 5.6 Recent Landmark Investigations or Decisions 2.3 De Minimis Exceptions p.9 Involving Bribery or Corruption p.11 2.4 Exempt Sectors/Industries p.9 5.7 Level of Sanctions Imposed p.12 2.5 Safe Harbour or Amnesty Programme p.9 6. Review and trends p.12 3. Penalties p.9 6.1 Assessment of the Applicable Enforced 3.1 Penalties on Conviction p.9 Legislation p.12 3.2 Guidelines Applicable to the Assessment of 6.2 Likely Future Changes to the Applicable Penalties p.9 Legislation or the Enforcement Body p.12 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Enforcing Wildlife Law
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Research Centres, Institutes, Projects and Units Canadian Institute of Resources Law 2006-03 Enforcing Wildlife Law Kwasniak, Arlene Canadian Institute of Resources Law Canadian Wildlife Law Paper #2, "Enforcing Wildlife Law" (Calgary: Canadian Institute of Resources Law, 2006) http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48580 working paper Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca Canadian Institute of Resources Law Institut canadien du droit des ressources Enforcing Wildlife Law Arlene Kwasniak Assistant Professor of Law University of Calgary Canadian Wildlife Law Project Paper #2 March 2006 MFH 3330, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Tel: (403) 220-3200 Fax: (403) 282-6182 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.cirl.ca All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Canadian Institute of Resources Law, MFH 3330, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4 Copyright © 2006 Canadian Institute of Resources Law Institut canadien du droit des ressources University of Calgary Printed in Canada Canadian Wildlife Law Project Canadian Institute of Resources Law The Canadian Institute of Resources Law was incorporated in 1979 with a mandate to examine the legal aspects of both renewable and non-renewable resources. Its work falls into three interrelated areas: research, education, and publication. The Institute has engaged in a wide variety of research projects, including studies on oil and gas, mining, forestry, water, electricity, the environment, aboriginal rights, surface rights, and the trade of Canada’s natural resources.
    [Show full text]