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Conserving Earthen Architecture Conservando La Arquitectura De CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CRM VOLUME 22 NO. 6 1999 Conserving Earthen Architecture Conservando la Arquitectura de Tierra U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE ^SS.~%±£±r%l.—i VOLUME 22 NO. 6 1999 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Information for parks, federal agencies, OOniCntS ISSN 1068-4999 Indian tribes, states, local governments, and the private sector that promotes and Conserving Earthen Architecture maintains high standards for preserving and managing cultural resources Conservando la Arquitectura PUBLICADO POR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Información para los parques, enti­ de Tierra dades federales, tribus indígenas, estados, goviernos locales, y el sector A Rich Building Tradition/ Una Rica Tradición de Construcción 3 privado, buscando promover y man­ Jake Barrow and Michael RomeroTaylor tener los más altos estándares para la Adobe Today 5 preservación y la gestión de los recur­ sos culturales. Paul G. McHenry Training in the Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage/Formación en DIRECTOR el Campo de la Conservación del Patrimonio Arquitectónico de Tierra 7 Robert Stanton Marina Trappeniers ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Building Institutional Alliances—Project Terra/Establecimiento de Alianzas CULTURAL RESOURCE STEWARDSHIP AND PARTNERSHIPS Institucionales—Proyecto Terra 14 Katherine H. Stevenson Erica Avrami EDITOR Earthen Architecture Traditions in New Mexico/ Tradiciones de Arquitectura de Tierra Ronald M. Greenberg en Nuevo México 21 Michael Romero Taylor ASSOCIATE EDITOR Janice C. McCoy Earthen Architecture and Incentives at Acoma Pueblo 27 Ed Crocker GUEST EDITORS Jake Barrow Earthen Architecture in the Northern United States—European Traditions in Michael RomeroTaylor Earthen Construction 30 Richard Pieper ASSISTANT Denise M. Mayo California's Historic Earthen Architecture/Arquitectura Histórica de Tierra en California 34 An electronic version of this Edna E. Kimbro issue of CRM can be accessed Earthquakes and Adobes—Effects and Systems for Intervention/ Terremotos through the CRM homepage at y Adobes—Efectos y Sistemas de Intervención 39 <http://www.cr.nps.gov/crm>. Anthony Crosby Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera 45 Una versión electrónica de Ann Rasor esta edición de CRM se Native Earthen Architecture in Eastern North America 49 encuentra disponible a través David G. Anderson and Michael Russo de la página web de CRM en Against the Odds—Hottai Ki 52 <http://www.cr.nps.gov/crm>. Jake Barrow Holding Down the Forts—The Army, Adobe, and Preservation 55 Robert Hartzler The Conservation of Plasters in Earthen Archeological Sites 59 Frank G. Matero Vanishing Treasures—A Legacy in Ruins 63 Todd R. Metzger Cover: Top, José Padilla and Teddy Garcia stacking adobes at Ft. Union National Monument, photo courtesy Robert Hartzler; middle, Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera, photo courtesy Nyle Leatham; bottom, San Elizario Lime Workshop, San Ellzario, Texas, photo courtesy Michael Romero Taylor. Portada: Parte superior, José Padilla y Teddy Garcia poniendo adobes en fila en el Monumento Nacional de Ft. Union, foto cortesía de Robert Hartzler; centro, Nuestra Señora de Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera, foto cortesía de Nyle Leatham; parte inferior, Taller de Cal en San Elizario, San Ellzario, Texas, foto cortesía de Michael Romero Taylor. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles and correspondence to the Editor, CRM, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, 1849 C Street, NW, Suite 350NC, Washington, DC 20240; 202-343-8164, fax 202-343-5260; email: <[email protected]>. 2 CRM No 6—1999 Jake Barrow and Michael Romero Taylor A Rich Building Tradition Una Rica Tradición de Construcción his issue of CRM is dedicated to sta publicación de CRM está the conservation and preserva­ dedicada a la conservación y tion of earthen architecture and preservación de la arquitectura its building traditions. It is a de tierra y de sus tradiciones bilinguaTl issue, with several entries translated into constructivasE. Es una publicación bilingüe que Spanish.The Southwest of the United States contiene diversos artículos traducidos al shares a rich traditional commonality with Latin español. El sudoeste de los Estados Unidos y America. International training and meetings in Latinoamérica comparten una gran riqueza de Peru and Mexico occurring in 1999 will offer tradiciones. Durante 1999 se llevarán a cabo en challenging opportunities for professionals to Perú y México encuentros y cursos de capac­ share and engage on many of the themes set itación de carácter internacional, los cuales forth. ofrecen grandes oportunidades y desafíos para One of the main objectives of this issue is to que los profesionales puedan compartir e José Padilla and make the reader aware of the fact that somewhere involucrase en los temas propuestos. Napoleon Duran between one third and one half of the world's Esta publicación tiene entre sus princi­ repair windows at population lives in some type earthen structure. pales objetivos demostrar al lector que la mitad Ft. Union National Here in the United States there exists a tremen­ de la población mundial vive en algún tipo de Monument. dous inventory of historic earthen buildings— estructura de tierra y que aquí, en los Estados José Padilla y not only in the Southwest, but throughout the Unidos contamos con un enorme legado de Napoleon Duran country. edificios históricos construidos en tierra, no reparan ven­ solamente en el Sudoeste, sino en todo el país. tanas en el The articles reflect a wide spectrum of pre­ Monumento historic, historic, and contemporary uses of earth Los artículos muestran el amplio espectro National de Ft as a building material, and address the preserva­ de usos prehistóricos, históricos y contemporá­ Union. tion of these structures. The reader will learn of neos de la tierra como material de construc­ global initiatives in ción, abordando el tema de la preservación de preserving and per­ estas estructuras. Se presentan aquí al lector las petuating this venera­ iniciativas internacionales destinadas a preservar ble building material y perpetuar este venerable material de construc­ and how living in ción, para lograr comprender que la tierra es el earth is the preferred medio arquitectónico favorito en diversas architecture in many regiones del mundo, porque es sustentable y parts of the world fácil de trabajar y por sus características térmi­ because it is sustain­ cas son construcciones que permiten vivir able and easy to work cómodamente. Se sorprenderán algunos lec­ with, and due to its tores al saber que en Nueva York, un estado thermal character- reconocido por su duro clima, aún existen isitcs, comfortable to estructuras de tierra en uso y que en un período live in. It may surprise de 7.000 años en toda la región del Medio some to know there Oeste y Este de los Estados Unidos los indíge­ are many historic nas americanos construían obras monumentales actively-used earthen en tierra. A otros lectores les sorprenderá enter­ structures in New arse de las iniciativas de cooperación interna­ York State. Also, cional para preservar la arquitectura de tierra throughout the que se están llevando a cabo en la frontera entre 3 Wilfred Valencia Americas Midwest and los Estados Unidos y turning adobes East there was a 7,000- at Ft. Union México, o saber que National year period during muchos de los fuertes Monument. which Native militares históricos en Wilfred Americans were build­ el Oeste estaban con­ Valencia ing monumental earth­ struidos con tierra, rodando works and that many of adobes en el con sus frágiles restos Monumento the historic military iluminando la época National de Ft. forts in the West were de la expansión al Union. built out of earth, their Oeste en el siglo XIX. fragile remains illumi­ Tenemos claro que el nating the times of conjunto de artículos 19th-century westward reunidos aquí es un expansion. Currently there are international modesto reflejo de la actividad de la arquitectura cooperative initiatives to preserve earthen archi­ de tierra. Esperamos con esta publicación estimu­ tecture along the US/Mexico Borderlands. We lar en otros el estudio de este tema, para así con­ recognize that these articles reflect only a small tinuar enriqueciendo los conocimientos con que part of earthen architectural activity and hope contamos hasta la fecha. that this issue will stimulate others to consider A diferencia de las construcciones de piedra, the topic and continue to enlarge the body of las estructuras de tierra retornan al suelo cuando knowledge. se las abandona. Los vestigios arqueológicos de Unlike stone, brick, or timber buildings, este medio de construcción son sutiles y en earthen structures melt back into the earth when muchos casos han desaparecido por completo. left abandoned. The archeological vestiges of this Allí donde existen construcciones de tierra prote­ building medium are subtle and many times have gidas de la humedad y de los elementos, se puede disappeared completely. Where earthen buildings reconocer una enorme variedad de estilos y méto­ have been protected from moisture and the ele­ dos de construcción y trabajo artesanal. ments, there exists a tremendous variety of build­ Esperamos que disfruten con estos artículos y ing styles, methods and craftsmanship. We hope aprendan algo de las
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