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Biophysically-Based Diagnosis and Treatment – Biophysical Devices and Modalities Marc S. Micozzi, MD, PhD April 2007 There is a biophysical aspect to many healing modalities that have long been observed clinically. Contemporary fundamental physics is now in the process of providing explanatory models, mechanisms and paradigms for the biophysical basis of many healing phenomena. These biophysical characteristics extend beyond the currently established basis of biomedical science in (reductionist) biochemical, molecular biological and anatomical terms. Further, biophysics is consistent with many biomedical observations in whole organism biology, physiology and homeostasis. Contemporary biophysics is important for understanding the basis of many contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Biophysics, rather than biochemistry or molecular biology, may better provide explanatory mechanisms for the observed effectiveness of such clinical practices as acupuncture, homeopathy, touch and meditation (personal communication, Hans Duer, Professor Emeritus and Former Director of the Max Planck Institute, and Former Chair of the Werner Heisenberg Institute of Physics) For example, non-thermal, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields in low frequencies have long been observed to have the following effects on the physical body: stimulation of bone repair, nerve stimulation, soft tissue wound healing, treatment of osteoarthritis, tissue regeneration, immune system stimulation and neuroendocrine modulation (Alternative Therapies: Expanding Medical Horizons, National Institutes of Health, 1993). Contemporary biophysically-based modalities include electrodermal screening, applied kinesiology. bioresonance and radionics. Utilization of these approaches involves the availability of effective biophysical devices and appropriately trained practitioners. History and Background Many well-established historic healing traditions have drawn upon diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that may now be interpreted in light of contemporary biophysics. The ancient and complex healing traditions of China and India, for example, make reference to and utilize practices based primarily upon biophysical modalities. Acupuncture, acupressure, jin shin do, tai chi, reiki, qi gong, tui na and yoga may be seen today to operate on a biophysical basis, but have developed over three millennia in widespread clinical practice and observation. Contemporary outcomes-based clinical trials are demonstrating the efficacy of these modalities in many medical conditions. (Wootton and Sparber, 2003). In addition, Asian medical systems have utilized sound, light and color for their healing properties which may be seen in biophysical perspective (Micozzi, 2001). Schools of Thought and Practice in the US Biophysical medical modalities have also been prominent in the history of American medicine. Several schools of thought were created around healing approaches that we may now associate in whole or in part with emerging biophysical explanations. Such schools and their founders have often influenced each other through time. In chronological order these include (school, founder and formative period): Homeopathy (Samuel Hahnemann, Germany, 1830-60), Faith Healing (Phineas Quimby, 1830-60), Christian Science (Mary Baker Eddy, 1861-1880), Theosophy (Blavatksy/Olcott, 1861-80), Movement Therapy (Matthias Alexander, 1861-80), Iridology (Liljequist, von Peczely, 1861-1900), Zone Therapy-Reflexology (William Fitzgerald, 1901-1920), Anthroposophical Medicine (Rudolph Steiner, 1901-20), Polarity Therapy (Randolph Stone, 1921-40). Bach Flower Remedies (Edward Bach, 1921-40) Electro-Magnetism (Semyon and Valentine Kirlian, 1921-40) Movement Therapy (Moshe Feldenkreis, 1941-60) Shiatsu (Tokujiro Namikoshi, 1941-60) Jin Shin Jitsu (Jiro Murai, 1941-60) Orgone Therapy (Wilhelm Reich, 1941-60) Structural Integration (Ida Rolf, 1960-80) [END BOX] In addition, interpretations of herbal, nutritional and even pharmacological therapies have been extended to include “vibrational energy” as a mechanism of action. There have been many adherents, practitioners and clinical observations over time of these schools of thought and practice. They have been outside the realm of regular medical practice partially because the mechanisms of action of these approaches have not been explained within the biomedical paradigm. Hypnosis is an example of an effective therapeutic modality with widespread effectiveness and acceptance within medicine (Temes, 1998). However, there remains no explanation for its mechanism of action. An alternative approach to explaining hypnosis has been developed on a statistical basis, describing the profile of clients and conditions likely to benefit and developing “hypnotic susceptibility scales”. This same approach is available for the clinical study of any therapeutic modality with observable outcomes in the absence of a “mechanism of action”. Mechanism is always bounded by the prevailing scientific paradigm and may not be the most clinically useful question (Kaptchuk, 2001). With the development of new scientific observations, a new paradigm emerges that is more inclusive in its explanation of observed phenomena. Biophysically Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities Empirical Assumptions of Biophysically Based Modalities 1. The human body has a biophysical component 2. What has been scientifically defined as the “mind” is biophysically linked to the human body 3. Every part of the human body is biophysically linked to every other part of the body 4. Mental states (thoughts, emotions) generate physiologic responses in the human body through neurological, hormonal and immunological mechanisms (pyschoneuroimmunology) 5. Biophysically-based modalities are non-invasive by currently measurable and clinically observable criteria Non-Invasive Biophysical Devices for Diagnosis and Treatment Practitioners using biophysical modalities employ a number of non-invasive devices (i.e., devices that do not penetrate the skin) to measure electric charges and magnetic fields of particular low frequencies. Such devices are also believed to promote healing by interacting with the body’s healing mechanisms. Biophysical properties of the body have long been observed and utilized in healing. These properties have been known as chi in Traditional Chinese Medicine, prana in Ayurvedic Medicine, and vital force in homeopathy, for example. Acupuncturists, homeopathic doctors, chiropractors, and practitioners of biophysical medicine and magnetic field therapy (including medical doctors) are among the practitioners who use non-invasive devices to detect and influence biophysical properties of the body. While conventional medicine recognizes the presence of electrical charges and magnetic forces in the body, certain biophysical properties, also referenced as subtle energy, have not generally been studied and/or utilized by western science and medicine. Unlike other medical devices regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many of the non-invasive devices used to detect and influence these biophysical properties fall into a gray area from a regulatory standpoint. In 1976, the FDA set standards for the regulation of acupuncture needles as an experimental device and the needle was reclassified as a therapeutic device in 1996 based upon clinical evidence published (in Micozzi, MS, editor, Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine: Research in Paradigm, Practice and Policy), prior to the NIH consensus conference on acupuncture of 1997. However, FDA did not adopt standards for electroacupuncture devices, a major category of biophysical devices. One of the challenges continues to be the inability of western science to measure these biophysical properties. As a result, such devices, when cleared by the FDA, are generally approved for use for “investigational” purposes as in research studies, but not in the diagnosis or treatment of illness. Below are listed proposed categories of biophysical devices: (1) as used in conventional medicine for conventional purposes, (2) conventional devices used in innovative applications, (3) conventional devices used for both innovative and conventional applications, and (4)unconventional devices. (1)Electrical and Magnetic Devices Used in Conventional Medicine Devices that measure the electrical and magnetic properties of the physical body have been used in conventional medicine for many years. These electrical devices include the EKG, EEG, and EMG, used to measure heart, brain, and muscle activity for diagnostic purposes. The electrocardiogram (EKG) reads the electrical rhythms of the heart, the EEG records electrical brain waves and the electromyogram (EMG) measures electrical properties of the muscles, which may be correlated to muscle performance. It is often used in physical (rehabilitative) medicine to diagnose conditions that cause pain, weakness, and numbness. In addition to the use of devices that measure electrical charges, conventional medicine has made increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnostic purposes. The MRI measures the magnetic fields of the body to create images for the diagnosis of physical abnormalities. Another device, the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) combines magnetic flux quantization and Josephson tunneling to measure magnetic heart signals complementary to EKG signals. (2)Conventional Medical Devices for Innovative Applications (not as originally intended): Some of the devices described above have also been used in innovative ways for treatment
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