WINTERISPRING 1985

W SHINGTON NOTES ON F le Inllde: • Round Two for R 8g n • South Afrlca Bilii ln Congre•• • Latelt on Pretoria'. Cr8ckdown Se/zlng th Moment: Free S uth Africa Movement

American attention has • Events in South Africa. been focused on South Af­ The year 1984 saw the rica as never before through April Actions: March and Lobby Day implementation of South Af­ the Free South Africa Move­ For the first time in over a decade there will be a national march in rica's so-called IInew con­ ment (FSAM). Thousands Washington, DC which has the eradication of apartheid as one of its main stitutional dispensation," have demonstrated against themes. TheAprilActions for Peace, Jobs andPeace will bring people from leading to widescale unrest apartheid across the coun­ across the country to Washington for four days of action to demonstrate and police violence, includ­ try and weil over 1,800 peo­ their concern about issues which are important to every American. The ing at least 200 deaths and ple have been arrested in march has four themes, ail of which are related toPeace, Jobs andJustice: over 4,000 arrests. The civil disobedience to show 1) an end to apartheid and the eradication of racism, 2) freeze and reverse army invaded three black their solidarity with the 24 the arms race, 3) stop US military intervention in Central America, and 4) communities near Johan­ million black South Africans create jobs. The Actions will take place from April 19-22, 1985. The two nesburg. Over 80 percent who live under apartheid. main events will be a merch end relly on Seturdey, April 20 and a of black high school stu­ Among those arrested have Citizen. Lobby Dey on Mondey, April 22 with a lobby training con­ dents refused to take their been 18 members of Con­ ference on Sunday the 21 st. Anti-apartheid activists will be coming trom final exams in protest of the gress and Senator Lowell across the country to showtheir strength and the strong national resistance apartheid educational sys­ Weicker (~CT), !he 1itst to President Reagan's llconstructive engagement" policy. tem' and there was a mass Senator in US history to be stayaway strike in which arrested for civil disobedi- over half a million blacks ence while in office. demanded an end to apartheid. In retaliation, the South African The FSAM was launched on November 21 with the arrest of Rep. government-controlled SASOL oil-from-coal plant fired over 6,500 Walter Fauntroy (D-DC), Randall Robinson, Executive Director of workers for participating in the stayaway. While some detainees TransAfrica, and US Civil Rights Commissioner Mary Frances Berry have been released, over 200 remain in detention without charge, at the South African Embassy in Washington, D.C. The FSAM is a and many face increased government harassment. broad umbrella for national anti-apartheid actions. The Washington • The award of the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize to Bishop Tutu Office on Africa serves as its legislative and research arm. focused worldwide attention on the unjust apartheid system. Tutu Since demonstrations and arrests began in Washington, D.C. on criticized US policy, calling again for international economic pres­ November 21 , the FSAM has spread across the , and sure against South Africa to dismantle apartheid. Tutu also called for some important local victories have been achieved. But the goals of Americans to IIget your act together" in opposing apartheid. the FSAM-the end of apartheid and a change in US policy-have • The candidacy of Jesse Jackson. Throughout the 1984 not yet been achieved. The greatest challenge remaining before the Presidential campaign, Rev. Jackson consistently raised the issue FSAM is to translate this groundswell of public outrage into effective of US support for apartheid, urging other Democratic candidates to national policy to end US support for apartheid. do the same. For the first time, South Africa became a part of the national debate during an election year. Why Now? • The prospect of four more years of "constructive engagement" upon the re-election of President Reagan gave an added sense of Several factors led to the development of the Free South Africa urgency to the need for speedy action to end US support for Movement, including: apartheid. Reagan's first term was marked by a dramatic increase in

®~67

economic, military and diplomatic ties to South Africa (see page 3). On the grassroots level, the FSAM has directed new attention to • The failure of the Export Administration Act in the closing hours state and local divestment initiatives and other anti-apartheid of the 98th Congress provided an added frustration. Congressional activities. The increased awareness of the apartheid issue and its opponents of apartheid had shepherded a significant package of linkages to local issues is sure to aid divestment activities in 1985 in against South Africa through the House of , New York, Wisconsin, , , New Representatives, but it unfortunately was defeated on the Senate Jersey and other states. Protests Iinked to the FSAM have already floor. A new, strengthened national anti-apartheid movement was helped to stop some Krugerrand sales in Pittsburgh, Minneapolis-St. needed to pass serious sanctions legislation (see page 4). Paul, Miami, and Indianapolis and closed down honorary consulates • The success of anti-apartheid actions on the grassroots level in Boston, Massachusetts and Portland, in addition to the was also critically important. Local activists around the country have one closed in Pittsburgh last spring. succeeded in obtaining divestment legislation in five states and 17 Student action is increasing, as weil. Demonstrations at the cities, as weil as other successes. Church, labor and university University of California's Berkeley campus resutted in 38 arrests. action against apartheid have ail steadily increased. The ongoing The University of Texas will soon decide on the divestment of the grassroots anti-apartheid campaigns over the past several years $600 million of its investments in South Africa-connected firms. provided a firm foundation to the current protests. Such actions are taking place in universities around the country. Trade union activity against apartheid has also escalated. In What ha. Happen d? December, three organizers of the black South African trade union federation, FOSATU, visited Washington, D.C., speaking to Amer­ Atthough the FSAM has not yet achieved its overall goals, ican labor leaders and others about the repression of black trade significant developments have taken place both in South Africa and unionists in South Africa. Leading representatives of the AFL-CIO in the US. Five of the 21 labor leaders detained since August have and its affiliate unions joined the picket lines at the South African been released, atthough many more remain in detention and two Embassy, and many leading union officiais were arrested. have been charged with "high treason," and two others with "subversion." State President Botha has also indicated that some changes in restrictions on black political rights and the stoppage of some forced removals may be introduced, but insisted the changes would only affect urban blacks not in the "bantustans." Bishop Tutu Trans/at/ng th grassroots condemned the announced changes as "crumbs of concessions" and, therefore, unacceptable. momentum Into concrete ln the US, the FSAM has been an important factor in pressing for pollcy changes remains the increased Reagan Administration action. But there is as yet no sign that "constructive engagement" is on the way out. There has been gl1 at st challeng to the significantly increased pressure on the administration from Con­ gress, including Congressional Republicans, who may for the first m ~ m nt. time support in large number initiatives for economic sanctions in the 99th Congress. Partly in response to this increased Congres­ sional pressure, President Reagan for the first time publicly con­ demned apartheid in a speech on Human Rights Day, December Support from rank and file trade unionists across the country is 10. also rising. One of the most striking examples of this grassroots union support is the decision last December by 200 members of Local 10, International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU) in , California, to refuseto unload South African cargo. The Pacific Maritime Association (a shipping com­ pany group) has obtained a court injunction ordering the ILWU workers to unload the apartheid cargoes. The American religious community has also participated in the FSAM. Besides their presence on the picket lines, church persons have been among the over 1,800 arrested at the South African Embassy and around the country. A letter f!0f!l .over 300 leading American religious figures, initiated by Ctergy and Laity Concerned, was delivered to Congress on February 25 urging the passage of strong anti-apartheid legislation, including mandatory disinvestment, in the 99th Congress. The FSAM has generated not only a great deal of momentum and favorable public opinion, but also some significant resutts which can generate increased support for the passage of economic sanctions legislation in the 99th Congress. Translating this support into concrete policy changes remains the greatest challenge before the FSAM and its Congressional supporters. The process has already begun. In hearings on US corporate investment in South Africa before the House Africa Subcommittee on January 31 , Jean Sindab, Executive Director of the Washington Office on Africa, testified that "the anti-apartheid movement is determined to see sanctions passed in the 99th Congress. We implore the Congress to act before it's too late." She added: "Political and economic pressure must be imposed immediately ... We must remove the support this country gives to the maintenance of apartheid ... We strongly urge Congress to pass sanctions and disinvestment legislation." The chances are better now than ever

David Seavey, USA Today before. •

2 WASHINGTON NOTES ON AFRICA g_8_8BB8Sggg88S8SS8g8888888888BB8&88g8SRgS8&SB88BRS8-&s_sH> un Tw f r" estructive En agement"

he mood could not have been more euphoric. Following 's re-election as president on November 6, South Africa's white press establishment T bubbled with excitement. Die Burger called Reagan's victory "good news." Die Volksblad called it "reassuring." For Rapport, Reagan's "triumph" was "a relief." The Friend stated that Reagan's "historic victory ... is wonderful news for South Africa ... President Reagan has the same strong views on Soviet expan­ sionism as South Africa does, and here the two have joined considerable forces in putting a stop to it in Southern Africa." The Star editorialized that "South Africans can be thankful for another four years" of Reagan's policies. Die Vaderland urged that Reagan's re-election be a "blitskreig so that the iron can be struck while it is hot- before the [anti-apartheid] activists have again dug them­ selves in solidly." Although Reagan's re-election was welcomed by South Africa's white minority regime, black South Africans and anti-apartheid Tutu meets Reagan at the Photo: Sygma activists in the US shuddered-but then moved to "dig in." Indeed, Reagan's re-el ction wa a major factor in the formation ofthe Free scheme shows how myopic their policies really are. South Africa Movement. The Reagan Administration has responded somewhat to the The Reagan Administration's misnamed policy of "constructive pressures of the Free South Africa Movement, although it has thus engagement" towards Southern Africa wililikely continue as before. far refused to shift its policies. On December 7, 1984, Reagan As Chester Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs received Bishop Desmond Tutu, winner of the 1984 Nobel Peace andthe policy's architect, toldAfrica Now beforethe election, "1 think Prize, in the White House. That such a meeting took place at ail is a we will be following the same course as the first term." It may be victory for the anti-apartheid movement. But Reagan's statement worse, however. Reagan's large election victory and the fact that he following the meeting showed that there was little hope for a change does not have to run again may make the administration less in policy. Reagan arrogantly told Tutu that Pretoria has achieved inhibited in strengthening his alliance with Pretoria. Reagan's "solid progress towards dismantling apartheid." "Forthose who are

ominous statement following his re-election that l4you -ain't seen criticizing, they don't know what gains have been made," he said. nothing yet" could have serious implications for Southern Africa The president also said that "it is counterproductive for one country policy. to splash itself ail over the headlines demanding that another Policy changes in the coming four years will depend on a variety government do something," apparently forgetting the US govern­ of factors. First and foremost, Washington and Pretoria will both be ment's on-going war against Nicaragua. Patrick Buchanan, then a forced to respond to the escalating black resistance in Namibia and syndicated columnist and recently appointed as Reagan's Assistant South Africa. Second, the Reagan Administration will have to for Communications, added further insult by calling Bishop Tutu a respond to the growing anti-apartheid movement in the US and its "political ignoramus." demands for an end to US political and economic support for South Three days later, on International Human Rights Day, Reagan Africa and freedom for Namibia. It will also have to respond to publicly criticized South African apartheid for the first time in a major intensifying Congressional attempts to impose sanctions on Pre­ address. He said that "we view racism with repugnance" and urged toria. Third, the administration's policies will be affected by pressures both "the government and the people of South Africa to move from the US right-wing and the on-going struggle for control of the toward a more just society." Republican Party. Reagan's December 10 statement was, in part, a response to Senate Republicans who urged a more vocal administration opposition to apartheid, and a letter signed by 35 Republican conservatives in the House pushing for some kind of sanction. ~&.II"".&.IIn's" fi e 'cil n IcI ry Re gan's statement may signify a temporary change in style, in an attempt to defuse the issue in the newspapers, without affecting the an th ~ ct th t h d s n t policy's substance. The administration will have to juggle pressures from Republican conservatives, who argue for a strengthening of hav: t run aga/n maymak th the US-South Africa alliance and stronger measures against the African socialist countries, with pressures from moderates who do adm/nl tratlon less Inhlblted ln not want to be identified with a racist policy. Personnel changes can also be expected to have some effect on stl1 ngth nlng /ts all/ane w/th policy. Jeane Kirkpatrick has already been replaced by Vernon Walters as UN Ambassador. Walters, ex-CIA deputy director and Pretoria. Reagan's roving ambassador, shares Kirkpatrick's conservatism. Whether Chester Crocker will survive Reagan's second term remains to be seen, although many in the Republican Party's right­ We have seen examples of ail these pressures in the last few wing oppose him for being "too liberal" and causing the admin­ months. The South African government's new constitution, de­ istration embarrassment in his public failure to remove the Cubans nounced as a "sham" by the opposition United Democratic Front, from Angola. was, in part, an attempt by the regime to stem the growing strength No one has a crystal bail in predicting future policies. But in brief, and unity of the black opposition movement. The Reagan Admin­ we may be able to expect the followi.ng: istration supported Pretoria in this effort and praised the new • Namibian independence will remain hostage to the US and constitution as a significant "reform." That neither Pretoria nor South Africa's insistence that Cuban troops be removed trom Washington anticipated the black uprisings in response to this (continued on page 8)

WASHINGTON NOTES ON AFRICA 3 RS888S8S888888888888&Fg8RXXgg8&S888B8-888- s ggR-S8888888888 Congress ta Consider SA Bills As the 99th Congress Banking Committee, would opens, opponents of apart­ not even accept this mod­ heid are in a good position to erate measure. Garn intro­ push for strong anti-apart­ duced an entirely new Export heid legislation. An extensive Administration Act without package of anti-apartheid the bank loan prohibitions on measures is being intro­ the Senate floor, which was duced in the House and, for approved and sent to the the first time, strong anti­ House. However, the House apartheid measures are be­ refused to be rolled over on ing introduced in the Senate. this issue, reinstated the This new level of anti-apart­ bank loan provisions, and heid initiatives in Congress is sent the bill back to the due partly to the momentum Senate. Garn refused to generated by the Free South allow the bill back on the Africa Movement (FSAM), Senate floor and the entire but it is also based on the Export Administration Act strong support which devel­ was fost after two years of oped for the South Africa work. However, the House provisions of the Export stood firm against Garn's Administration Act in the bully tactics, making it less 98th Congress. Iikely that such tactics will be ln November 1983, the tried again. House passed the Export Administration Act, which Sen. Kennedy meets banned leader Winnie Mandela in South Africa New Legl latlon contained four South Africa Photo: Associated Press provisions. They included a A new, extensive package ban on new corporate invest- of anti-apartheid legislation ment, an end to commercial bank loans to the South African is being introduced to end US support for South Africa. The government, a ban on the importation of Krugerrands, an end to ail Congressional Black Caucus has played a leading role in putting exports to the military and police, and stronger controls on nuclear together a legislative package on South Africa, with many of its exports, along with a provisi,on mandating the Sullivan Principles members preparing to introduce sorne type of sanction. Rep. Ron which the anti-apartheid community did not support. The Senate Dellums (D-CA) has introduced a comprehensive bill which would version of the same bill, passed in March 1984, did not contain the cut ail US ties to the apartheid regime. There is also a conditional South Africa provisions and 50 a compromise had to be hammered disinvestment bill, sponsored by Rep. Walter Fauntroy (D-DC), which out in the House-Senate conference. would require ail US corporations to pull out of South Africa if apart­ ln October 1984, as the 98th Congress was about to adjourn, the heid has not been dismantled in four years. Congressman William House-Senate conference took up the South Africa provisions. After Gray (D-PA), Howard Wolpe (D-MI), and Steve Solarz (D-NY) are much debate and because of strong constituent pressure, Senator together introducing a bill banning new investment, bank loans to (R-PA), the Senate Conference chairman, broke ranks the government, and Krugerrand imports. One point of special with the Republican Senate conferees and accepted a compromise interest is that Rep. Solarz has responded to the concerns of the which included the ban on bank loans. However, the Reagan anti-apartheid community and agreed to drop the Sullivan Principles Administration and Sen. Jake Garn (R-UT), Chairman of the Senate from his bill. Rep. Berman has strengthened his export controls bill so that it cuts off ail exports to the military and police, as weil as com­ puter and "munitions list" exports to any sector of the government or its agencies. 1gnatorie of epu bllean Le ter For the first time major anti-apartheid initiatives are also being to South African Amba sador Fourie introduced in the Senate. Senator William Proxmire {D-WI introduced a bill with provisions on ending new investment and bank loans, Robert Walker (R-PA) Jim Courter (R-NJ) Krugerrand imports, and mandating the Sullivan Principles. Senator Vin Weber (R-MN) Bin McCotlum (R-FL) Edward Kennedy (D-MA), fresh from his recent factfinding trip to Dan Coats (R-IN) Michael DeWine (R-OH) South Africa, and Senator Alan Cranston (D-CA) are considering Bm Goodling (R-PA) Nancy Johnson (R-CT) introducing a similar bill without the Sullivan Principles. John Hiler (R-J N) (R-VA) Richard Armey (R-TX) Mickey Edwards (R-OK) The Composition of the New Congress Robert Dornan (R-CA) Lynn Martin (R-IL) Benjamin Gilman (R-NY) Tom Lewis (R-FL) During the 1984 elections, President Reagan's "coat-taits" did not George Gekas (R-PA) Bobbi Fiedrer (A-CA) spread very far into the Congress. 1n the Senate, the Democrats Barbara Vucanovich (R-NV) Steve Gunderson (R-WI) Robert Lagomarsino (R-CA) Charmers Wylie (A-OH) gained a net of two seats, which puts them within striking distance of Connie Mack (R"Fl) Mark Siljander (A-MI) gaining the Senate back in 1986. In the House, the Republicans (R-GA) Ed Zschau (R-CA) gained only 15 seats, far short of the 26 odd seats they needed to Tom Burey (A-VA) (A-PA) return to the "ideological majority" they obtained in 1980. Bill Dannemeyer (A-CA) sm Thomas (A-CA) The election results in the Senate produced big changes in the Bob Livingston (R-LA) Bilr Clinger (R-PA) Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Sen. Charles Percy (R-IL), a Duncan Hunter (R-CA) Aad Chandler (R-WA) moderate Republican and former chairman of that committee was John Rowland (R-GA) defeated, leaving open the Foreign Relations chair. By seniority, the chair belonged to ultra-conservative Sen. Jesse Helms (R-NC), who 4 WASHINGTON NOTES ON AFRICA 888&&88888888XXWXXXXB8&F88SH S 8S88S8BR8-S-8SSgggSS8SRS888gB> eventually turned down the position. This left the chair to Sen. signatories.) Aichard Lugar (A-IN), also a conservative. Forthe Oemocrats on the Two Senators, Mark Hatfield (A-OA) and Carl Levin (O-MI), also Foreign Aelations Committee, Sen. Paul Tsongas (O-MA), the sent a letter to South African Ambassador Fourie calling for the Oemocrats' Africa "point man," has retired, leaving open that slot on release of Nelson Mandela and an end to apartheid, although they the committee. As we go to press, it is uncertain if Senator Nancy did not threaten sanctions. Also, Sens. Lugar and Africa Subcom­ Kassebaum (A-KS) will retain her chair of the Africa Subcommittee. mittee chairwoman Nancy Kassebaum (A-KS) wrote to President ln the House, two anti-apartheid allies lost. Aep. Jerry Patterson Aeagan saying that he should be more vocal in his opposition to (O-CA), who sponsored the 1983 amendment stopping US support apartheid. Meanwhile, another Aepublican, sen. Lowell Weicker for IMF loans to South Africa, was defeated, as was Aep. Clarence (A-CT), was the first Senator to get arrested at the South African Long (O-MO), who had been Chairman of the Foreign Operations embassy during anti-apartheid protests there. Subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee. Why are the Aepublicans suddenly speaking out against apart­ Conservative Aep. Dan Crane (A-IL), sympathetic to Pretoria, heid? The 35 conservative members of the House are mostly also lost; his brother, (A-IL), was re-elected. Several of younger conservatives who are fighting for ascendency in the our allies won close re-election campaigns, including Africa Sub­ Aepublican party in preparation for picking a successorto President committee chairman Howard Wolpe (O-MI). Wolpe was "red­ Aeagan. They are trying to show that the Aepublican party is the baited" during the campaign and his margin of victory was less in party of umorality," and apartheid is one issue where morality cannot this election than in the last. The Congressional Black Caucus lost be debated. The letter is also a way to deflect criticism that one member, Aep. (O-IN), and membership now stands at conservatives are uracist," without addressing other concerns of 20. Aep. Mickey Leland (0-TX) became the new chairman of the blacks here at home. Congressional Black Caucus. Aep. Dante Fascell (O-FL) remains chairman of the Foreign The Road Ahead Affajrs Comm;ttee and Bep. Wolpe reJJl Qhairman _~f t~ Aftiça__ los ~thtngsk>ok bFigRt-for the ami-apartheid movement in the Subcommittee. Aep. William Gray (O-PA), a strong anti-apartheid - 99th Congress, the battle to end US support for apartheid will be ally, gained new power by being appointed chairman of the Budget neither swift nor easy. Camouflage measures like the Sullivan Committee. Principles will gain new supporters in an effort to avoid real sanctions. Pretoria's pretense to be Uchanging" will also be more Will the New Congress Pass SA Legislation? evident, as shown by recent speeches on the part of President There is a new climate in the country with respect to apartheid, but Botha. Also, both the South African government and the US whether it will be turned into legislative policy remains to be seen. corporations operating in South Africa will begin to mobilize their The move in the House for economic sanctions has received aid lobbying efforts against sanctions measures in Congress. Already, from some unexpected quarters, however. Shortly after the demon­ the South Africa Foundation has sponsored a Congressional junket strations began, 35 conservative Aepublican Congressmembers to South Africa for four Congressmembers including Aep. Steve sent a lettertothe $outh African Ambassador stating that they would Gunderson (A-WI) who signed the conservative letter to Ambas­ support economic sanctions if there was not significant change sador Fourie. inside South Africa. The signatories included Aep. Aobert Walker However, if the grassroots movement continues to grow, and can (A-PA), Aep. Newt Gingrich (A-GA), and Aep. Ed Zschau (A-CA) be translated into votes in Congress, we can expect to see strong who voted against sanctions in the House-Senate conference on legislation against the apartheid regime pass in the 99th Con- the Export Administration Act. (See box for complete list of gress. •

Gerald B. Soromon (R-NY) ChriStopher Smith ( -NJ) Doug Bereuter (A-NE) Connie Mack (A-FL) Majority Members Mark D. Sifjander (R-MI)" Michael DeWine (A-OH)" Edwin V.W. Zschau (R-CA) (R-IN)· Dante B. FasceU (D-FL), Chr. Robert Dornan (R-CA)" John McCain (R-AZ) Lee H. Hamilton (O-fN) (D-PA) Stephen J. Sofarz (D-NY)* Senate Foreign Relations Commlttee Don Bonker (D ...WA) Majority Members Minority Members Gerry E. Studds (D-MA) Daniel A. Mica (D-FL) Richard G. Lugar (R-IN), Chr. Claiborne Pell (D-AI), Michael D. Barnes (O-MO) Minority Members Jesse Helms (R-Ne) Ranking Minority Howard Wolpe (D-MI)" Charles MeC. Mathias, Jr. Joseph R. Biden, Jr. (D-DE) Geo. W. Crockett, Jr. (D-MI)* WiUiam S. Broomfield (R...MI), (R-MO) John H. Glenn, Jr. (D-OH) Samuel Gejdenson (o-CT) Ranking Minority Nancy l. Kassebaum (R-KS) Paul S. Sarbanes (D-MO) Mérvyn M.Dymafly (D-CA) Benjamin A. Gilmân (R-NY) Audarph E. Boschwitz(R-MN) Edward Zorinsky (D-NE) Tom Lantos (O-CA) Robert Lagomarsino (R-CA) Larry PressIer (R...SD) Alan Cranston (D-CA) Peter H. Kostmayer (D-PA) William F. Goodling (A-PA) Frank H. Murkowski (R... AK) Christopher J. Oodd (O-CT) Robert G. Torricelli (D ...NJ) Jim Leach (R-IA) Paul S. Trible, Jr. (R-VA) Jonn Kerry (D-MA) Lawrence J. Smith (D-FL) Tobias (Toby) Roth (R-WI) Daniel J. Evans (R-WA) Howard L. Berman (D-CA)1lt Olympia J. Snowe (A-ME) Harry Beid (D-NV) Henry J.Hyde (R--:I,L) -Afr/ca Subcommittee

WASHINGTON NOTES ON AFAICA 5 gRS88g_8gS_SBSS8S8g8g8SS8S88888S8gS8888&XYX888&8F88&S88888

n fric lati n "'nua" 13. American Friends service Committee and Wash ... Sept m r 13. Six anti-apartheid activists seek refuge fn the ington Office on Africa release report showing export ot $28.6 British consulate in Durban. million worth of goods on State Department Munitions List to South Atrica by Reagan Administration. AFSC later documents "pt miter1•. Black mineworkers tegstheir first "Iegal" strike an additional $88 million in simitar exports in first quarter of 1984. in South Atrica. Over eight ki1Jed by police.

Febru." 18. US sets up liaison office in Windhoek, Namibia to OCto r t. US Embassy in South Africa denies raquest for monitor South Afriean troap withdrawal trom southarn Angola. Urefuge" trom six anti-apartheid activists in British consulate in Durban. Eventually aU six leave consulate and five are charged F.bru " 23. sam Nujoma of Southwest Atriean PeopJe's with 4'high treason." Organization (SWAPO) meets with US Assistant Secretary ot $late Chester Cracker in Washington. October 12. Senator Jake Garn (A-UT) and Reagan Admini­ stration kilt Export Administration Act, containing several sanc­ Febru.ry 25. South Africa and Angola form joint commission to tions against South Africa, on Senate floor. monitor I~ceasefirefl in southern Angola. Odober 18. Bishop Desmond Tutu fs awarded Nobel Peaee March. US State Department congratulates Pretoria on its new Prize. constitution that exctudes Atrican majorit}'. October 21. South Afr;can arm~ is used to quell black unrest in March 1. Pretoria releases prominent Namibian freedom fighter townships. and SNAPO leader Herman Toivo Ja Toivo from prison. Nov.mber5.nd8. Black workers in Transvaal region of South Merch 8. Washington, OC divestment bill survives Congres­ Atrica stage massive genera' strike in protest of government

siona' review process. policies. In response f Pretoria detains scores of black trade unionists and tires 6,500 workers at government-controlled M rch 1•• SOuth Afriea and Mozambique sign nonaggression BASOl ooal..to-oO plant. pact, called the Nkomati Accord. November 21. Free South Africa Movement formed in US. April 15. Two US diplomats, part of US mission in Windhoek, are Randan Robinson of TransAfrica, Rep. Walter Fauntroy (D..DC), kitled in Namibie. and US Civil Rights Commissioner Mary Berry arrested in first of series of protests at South African embassy in WashÎngton. Ma, 2. Leaders of Namibiafs Multi-Party Conference meet with 8ecretary of State George Shultz. D.cember 1. Reagan meets with Tutu in White House, and restates his befief.in poliey of Uconstructive engagement." Augu t 21 and 28. Elections for .tColoureds" and HAsians" for new tricameral parliament: Elections boycotted by over 80 December 10. Reagan speaks out againsf apartheid in Human percent ofthesetwo communities. Africans excluded altogether. Rights Day speech. Tutu accepts Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Leading black opponents arrested. Norway.

SeptemMr2. Black unrest eruptsin townships near Johannes.. D cember 10 end 12. Eight United Democratie Front activists burg, aceompanied by increased police violence. charged with high treason in South Africa.

September 3. New South Atrican constitution goes into affect.

Stop Pres Pretoria' Biggest Crackdown in 30 Years

Eight officiais of the United Democratic Front (UDF) and its and many others, was accompanied by a wave of unrest in black member organizations were charged with "high treason" on Febru­ townships across the country. In two days of clashes with police in ary 19 as South African police conducted pre-dawn raids on the the Crossroads squatter camp near Capetown, 18 died and over homes of 70 leading UDF membrs and black trade union officiais. At 200 were injured, according to police estimates. Two miners' strikes least 13 were detained. UDF and trade union offices around the heId February 16 and 17 resulted in over 100 more injuries as police country were raided and their documents were seized. According to opened tire on the strikers. Police describe the unrest as "endemic" UDF spokespersons, ail the senior leaders of the opposition Front in many areas of the country. are now either in detention or hiding. Noted Popo Molefe, UDF general secretary: "Do not mistake The crackdown on the UDF, which is the most severe on a black these arrests [and other actions] for a sign of the strength of the opposition group since the 1956 Treason Trial which led to the South African government. They are instead a sign of the govern­ banning of the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan ment's disarray. The people are strong." • Africanist Congress (PAC) and the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela

WASHINGTON NOTES ON AFRICA -..~I_-

Cltiz n Lobby Ag ln t Ap rtheld Cathollc 1 hop Condemn

The anti-apartheid movement has the opportunity to seize the Apartheid nd Famln ln Afrlca moment and translate the growing outrage against apartheid into On November 15, 1984, during the semi-annual meeting of the legislative action. As part of the April Actions for Peace, Jobs, and National Conference of Catholic Bishops, seventeen US bishops Justice there will be a Citizens Lobby Day on Mondey, April 22, issued a statement addressing two critical issues of concern: the 1985. As part of the coalitional activities, activists from across the famine in Africa and apartheid in South Africa. This statement was country will meet with their Representatives and Senators on that announced at a press conference coordinated by the Washington day to actively show the need for immediate Congressional action Office on Africa and the Africa Faith and Justice Network. The Most against the apartheid regime in South Africa. Reverend Daniel Reilly, Bishop of Norwich, CT, the Most Reverend This is an especially important opportunity to show our strength to Joseph Francis, Auxiliary Bishop of Newark, NJ, and the Most the Senate, which is more insulated from the current demon­ Reverend Joseph Sullivan, Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn, NY, led the strations. The more conservative Senate is where the Export press conference. Administration Act was lost last year and it is where the real battle The bishops stated that the famine, caused by a devastating over sanctions will be again this year. drought and complicated bya number of social and political factors, ln addition to Monday's activities, there will be a lobby training currently endangers more than 150 million lives across the African conference on Sunday, April 21. The training session will include -~I ...i T' egor-icaJ nd pa id- workshops on the current anti-apartheid legl la Ion ancf on Issues Bishop Reilly, Chairman of Catholic Relief Services, said that such as corporate involvement in South Africa and the implications apartheid is, "evil, diabolical, and must somehow be eliminated." of disinvestment. There will also be an opportunity for state The bishops also addressed the pending trial of Dennis Hurley, caucusing in order to prepare for the Monday lobby visits. Archbishop of Durbn and President of the Southern African Catholic People wishing to participate in the Sunday training conference Bishops' Conference. Hurley had been charged for exposing South should pre-register by contacting the Washington Office on Africa. If African military atrocities in occupied Namibia. The charges were you plan to lobby, the only advance work necessary is to make an eventually dropped on February 18. The bishops urged an end tothe appointment with your Representative and your Senators. Vou cen Reagan Administration's policy of constructive engagement toward help he.ten the dey of freedom ln South Afrlce by comlng to South Africa and demanded a re-ordering of priorities in Africa to We.hlngton for thl. one weekendl • focus on the underlying causes of famine. Dr. Jean Sindab, Executive Director of the Washington Office on Africa, commended the bishops' action and noted that, "this statement is of special significance because of the South African government's claim to base its policies on the Christian gospel. As the bishops make clear in their statement, such claims are blatantly false." •

F mine Relief Action Still Needed

As famine continues to threaten millions of lives in 24 African nations, American relief coffers ran dry on March 1. Several new bills await urgent action in the Congress. The Reagan Administration requested an additional $185 million WOA Llterature List in emergeAey-food aid and $50 milliontn non-food a', -fourth of --- the amount most international relief agencies say is needed. A SOUTH AFRICA INFORMATION PACKET. Basicfact sheets com mjse House bill, HR 1239, passed on February 28, providing (with glossary) explain apartheid. Aiso includes action sheets $825 million in emergency food and transportatiollf'elief and $175 on divestment and tips for organizers. ($2.50 for 1-50, $2.00 million in non-food famine recovery and refugee aid. each for over 50, teacher's discount available.) ln the Senate, the US response to the African famine has once again been held hostage to extraneous issues threatening a THE STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE: IN SOUTH AFRICA AND presidential veto, as happened in 1984. Last year, the problem was HERE ATHOME. Making the links between US and South aid to Nicaraguan rebels; in 1985, it is emergency farm credit African struggle for peace, justice and majority rule. (25te for programs that threaten African famine relief. Administration opposi­ 1-10, 15te for 11-50, 1Ote each for over 50.) tion to these programs, attached to S 457, the major Senate famine bill, provoked a rally of 14,000 farmers in Iowa, a filibuster by farm AMERICAN STEEL JOBS AND SOUTH AFRICA. A 4-page state Senators, and the visit of South Dakota and Nebraska state resource on steel imports from South Africa and the impact on legislators to Washington. S 457 would provide $175 million in American workers. Co-produced by the United Steelworkers non-food emergency famine relief and refugee aid. It passed on of America. (Free for 1-25,1 Ote each for over 25.) February 27, but S 370, containing $492 million in emergency food aid, had still not come to the Senate floor as of March 1. STOP THE APARTHEID BOMB! A 6-page resource on US­ On March 1, according to previous US estimates, American relief South Africa nuclear collaboration. (25te for 1-10, 15te for 11­ coffers ran dry for 1985 with no final action on these bills. Action is 50, 1Ote each for over 50.) urgently needed as soon as possible to ensure that Africa does not continue to starve while the US fiddles.• 35% for postage and handling for al/literature.

WASHINGTON NOTES ON AFRICA 7 X&X&XX 8 88888888888888gSgB8-S Bs BBB8888SRgBXXX&XXXXXXX&&&&&&

Tutu lam Fiorelgn Investm nt H' give noticethat if {within 18 months totwo yearsJapartheid is ... "(July-August 1983)

not being activeJy dismantted1 then ...1will myself cali for punitive HAnything short of talking about politicaf power-sharing in economic sanctions [8gainst South AfricaJ whatever the legar South Afrres would be playing a game of marblas.ft (March 1981 ) consequençes may be for doing $0:' said 1984 Nobel Peaee uBasicaUy, the South African crisis is one that hinges on Prize Laureate Desmond Tutu at his enthronement as the first' poUtiesl power.... That is why it ts such a charade ta tafk about

blackAnglican Bishop ofJohannesburg on February 3, 1985. For improving the quality of life of blacks... r No matter how wonderfur the record, we provide sorne ofBishop Tutu's earfier statements the improvements in the black person's lot may be .. ~ they will on the issue ofeconomic pressure agaînst the apartheidregime: atways he mere concessions that are always at risk ... "(March "It fS up tothe international community ta exert pressure on the 1980) South African government especiaUy economjc pressure, ta H[W)e need firm pressures on South Africa, and don't want to go ta the confer~nce table This is our very last chance for be told horror stories of blacks suffering, because blacks are change because if that doesn't happen ... the bloodbath will be suffering already.1 will just say that those investing in this country

inevitable." (October 17t 1984) are upholding one of the most eviJ systems the world has known HForeign companies in South Africa should stop kidding since Nazism. In the end, ifs a moral decision they must make:' themselves by saying they are there for our benefit. That's (July 1980) baloney. Whether they like it or not, they are buttress;ng an evil 'lFJoreign investment ... ts supportive of an oppressive system:' (April 14, 1984) , system....We do not in fact look for an improvement in the South uThe Sullivan Prînciples ... are there to hefp make apartheid Atrican situation. We want fundamentaf change....[The Suffivan ma e acceptable, more comfortable; and we do not want PrinciplesJ are amelioralive, they make improvements. They shift apartheid made more comfortable, we want apartheid dis.. the furniture around in the room, instead of changing the mantled ... These principJes are say;ng nothing more than the furniture." (September 1979) kind of things that agood employer ought ta be doing in any case

Destructive En gagement,cOntinued Ango/a. In December 1984, South African Foreign Minister Pik Botha added a new demand-that UNITA, the Pretoria-backed guerrilla movement in Angola, be brought formally into any regional Cali the Hotllne. The anti-apartheid action hotline offers a settlement. The Angolan government, the Frontline states, and 3-minute, taped message, changed weekly, providing up­ SNAPO have adamantly rejected this move. to-date information and action suggestions. Open 24 hours a • The war against Ango/a will like/y esca/ate. The so-called day, cali (202) 548-0408 for the message. If you would like to "ceasefire" between South Africa and Angola signed in February advertise a local action or victory, cali (202) 546-7961, and 1984 has never been implemented and Pretoria never withdrew we will put it on the hotline to let others know. militarily from Angolan soil. The Reagan Administration is under pressure from its conservative constituency to give support to UNITA, despite the legal bar on such aid. • The administration willcontinue efforts to keep aUve the Nkomati Accord between Mozambique and South Africa. The accord, brokered by the Reagan Administration, was supposedly designed Washington Notes on Africa to stop African National Congress use of Mozambican soil from 110 Maryland Avenue, N.E. attacks on South Africa, and Pretoria's destabilization campaign against Mozambique using the puppet Mozambique National Washington, D.C. 20002 Resistance (MNR). Although Maputo has kept its side of the bargain, (202) 546-7961 the MNR is as strong as ever, and Maputo is losing patience with the Sublcrlptlon A.te: We request a $15 annual contribution to receive accord. Both Washington and Pretoria want to keep the accord alive this newsletter plus legislative alerts on Southern African issues. both as a propaganda tool to show that they are "peacemakers" and Additional copies of this issue are available for 254: each for 1-10; 204: to have some influence over Mozambique. The Reagan Admini­ each for 11 -50; 15~ each for over 50 copies (add 35% for postage). stration has already promised Mozambique a small amount of "non­ lethal" military aid. Sponlol'l of the W.lhlngton Office on AfrlC8: The Amalgamated • Military, nuc/ear, and economic support for South Africa will Clothing and Textile Workers Union; The American Committee on Uke/y continue, if not esea/ate. In addition, more US tax money may Africa; The American Lutheran Church, Division for World Mission be poured into "education" and other projects inside South Africa to and Cooperation; Christian Church (Disciples of Christ); Church of the Brethren; Episcopal Church, Coalition for Human Needs and accommodate US critics and to attempt to coopt black forces inside Public Affairs Office, Executive Council; Lutheran Church in America, South Africa. Division for Missions in North America; Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), Only if the momentum of the Free South Africa Movement can be Program Agency; Progressive National Baptist Convention, Home kept going and translated into pressure on Congress will this Mission Board; Society for African Missions (S.M.A. Fathers); Society administration be forced to limit its support for the apartheid regime. of Missionaries of Africa; United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricul­ Otherwise, "you ain't seen nothing yet." • turallmplement Workers of America, UAW; United Church of Christ, Board for World Ministries, and Office for Church in Society; United Methodist Church, Africa Office and Women's Division of Board of Global Ministries; United Steelworkers of America.

Produced by: J .n Slnd.b, Kenneth Zlnn, J.ckl Wlilon, J.net J.koblen, A.ndy Nunn 1.., LI.. Crooml, K.thryn Collon, El8hJ.yne Morg.n, D.vld Ogd n