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ANNUAL AGOSERIS Agoseris Heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene Asteraceae – Aster Family Corey L

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ANNUAL AGOSERIS Agoseris Heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene Asteraceae – Aster Family Corey L ANNUAL AGOSERIS Agoseris heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene Asteraceae – Aster family Corey L. Gucker and Nancy L. Shaw | 2021 ORGANIZATION NOMENCLATURE Annual agoseris (Agoseris heterophylla [Nutt.] Names, subtaxa, chromosome number(s), hybridization. Greene) belongs to the Asteraceae family, Cichorieae tribe, and Microseridinae subtribe (Feuer and Tomb 1977). NRCS Plant Code. AGHE2 (USDA NRCS 2021). Range, habitat, plant associations, elevation, soils. Subtaxa. The Flora of North America recognizes a single annual agoseris species composed of three varieties: A. h. var. heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene, A. Life form, morphology, distinguishing characteristics, reproduction. h. var. cryptopleura Greene, and A. h. var. quentinii G.I. Baird (Baird 2006). Synonyms. Macrorhynchus heterophyllus Nutt., Growth rate, successional status, disturbance ecology, importance to Troximon heterophyllum (Nutt.) Greene. animals/people. Agoseris species are widespread with high levels of morphological and regional variability. This Current or potential uses in restoration. variability makes identification difficult and many inaccurate descriptions exist in the literature. Hybridization and intermediate forms are also common within the genus. Many synonyms for Seed sourcing, wildland seed collection, seed cleaning, storage, testing and marketing standards. Agoseris species have resulted from the naming of variant populations (Baird 2006). Variety heterophylla: A. heterophylla var. glabra Recommendations/guidelines for producing seed. (Nutt.) Howell, A. h. subsp. cryptopleura Jeps., A. h. subsp. glabrata (Suksdorf) Piper, A. h. var. kymapleura Greene, A. h. subsp. normalis Piper, and Troximon heterophyllum (Nutt.) Greene var. Recommendations/guidelines for producing planting stock. cryptopleuroides Suksdorf. Variety cryptopleura: A. californica (Nutt.) Hoover, A. h. subsp. californica (Nutt.) Piper, A. Recommendations/guidelines, wildland restoration successes/ failures. h. var. californica (Nutt.) Davidson & Moxley, A. h. var. crenulata Jeps., A. h. var. turgida (H.M. Hall) Jeps., A. major Jeps. ex. Greene, and Cryptopleura Primary funding sources, chapter reviewers. californica Nutt. Variety quentinii: none. Common Names. Annual agoseris, Arizona Bibliography. agoseris, California agoseris, and mountain dandelion (Rosiere and Vaughn 1986; Baird 2006). Chromosome Number. Chromosome numbers Select tools, papers, and manuals cited. for variety heterophylla are: 2n = 18, 36, and the Agoseris heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene Agoseris heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene. 1 chromosome number for variety cryptopleura is in bunchgrass prairies dominated by bluebunch 2n = 18 (Baird 2006). wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and Hybridization. Hybridization is not common Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) (Piper 1906). but intermediates with woolly goat chicory (A. In southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, apargioides) and Coast Range agoseris (A. hirsuta) it is reported growing on southern aspects but are known (Baird 2006). was absent from northern aspects of moist prairie hillsides with bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), and arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata) (Weaver DISTRIBUTION 1914). In the same area, it occurred in 11 of 15 climax bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg Annual agoseris grows from British Columbia to bluegrass communities surveyed by Daubenmire Baja California and in all US states west of western (1942). In recently burned Wyoming big sagebrush Montana and western New Mexico except for (A. tridentata subsp. wyomingensis)/Sandberg Wyoming and Colorado (Baird 2006; Jensen bluegrass vegetation at the Hanford Nuclear Site 2007). Variety heterophylla is found throughout in south-central Washington, annual agoseris the range described for the species (Fig. 1; Baird cover averaged 0.1% in cheatgrass (Bromus 2004, 2006). Variety cryptopleura occurs in the tectorum)-dominated plots and 0.8% in Sandberg foothills and Coast Mountain ranges surrounding bluegrass-dominated plots (Durham et al. 2001). California’s Great Central Valley. Variety quentinii Annual agoseris grows in several shrubland grows in Arizona and New Mexico (Baird 2006). communities in Oregon. It is a representative Habitat and Plant Associations. Annual agoseris species in chaparral vegetation in the grows in dry to wet grassland (Fig. 1), chaparral, southwestern part of the state. In the Rogue Valley desert shrub, shrub steppe (Fig. 2), oak (Quercus it grows with buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus) at spp.) woodland, and conifer forest communities sites with low annual and summer rainfall and mild (Baird 2006). In California, it grows in open grassy winter temperatures (Detling 1961). In central and sites in a variety of plant communities (Munz south-central Oregon, it occurs in little sagebrush and Keck 1973). In the Great Basin, it grows in (A. arbuscula)/Idaho fescue communities (Franklin dry prairies, grasslands, and foothill woodlands and Dyrness 1973). In the pumice region of (Lambert 2005). In Utah, it is considered rare but central Oregon, Agoseris species are considered occurs in dry, open lowland and foothill sites in diagnostic of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)/ sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)/grass and mountain antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata)/Idaho brush communities up to 2,300-foot (700 m) fescue communities. These communities occupy elevation (Jensen 2007; Welsh et al. 2016). sandy loam soils and gentle slopes at elevations below 2,500 feet (760 m) (Dyrness and Youngberg 1966). Figure 1. Grassland habitat supporting annual agoseris in the seed collecting stage in Oregon. Photo: USDI, BLM SOS OR931. In the available literature, details about annual agoseris habitats and plant associations were largely limited to Washington, Oregon, and Figure 2. Annual agoseris seed collection site along a roadside California. In Washington, annual agoseris occurs in Idaho. Photo: BLM SOS ID931. 2 Agoseris heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene In California, annual agoseris occurs in grassland, (Sikes and Muir 2009). Annual agoseris was shrubland, and oak savannah vegetation. It associated with California’s annual vegetation type grows in grasslands on serpentine and non- in the central North Coast Range. This vegetation serpentine soils and with various grazing use and type occupies deep, moderately well-drained soils fire histories. Annual agoseris is often found in (Heady 1956). both native and nonnative species-dominated grasslands in California but is often more In central California, annual agoseris was often abundant in those grasslands dominated by native reported in serpentine soils containing heavy species (Harrison et al. 2003). In California’s Coast metals (chromium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese) Range, annual agoseris and butte desertparsley but with low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, (Lomatium marginatum) made up 40% of the cover potassium, calcium, and sodium (Gram et al. in the shrub interspaces in a serpentine shrubland 2004; DeGrood et al. 2005; Hobbs et al. 2007). dominated by leather oak (Quercus durata), toyon Serpentine soils often have a mottled green-gray (Heteromeles arbutifolia), and Jepson ceanothus color and waxy feel (St. John and Tilley 2012). On (C. jepsonii) (DeGrood et al. 2005). the Jasper Ridge Experimental Area, Stanford, California, annual agoseris occurred on serpentine Annual agoseris was an indicator species (P < but not sandstone soils. The magnesium 0.05) of open grassland sites dominated by oats content was six times greater in serpentine than (Avena spp.), bromes (Bromus spp.), and annual sandstone soils (McNaughton 1968). In a study fescue (Vulpia myuros) in oak savannas in Santa on Jasper Ridge, annual agoseris was present Ynez, California (Stahlheber et al. 2015). Large in all study plots on serpentine outcrops in all populations of annual agoseris were reported in 20 years of monitoring. Serpentine outcrops moist sites at about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) elevation characteristically have shallow soils (16 in [<40 on Mount Shasta in the California’s Cascade cm]) overlying ultramafic serpentine (Hobbs et al. Range (Cooke 1940). In an annual grassland 2007). on Jasper Ridge, Stanford, California, annual agoseris was present in all serpentine outcrop study plots in all 20 years of monitoring. Jasper Ridge experiences a Mediterranean climate where annual rainfall averages 26 inches (658 mm), and May through September are virtually rainfree (Hobbs et al. 2007). Elevation. Annual agoseris occupies an elevation range from 0 to 7,550 feet (2,300 m) (Munz and Keck 1973; Baird 2006). Variety heterophylla occupies the elevation range reported for the species, variety cryptopleura occurs at elevations of 500 to 6,900 feet (150-2,100 m), and variety quentinii occurs at elevations of 4,000 to 6,600 feet (1,200-2,000 m) (Baird 2006). Soils. Annual agoseris occurs in soils of various textures (Fig. 3), depths, and nutrient and metal contents are tolerated by annual agoseris. Annual agoseris is recorded from logged and burned Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest east of Eugene, Oregon. At these sites, soils were poorly developed, moderately stony loams with high porosity and water storage capacity (Halpern 1989). Annual agoseris grew in oak savanna grasslands on a mesa in the Sedgwick Reserve, Santa Ynez, California, where soils were fine Figure 3. Rocky soil site in Idaho where annual agoseris seed sands (Stahlheber et al. 2015). In recently burned was collected.
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