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Writing and Restoration in Rome: Inscriptions, Statues and the Late

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Writing and Restoration in Rome: Inscriptions, Statues and the Late Chapter 2 Writing and Restoration in Rome: From Goodson, Lester, and Symes, Cities, Inscriptions, Statues and the Late Antique Texts, and Social Networks 400-1500 (Burlington: Ashgate, 2010). Preservation of Buildings GregorKalas In late antique Rome, restoring significant public buildings necessitated strategic choices to maintain favoured memories from the city's past while relegating discredited events to oblivion. Guarding against the unnecessary erasure of honoured memories caused by time's passage, inscriptions placed either on restored buildings or carved into nearby statue plinths documented the history of notable patrons who supported the repairs. By late antiquity, Rome's accumulation of inscriptions over time created a notional community of those honoured in the public texts that synchronized individuals from different eras. In other words, architectural restoration built up an imaginary society that allowed each generation of aristocrats to revive the memories of esteemed predecessors. During the sixth century an elite senator in the service of Italy's Ostrogothic king named Cassiodorus alluded to this situation when he wrote a letter to be sent upon the appointment of a new architect overseeing Rome's infrastructure. 'It is desirable that the necessary repairs to this forest of walls and population of statues, which make up Rome, should be in the hands of a learned individual who will make the new work harmonize with the old'.' The author, however, glossed over a dramatic fourth-century rupture in which pro-Christian legislation had terminated the traditional purposes of pagan statues due to the ban on most The author extends heartfelt thanks to the members of the University of Tennessee Research Seminar in Late Antiquity: Tom Heffernan, Julian Hendrix, Michael Kulikowski, Maura Lafferty and Tina Shepardson, who generously read and commented upon a draft version of this essay. Anne Lester and Carol Symes also provided valuable guidance and Caroline Goodson made terrifically insightful comments that benefited the author tremendously, Andrew Ruff ably produced the plan of the Roman Forum. 1 'Romanaefabricae decus peritum convenithabere custodem, ut illamirabilis silva moenium diligentia subveniente servetur et moderna facies operis affabris dispositionibusconstruatur. Hoc enim studio largitasnostra non cedit, ut et facta veterum exclusisdefectibus innovemus et nova vetustatis gloria vestiamus', Cassiodorus, Variae7.15, CassiodoriSenatus Variae,ed. T. Mommsen, MonumentaGennaniae Historica, Auctorum Antiquissimorum12, (Berlin, 1894), pp. 211-12. 22 Cities,Texts and Social Networks, 400-1500 GregorKalas 23 ancestral rites practiced at cultic shrines. Without mentioning the earlier conflict of Rome's culture. The core of the study focuses on inscriptions from the Roman over paganism, Cassiodorus focused on the secular roles of exhibitions, claiming Forum that attribute restoration to senators during the fourth and fifth centuries. that Rome had 'an artificial population of statues almost equal to its natural one'. 2 In the late antique Forum, the Roman populace listened to political speeches while Indeed, his attention to the statues and public inscriptions confirms that the senators met in the Curia Senatus within the precinct. The authoritative tones publicly displayed monuments in Rome chronicled the achievements of illustrious of the Forum's public inscriptions joined with restored buildings to destabilize citizens. During late antiquity, one goal of the architect overseeing restoration was subtly the Christian power structure and to reinstate Rome's ancestral traditions to create a space in which elite patrons supported a flourishing political life that during the second half of the fourth century. Through epigraphic texts alluding to deserved to be recorded for subsequent generations. Cassiodorus praised statues architectural or cultural restoration, late antique senators pegged their status on for 'still maintaining the signatures of their creators, in order that the reputation reversing the neglect to ancestral traditions. Indeed, fourth-century restoration of praiseworthy people would survive much as images preserve the likenesses campaigns relied upon architectural techniques that physically maintained some of living bodies'.' Rooting architectural designs firmly in the past and fostering evidence of former ruination as testimony to the fragile persistence of the city's preservation was good public policy, since the sponsorship of buildings clearly venerable traditions. The evidence from the Forum, thus, suggests that late antique established political legitimacy. Cassiodorus implicitly defined the urban space restoration projects redeemed past virtues or even acknowledged the rough edges oflate ancient Rome as where the living elite performed their status among old, of the past when new statues or inscriptions were set up in conjunction with inert statues.' Thus, elites imagined that they could maintain the prestige of their rebuilt structures.' While the responses of audiences to the restoration projects ancestors through public texts that linked restored buildings and statues with are difficult to register, the 'artificial population of statues' noted by Cassiodorus cultural renewal. implies that a precinct such as the Roman Forum offered the city's residents a Later Roman architectural restoration raises questions as to what conservation public space in which to they might encounter the dissonance between the meant: was it mostly practical or were ideological concepts advanced by the commemorated past and the living present. Late antique senators wished to claim revival of buildings? Did audiences perceive conserved buildings as paying cultural capital through the social networks they established with their ancestors; tribute to honoured memories by making the past seem alive much as statuary the restoration they desired was one that reaffirmed the hierarchies of the past. made historic figures feel palpably present to Cassiodorus? By the fourth century, Yet, the populace at large must also have yearned for building restorations that Rome's accumulation of publicly displayed inscriptions, consistently updated instigated cultural change rather than a frozen social structure. over generations, associated the refurbished city with the addition of new statues, Inscriptions featuring the term restituere ('to restore') were widespread thereby indicating that each additional statue reactivated powerfully evocative in Rome, particularly after the third century. Edmund Thomas and Christian memories. 5 This essay makes the case that late antique senators used inscriptions Witschel have explained that restituere,the term that connotes to put something mentioning restoration to rehabilitate the traditions of the local aristocracy while in its former place, often referred to a demolished old building replaced by a attempting to undo the traces left by shameful events that disrupted the continuity newer one at the same spot, in which case the concept of reconstruction prevailed despite the preponderance of new material.' In other cases, restituereimplied the insertion of a new statue or an altar in front of or inside an old structure. By 2 'populumurbi dedit quam naturaprocreavit', Cassiodorus, Variae7.15. comparing the archaeological evidence for restoration with the claims advanced 3 'auctorumsuorum scilicetadhuc signa retinentes,ut quamdiu laudabiliumpersonarum in building inscriptions, Thomas and Witschel assert that restituerefrequently opinio superesset, tamdiu et similitudinem vivae substantiae imago corporis custodiret', involved the notional appearance of an antique revival while skimping on Cassiodorus, Variae7.15. 4 rebuilding or focusing mostly on ornamental details. Garrett Fagan has pointed Cassiodorus also attests to the Ostrogothic policy of allowing private owners to out that decoration garnered significant attention from the public and required acquire crumbling public buildings for individual private use provided that the new significant expenditures from the patrons; thus, ornamental restoration was by owners preserved the old structures; see Variae3.29; 4.24; 4.30. See also Bryan Ward­ no means trivial. Also, Fagan established that the term restitueremight indicate Perkins, 'Reusing the Architectural Legacy of the Past: entre tdeologieet pragmatisme',in Gianpietro Brogiolo and Bryan Ward-Perkins (eds), The Idea and Ideal of the Town between LateAntiquity and the MiddleAges (Leiden, 1999), pp. 225-44, at pp. 240-4. 6 For the moral achievements of senators as a forceful tradition, see Geza Alfoldy, 5 Charles W. Hedrick, Jr., Historyand Silence:Purge and Rehabilitationin Late Antiquity 'Individualitat und Kollektivnorm in der Epigraphik des r6mischen Senatorenstandes', in (Austin, 2000),pp. 89-94; Franz Alto Bauer, 'Informamantiquamrestitutus: Das Bewahren der Silvio Panciera (ed.), Epigrafiae ordtnesenatorio I, Tituli 4 (Rome, 1982), pp. 37-53. Vergangenheit in der Spi:itantike am Beispiel des Forum Romanum', in Volker Hoffmann, 7 Edmund Thomas and Christian Witschel, 'Constructing Reconstruction: Claim and · et al. (eds), Die'Denkmalpflege' vor den Denkmalpfiege:Akten desBerner Kongresses 30. ]uni- 3Juli Reality of Roman Rebuilding Inscriptions from the Latin West', Papersof the BritishSchool 1999 (Berlin, 2005), pp. 39-61. ' at Rome,60 (1992): 135- 77, at 152. 24 Cities,Texts and SocialNetworks, 400-1500 an aristocratic benefaction in late antique Rome in which a patron inaugurated a building
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