Hutnan Ethology Bulletin

VOLUME 12, ISSUE 2 ISSN 0739-2036 JUNE 1997

what is natural and what is unnatural (both RESPONSE TO AN have evolved), how can Dawkins claim he INTERVIEW wants to do such a, ",. very un-Darwinian" thing as contribute to a socialist world? How can he abandon ruthless capitalism that favors only Bill Charlesworth self and kin and opt for socialism that supports P. O. Box 18 both nonkin as well kin? How can he even Stockholm, WI 54769 USA conceive of such a thing with a mind shaped by evolution to serve his genes only? No gene In his March 1997 Human Ethology recipe for chocolate eclairs will culminate in Bulletin interview of Richard Dawkins, Frans potato pancakes. Roes asked some very incisive questions concerning slavemaking in ants. In response, Of course, some processes of naJural Dawkins, as expected, gave well-articulated selection result in maladaptive phenotypes, but answers which, however, would have been the conscious decision-making of an ardent more compelling if he had also alluded to evolutionist well-saturated with Darwinian empirical data to back them. After a question memes can certainly alter such phenotypes... on manipulative signaling, Roes probes into less unless one learns early that an excellent scientific issue'S with queries about religion, strategy in certain circles is to openly speak social manners, politics and morality, areas in socialist but covertly act capitalist which is which Dawkins has many firm opinions. surely not the case with Dawkins.

A general epistemological issue raised Entertaining such dichotomies as body by Dawkins' answers to the latter questions and mind and gene and meme must be by concerns the possible disjunction between such evolutionary biologists as a Cartesian error of labels as natural and unnatural, genes and enormous magnitude. Material monists are memes, body and mind. I assume most, ifnot all obligated to have no part of such a heresy. I evolutionists, maintain there is no disjunction. feel fortunate I do not feel this obligation. The nqtural i:ln_d unnatural, genes and memes, Being trained in world literature, and even the body and mind are at bottom comparative/experimental psychology, human ultimate products of evolution, seamlessly development and cognition, as well as connected in one way or other in very ethology, has cured me from early tendencies to complicated but causally necessary ways to be be a m9nistic reductionist. It has also stifled sure, Why? Because all things have material tendencies to extrapolate or generalize freely origins and therefore can never be causally across content areas and species. Actually, the dissociated from them --even memes and the cure makes me feel I am a better scientist since mind. Disjunctions in the biological world just every time I look at phenomena I don't feel don't exist. obligated to defend a theory. Also, such freedom allows me to disqgree with Darwin's Now, if there indeed is no disjunction, if claim that "He who understands baboon would there is a perfectly smooth continuum between do more toward metaphysics than Locke." 2 (Darwin's M notebook). I wish a primatologist From the Editor would take Darwin up on this--in cooperation, of course, with 'members of the metaphysical society. '. After 17 years, the journal Ethology and Sociobiology ceased publication with the One does not have to be a end of the 1996 volume. It may be appropriate supernaturalist to raise the issue of disjunction. to suggest that we reflect on what the founding Alfred Russel Wallace posed the disjunction of the journal meant to those of us conducting question concerning human intelligence when he research in these disciplines in the early days. noted that some human cognitive traits may have escaped natural selection in Pleistocene Ethology and Sociobiology was one of environments because 'they appear to have no the first journals, perhaps the first, to utility value contributing to fitness. I am aware specialize in publishing research on humans of speculations about how music may attract from an evolutionary perspective. Before its members of the opposite sex or appease enemies advent, researchers found it very difficult to and how smart people may compete better in publish work that alluded t'o evolutionary acquiring resources. But where's the' empirical theory. Some journals, notably in proof to support such speculations? developmental psychology, 'published work employing observational methods. However, While not as socially favored as reference to the theory behind using these Darwin, Wallace certainly was no less methods was often taboo. Even today, it goes insightful and no less experienced in the ways without saying, opposition to evolutionary of nature. If I remember correctly, Wallace theory remains entrenched in the social spent much more research time than Darwin sciences. with a wide range of cultures. Such experience must count for some insights on cognition as an E & 5 provided not just a forum but a adaptation that Darwin may have m.issed, or widely respected one. It was carefully and not missed but felt he had to ignore to keep critically edited, and its articles included some dangerous disjunctive gaps out of the theory. of the most widely cited in the behavioral sciences. Many academic libraries subscribed to it. Because of its success, it eventually In my opinion, Dawkins has embarked, expaIlded from quarterly to bimonthly in several respects, on a potentially unfruitful publication. Occasionally, an issue was rather course as exemplified in his interview. Several thin due to the flagging performance of us of his books (e.g. The Selfish Gene, The Blind contributors, but Michael McGuire persevered Watchmaker, River Out of Eden) consist of and without lowering editorial standards. He exciting, often brilliant speculations about the served as editor-in-chief for the entire life of implications of Darwinian theory for every the journal, providing essential continuity to living thing. However, frequently much of the field of human ethology and sociobiology. what Dawkins says has become repetitive (there is no evidence of intelligent design in E & S was tolerant of varied nature) and dogmatic sounding (so give up the theoretical and methodological approaches, idea of a designer). but rigorous in its standards. It fostered respect for our nascent discipline, and did not bend to With all respect to his brilliant the political winds to do so. Polemics and achievements, Dawkins, in my estimation, other ideologically-tinged pieces were not would do best by elaborating on scieFlce's welcome, but solid data and well-grounded uniquely exquisite, labor-intensive, objective, theoretic.al essays could always find a home. self-corrective methods that, when used Michael maintained good relations with the collectively, separate science from other human various societies of ethologists and cognitive activities. With such elaboration, he sociobiologists in Europe as well as North could more persuasively show how vital science America, and the journal received submissions is for understanding the natural order. from numerous countries. 3

Due in no small measure to Ethology Heimat-Attachment and Return and Sociobiology, biological approaches to the to the Native Place: Experiences study of human behavior have gained in respectability. The solid work of behavioral with the Behavioral Biology of geneticists, endocrinologists, neuroscientists, Migrants primatologists, ethologists, and sociobiologists has drawn the attention of much of the By Elieser G. Hammerstein educated public, to some extent bypassing our Kurfiirstrasse 97 resistant colleagues in academia. As never 12705 Berlin, Germany before, ethology and sociobiology constitute major approaches to the study of human "Heimat" means more than just behavior. For example, an unusually large homeland and/or native place: nobody can number of papers on humans are to be presented choose his native land, but one can choose at this ye.ar's International Ethological another home or even a spiritual "Heimat". Congress in Vienna, and the American According to Ina-Maria Greverus, "Heimat" is Psychological Association convention in a socio-culturally structured space of reference Chicago will feature a symposium by human and satisfaction. Few languages possess a ethologists on observational methods; both special noun for this concept (among those that meetings are in August. do are German, Hebrew, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Serbo-Croatian); in most others it Now that ethological and is circumscribed, as in English. The "Heimat" sociobiological research is finally being term thus is culture-specific, while house, published by many mainstream social science home and the connotations warmth, journals, we may lapse into forgetting the belongingness, shelteredness are universal. pioneering role of E & S. But the toehold we have finally gained is due in large measure to Basically, however, "Heimat" is the institutional sustenance and moral support usually referred to as the place where one grew provided by that journal. up and to which one is emotionally attached. This attachment is similar to habitat It is time then to express our thanks to imprinting in animals, arising by way of Michael McGuire and his associate editors, continuous, emotionally loaded association Nick Blurton Jones, Bill McGrew, and Peter K. learning. Later in life, people can acquire Smith, as well as to the consulting editors, emotional bonds to other places; however, reviewers, and contributors. We know what these secondary Heimat-attachments are you have done for us and our field, and we shall conditioned by success experiences - personal, remember. social and/or economic ones - while for the primary attachment, warmth, continuity and stability of home and environment are enough.

At the same time, we wish the new It is generally accepted that habitat journal, Evolution and Human Behavior, imprinting serves as a guiding orientation for success. Its editors, Martin Daly and Margo habitat selection and that the behavioral Wilson, contributed as authors and reviewers to hallmark of attachment is seeking proximity many of the articles that were published in E to its object. Indeed, emigrants who return & S, and I can personally attest to their home often state that they did so out of editorial care and helpfulness. Like Michael, homesickness. But homesickness is just an they are well versed in all the major appetitive feeling and as such neither the disciplines that constitute the evolutionary cause nor the reason for a return. Furthermore, approach to the study of behavior. They seem return from emigration is not a cyclic movement to have assembled a fine editorial staff, which in the rhythm of the seasons, as of migrating includes some of the former editors of E & S birds or the gnus of the Serengheti; such and quite a few ISHE members, including our migrations are found among humans only in president, Charles Crawford. nomadic pastoralists and seasonallaborers. 4 By contrast, return from emigration is potential readiness" to return. They sporadic and an exclusively human possibility. themselves regarded their stay as temporary. A decision to return home depends on the They invested in Turkey, tried to send their particular constellation of each individual children there to high school or college and, case, on the aspirations, frustrations and above all, perennially talked about when and preferences of the persons concerned. how they would return. .

There are some general rules about Reading these questionnaire results, I emigration. One is that elderly refugees who could not suppress a cynical smile: This I had have never got over the language barrier of heard before, from all the native-born Israelis their host country tend to return as soon as living abroad. So I took a second look. The possible. But statistics on emigration do not research had been ordered by the German reveal why, under similar political and gov,ernment to test the impact of the law socioeconomic circumstances, some people go encouraging the return of guest laborers. Their home and others stay. number indeed went up, but so did the Turkish population of Germany. Those who had steady In order to learn more about these jobs brolJ,ght their families over, imported issues, in 1989-90 I interviewed an odd brides, and produced offspring. Many of them agglomerate of returnees in Berlin; however, subsequently established businesses. from the stories they told me, no generalizations were deducible. But then, by The first guest laborers today have lucky coincidence, there appeared dozens of grandchildren born and raised in Germany. biographies of emigrants from Nazi times who And as for these youngsters, in 1985 70% of had become dispersed all over the globe. Now I them said that they would go back to Turkey could analyze a large amount of biographical whenever their parents would return. But only data on people who had permanently remained 5 years later, 75% stated that they aspired to in their new country and on returnees. I did not German citizenship. To be on the safe side, I need a computer to see the resultant picture: also phoned the Turkish-born social worker Stable couples who had built themselves a who 8 years before had conducted the solid base of existence and had had children, interviews. I asked her: who had gone back? who had grown up in the new country and who Her answer was: "No one, but they still talk had continued to live there usually did not about it every evening." return to their country of origin. All this means that - independently of I also got data on a group of 660 ethnic affiliation, reason for emigration, legal Berliner bachelors who in 1952 had been hired status, and the self-definition of the migrants - by Australian firms and had sailed there as once they are allowed to stay and are granted immigrants. About 10% of them returned, some modicum of freedom, the dynamics of life almost all during the first 5 years. All the take their course. Readiness for migration goes others found steady jobs, established down as biological goal attainment goes up. businesses, married (many to Australian And what are biological goals if not securing women), had children and were completely livelihood and offspring? Everyone who did Australised. Only if both partners stemmed not return had achieved these goals; so why from the German circle of culture could their should they move again? So we have here a origin still be smelled in the kitchen. In all, case where a purely culturally and socio- this presented the same picture as did the economically conditioned behavior in the end refugees from the 30s. corresponds to a law of nature.

What I needed was a control group And where does all this leave our wi th a different ethnic background that, if "Heimat" attachment? We found it in the possible, had emigrated under other interviews and the answers to the circumstances. Suiting my needs were the questio.nnaires. The native home, its 170,000 Turks in Berlin, who odginally had landscape and way of life are engrams, come as guest laborers. Many had come, made permanently imprinted mental pictures. But an . money, and gone back. Published research on imprinted engram is not necessarily followed this population also revealed a "high by imprinted behavior. It is preferred, but if it 5

cannot be followed...one goes on living as well with them furnished their new homes with as one can, and the engram remains in the head them; cultivated German cooking, German (and the heart). And here is the great fallacy music and literature; and organized German- of sociological inquiries into intentions and speaking social and cultural activities. In attitudes: they reflect the imprinting engrams short, all that was good and important to them of those asked, but have no predictive value as they took with them, whether to the U.s., to actual behavior. South America, or (later) Israel.

The "Heimat" attachments of migrants The most prominent case of this have other manifestations. Roberta Feldman phenomenon is N ahariyah, near the Lebanese of Chicago found that, when moving, city border of Israel: Its houses were ordinary people prefer other cities, and suburbanites Mediterranean ones, but the place, with its other suburbs. Rural and small-town people delicatessens and sausage shops, German- state that they would prefer their accustomed language newspapers and German-speaking type of settlement, but circumstances often force public, had so German an atmosphere that, them to move to cities in spite of their when cut off during the war of independence in preferences. Feldman, as a psychologist, says 1947, the saying went: "Komme was wolle, that people develop settlement identities; in Naharia bleibt deutsch." Well, Nahariyah my opiniOJl this is just another name for our did not remain German. Just as in the German habitat attachment, especiafly since according colonies in the U.S. a century before, the to a new finding of hers, in the majority of cases founding population was soon inundated by the preferred settlement type is also the one of immigrants (from Eastern Europe and North childhood and youth. This study is important Africa). All that is left from Nahariyah's from yet another aspect of behavioral biology: quasi-German past is the main avenue along it shows that people, like animals, recognize both sides of a rivulet - the only one of its kind their habitat by its typical features and in the country - and many German inscriptions generalize them. on tombstones.

Another manifestation is the Today, with the global exclusively human possibility to reconstruct homogenization of architecture and town the old homeland in a new country. Examples planning, of clothing, food aIJd lifestyles, in of this are the German villages in Jerusalem, this world of jet planes, the Internet and Haifa, Galilee, Missouri, and Columbus, Ohio. McDonalds, all this could hardly happen Many of them were planned by German again. Nowadays almost all emigrants can architects, complete with gabled roofs and (and do) visit their countries of origin, and wrought iron fences. Germans have long since watch what's going on there on TV. Even left these places, but their "Germanness" refugees from civil wars, as in Bosnia, can remained incarnated in the houses left phone their loved ones trapped there. All standing. this, for the refugees of Nazi times, was unthinkable, and more so for the millions who There is also an opposite process with sailed to the New World in centuries past. the same result: New immigrants tend to Modern technology thus has defused much of concentrate in low-grade urban areas, but then the homesickness of emigrants and refugees. their physiognomies, the sounds of their language, the lettering on the signboards, the So perhaps the stories I collected and garments, shop windows, colors and smells all told about are nothing more than a chapter of give the quarter an ethno-specific atmosphere. the history of human behavior. But even so, This in turn attracts newcomers of the same habitat attachment still supplies people origin, who now can feel at home there - and emotional anchorage in their residential get help and advice from their compatriots. environment and also fulfills its primary Thus the Chinatowns and Little Italys carne function: by guiding them to select similar into being, and more recently Little Istanbul in settlement types when they move, Heimat Berlin-Kreuzberg. enables even highly mobile populations to maintain some stability in their residential Those German Jews who emigrated in habitat. the mid-30s and could take their belongings 6 European and African A survey of the extremes in the rates of Reproductive Success fertility, as measured by lifetime births per woman, also illustrates a lack of demographic Differentials: Could We Have homogeneity. The countries with the ten Predicted the Gap? highest fertility rates averaged 7.37 children per woman. Seven of the 10 are from Sub- By Wade C. Mackey Saharan Africa, and the remaining three are 401 Lake St., Apt. 6 from Moslem countries in the Middle East: Bryan, TX 77803 USA Highest Fertility Rate A basic tenet of Darwinian evolution is Rwanda 8.29 that some members of a population propagate Kenya 8.12 more offspring than alternative members of Cote d' Ivoire 7.41 that same population. If so, then, in the event Zambia 7.20 that death rates remain the same, whatever Oman 7.17 inheritable traits that the more profligate Saudi Arabia 7.17 members possess will increase their Jordan 7.17 representation in the next generation. Humans Niger 7.10 do not transcend any of these tenets. To Tanzania 7.10 imagine otherwise is to incubate mischief. Nigeria 7.00 This (re)statement of such verities is not Mean 7.37 intended to be a novel insight. However, s.d. 0.45 occasionally a reminder may trigger an inspiration. And the basics are often worth re- The countries with the 10 lowest visiting. fertility rates averaged 1.51 children per woman (see below). All ten are from Europe A question comes to mind: Is human (Smith-Morris 1990). The figure of 1.51 reproductive success the same across children is significantly lower than the populations? From U.N. data bases, rates of highest ten's average of 7.37 (t [18] == 38.3; P < natural increase (birth rates minus death .001; 2-tailed). rates) were surveyed across the large land masses of Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, Lowest Fertility Rate and Oceania for 1990-1995 (United Nations West Germany 1.38 1995). The levels of natural increase per year Denmark 1.45 were not equal across these areas: Netherlands 1.45 Luxembourg 1.45 Area Rate Italy 1.45 Africa 2.8% Austria 1.50 Latin America 1.8 Switzerland 1.55 Asia 1.6 Belgium 1.55 Oceania 1.5 Finland 1.65 North America 1.0 Sweden 1.65 Europe 0.2 Mean 1.51 Mean (unweighted) 1.5 s.d. 0.09 s.d. 0.9 Next, let's use a more finely grained The highest rate of natural increase filter and divide Africa into two segments: (Africa) was 14 times the increase of the Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. Added lowest (Europe). A 14-fold advantage is to the countries of northern Africa (Morocco, impressive. Thus, whatever general mosaic of Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya) are the factors has created the African advantage Middle East countries of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, will be more represented in subsequent Iran, and Iraq to form a Moslem swathe (n== 9). generations than the general European mosaic. For both th.e Moslem swath' and Sub-Saharan 7 Africa, the natural increase was huge gap in reproductive success. Of course, my approximately 2.9%. This rate was 81% deficiency may be mine alone. No precedent higher than the world's average of 1.6%. This would be set by such a unique deficit. On the confirms the point that different sub-groups other hand, there may be a shared lacuna. are more evolutionarily successful than others. The two areas represent examples of current If it can be agreed that differential evolutionary "successes," especially when rates of natural increase (i.e., evolution) are compared with Europe. occurring, then the differentials really do need to be addressed. The "bio" part of humanity Is there an arrow in our paradigmatic seems an candidate to explain the quiver which would have predicted the 14- differentials. With the exception of twinning fold differential? I cannot think how (Taffel 1995, Derom et al. 1995), the fertility ethology/ sociobiology would predict such a of women (i.e., ability to conceive, gestate, and give birth) seems more homogeneous across cultures than otherwise. Moreover; ability to Bulletin Submissions and Duplication lactate seems roughly similar across the planet. In addition, mating seems highly Anything that might be of interest to ISHE equitable. With the contempora_ry u.s. as an members is welcome: Society matters; example, virtually all females who manage to articles; replies to articles; suggestions; survive to puberty will mate at least once, announcements of meetings, journals or given the large percentages of married women professio-nal societies; etc. These sorts of (about 95.5% will have married by age 50-54) submission should be sent to the editor. Book and single mothers, to say nothing of other review inquiries should go to the categories of non-virgins (U.S. Bureau of the appropriate book review editor (Linda, Census, 1995). Accordingly, the large Mealey, the chief bool< review editor, covers differences in natural increases across the land books in English). Submission should be in masses seem more a result of "cultural" English, on paper and, if possible, also on differences than of physiological differences diskette (MS Word 5.0 preferred). Shorter or mating opportunities. reviews are desirable (less than 1000 words). Please include complete references for all If cultural differences were a publications cited. For book reviews, please reasonable candidate to explain the include publisher's mailing address and the differentials in natural increases among the price of hardback and paperback editions. groups being compared, do we have a There usually is not time to consult with methodological armamentarium that can reviewers about editorial changes, but most predict (still "predict", not "explain) of these are minor. "successful" populations versus "unsuccessful" Submissions are usually reviewed onJy by ones? If we do not currently have such an the editorial staff. However, some arsenal, we probably need one. submissions are rejected. Political censorship is avoide:d, so as to foster free and creative References exchange of (even outrageous) ideas among scholars. The fact that material appears in Derom, R., Orlebeke, J., Eriksson, A. & Thiery, the Bulletin never implies the truth of those M. The epidemiology of multiple births in ideas, ISHE's endorsement of them, or Europe. In L. G. Keith, E. Papiernik, D. M. support for any policy implications that may Keith & B. Luke (Eds.), Multiple Pregnancy: be inferred from them. Epidemiology, gestation & perinatal outcome. Bulletin content may be reproduced without (pp. 145-162). NewYork: Parthenon, 1995. limit for scholarly (but not commercial) purposes. That is, no one may be charged for Smith-Morris, M. (Ed.) The Economist Book of receiving the content, without first obtainng Vital World Statistics. New York: Times permission from the Editor or ISHE President. Books, 1990. SamJlle copies of the Bulletin are available from the Editor. Send humber of copies Taffel, S. M. Demographic trends in twin desired and the date required. births: U.S.A. in Multiple Preqnancy: 8

Epidemiology, gestation & perinatal outcomes. Otherwise, as all too commonly In L. G. Keith, E. Papiernik, D. M. Keith & B. happens, debate that purports to be about Luke (Eds.), pp. 133-144. New York: natural selection ends up being a kind of Parthenon, 1995. historical, biographical - even theological - exegesis about what Darwin 'really' said, or United Nations. Demographic Yearbook. New meant, or thought, or would think were he York: United Nations (1995). alive today. u.s. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract Rival sects emerge. Both claim Darwin of the United States: 1996 (116th ed.) as the one true prophet. One sect asserts that Washington, D. C. , 1995. Darwin was primarily interested in complex adaptations, the other that he was primarily interested in explaining the origin of species. Each claims the coveted title Darwinian, each tries to be more-Darwinian-than-thou. Why Don't We Drop the Darwinian Nametag? Some scholars assert Darwin's originality, bravery, rigour; others present him as a revisionist, intellectual thief, coward. By Bruce G. Charlton Revolutionary or reactionary; political radical or conservative; patriarch or liberator? Department of Psychology Antievolutionists think that by critiquing University of Newcastle upon Tyne Darwin, or by contrasting his views with NEl 7RU, England modern views, they have engaged in a scientific debate. Isn't it about time that evolutionists grew up and stopped referring to themselves Give it a rest! 'Darwinism' is too and their theories as 'Darwinian'? reminiscent of the excesses of Marxism and Freudianism - obsessed with authority, lineage Of course, the modern evolutionary and the cult of a great man. All 'isms' are approach derives from Darwin. And Darwin intellectually second-rate. was a magnificent scientist and a fascinating human being and I love reading about him. For instance, as a worker in the field of Indeed many of my favourite books on natural 'Darwinian medicine' I am dismayed at being selection and human affairs build themselves saddled with the name. Surely it would be around the biography of Darwin (Helena better to drop the 'Darwinian' as soon as Cronin's The Ant and the Peacock, Robert possible in favour of 'evolutionary' or Wright's The Moral Animal, Daniel Dennet's something else neutral. Darwin's Dangerous Idea for example - all exceptionally fine books. Anyway, Darwinian medicine - insofar as it is valid, isn't 'Darwinian' any more than But sooner or later, this has got to stop. physics is 'Einsteinian' (or 'Bohrian, or The preoccupation with Darwin, the sheer Feynmanian). Many people have contributed number of books on him, the way evolutionary to modern evolutionary theory. We learn theory is always introduced by means of an current science from current debate and current exposition of his ideas - all this is getting papers, not from ancient authority. The obsessional and pathological. concepts involved are essentially modern (whether or not they may be present in embryo History and biography are one thing, in the Darwinian corpus is, for this purpose, and science is another. Both are wonderful, but irrelevant). distinct. Today's scientific theories of natural selection must and should stand or fall on the Natural selection, like any other basis of current evidence and arguments; and theoretical concept (such as 'atom' or 'gene') what Darwin said and thought must take a has a definition that evolves as the science verysecondary place. progresses. Democritus invented the 'atom' - 9 but we don't call atomic theory Democratic. Words used to label scientific concepts should Editorial Staff not prejudge the debate, nor should they Editor introduce misleading considerations. It doesn't Glenn Weisfeld matter (biologically speaking) what natural Dept. of Psychology selection meant to Darwin; what matters is Wayne State University what it means now, to us, and how we use it. Detroit, MI 48202 USA tel. 1-313-577-2835, -2801, -8596 'Darwinian' should become a taboo fax e-mail: word among evolutionary biologists - we should [email protected] leave it to biographers, historians and sociologists who are engaged in tracing Current Literature Editor intellectual lineages. Johan van der Dennen Center for Peace & Conflict Studies Presumably we are interested in Oude Kyrk in't Jatstraat 5 evolution by natural selection, in adaptation, 9772 EA Groningen, The Netherlands in speciation. Then those are the terms that tel. 31-50-635649 should be used. It is profoundly unhealthy for fax 31-50-635635; e-mail: evolutionary biology to be tied to the ghost of a [email protected] dead man. Outgoing Chief Book Review Editor Linda Mealey SOCIETY NEWS Dept. of Psychology Queensland University ISHE Tax-Exempt in U.S. Brisbane 4072, Australia fax 61-7-3365-4466 e-mail: [email protected]. Through the patience and tenacity of Bill Charlesworth, ISHE has gained tax-exempt New Chief Book Review Editor status in the U.S. This means that membership Peter LaFreniere dues and any contributions are tax-deductible. Little Hall Dept. of Psychology University of Maine Orono, ME 04469 USA Peter LaFreniere to Replace Linda tel. 1-207-581-2030 Mealey as Chief Book Review fax 1-207-581-6128 Editor of Bulletin e-mail: [email protected] British Book Review Editor Linda Mealey is withdrawing from her duties A. Stuart Laws as Chief Book Review Editor. She will follow Department of Psychology through on reviews that she has arranged, but The University, Newcastle upon Tyne henceiorth all reviews will be arranged by NEl 7RU, England Peter LaFreniere. Linda is stepping down tel. 44-191-222-6000 because she wishes to prepare for her term as fax 44-191-261-1182 President in three years. She has done a herculean job for the Bulletin, arranging more German Book Review Editor reviews than ever before and editing most of Karl Grammer them before passing them to me. Peter will be Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for an able successor; we are delighted to have his Urban Ethology/Human Biology services. He has been acting as French Book Althanstrasse 14 Review Editor, and will continue to do so along A-1090 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: with h:is new duties. Please contact him if you http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at wish to consider reviewing a book (see Editorial box). 10 TREASURER'S REPORT

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raised in the same family may be so different. BOOK REVIEWS It has, in addition, led to reappraisal of current theories, assessment procedures and explanations of individual differences. The Separate Worlds ofSiblings: The purpose of Separate Worlds of Siblings is to Impact ofNonshared describe the work and methods on which this Environment on Development new conceptualization of the environment is based, to encourage new ideas about interactions Edited by E. Mavis Hetherington, David Reiss between genes and environments, and to and Robert Plomin. Lawrence Erlbaum stimulate additional research in this area. Associates, 365 Broadway, Hillsdale, NJ 07642 USA, 1994, $24.50 (hdbk.). Chapter 1 (Plomin, Chipeur and Neiderhiser) offers an informative review of Reviewed by Nancy L. Segal, California State twin and adoption methodology, and defines University, Department of Psychology, key concepts. A comprehensive overview of Fullerton, CA 92834, USA. behavioral-genetic evidence documenting the importance of nonshared environmental factors Recently, many behavioral geneticists is presented. A compelling case the have been directing needed attention to the influence of nonshared environment is made ways in which environmental factors contribute across a number of behavioral domains to human behavioral variation. A significant including general intelligence, special cognitive recent contribution has been the demonstration abilities, personality, and psychopathology. nonshared environmental events may (Some additional recent studies that might mfluence the development of many traits (e.g., have been cited, especially in the area of cognitive abilities, personality, and psychopathology, include Gottesman & temperamental characteristics) more than do Bertelsen, 1989 and Kendler et al., 1992a,b.) shared environmental events. This finding has While the section on physical disorders makes assisted our understanding of why children specific reference only to obesity, there is a 11 reference to a more general review (Dunn & The inclusion of sibling groups that Plomin, 1990), and later in Chapter 8 comes a vary in genetic relatedness enables assessment discussion of effects of nonshared environment of the contribution of genetic and environmental on coronary-prone behavior. factors to variables of interest, as well as examination of the nature of these genetic and Chapter 2 (Rovine) discusses the use of environmental effects. Many interesting and sibling difference scores for estimating the provocative findings in the domains of nonshared environment. It is asserted that psychopathology and parenting are presented. behavioral geneticists typically decompose There is, for example, little correlation phenotypic variance into genetic and between siblings' perceptions of how they are environmental components, but do not consider treated by their parents--a finding that is relationships between sibling discrepancies and consistent with the effects of nonshared behavioral measures. Comparisons among environments. Correlations are higher for three types of models (regression model, parents' perceptions of how they treat their difference score model and contingency factor children. Thirdly, parents' perceptions of model) are made, and graphs are included to children's similarity varied with thelatter's clarify the different data structures. Overall, genetic relatedness. These results suggest this chapter defines a rich domain inhabited genetic effects on both behavior and by behavioral-genetic researchers and environmental measures. It was also intriguing measurement experts. Most importantly, this to learn of the small correlations (zero in one matedal encourages serious thinking and case) between children's absolute and relative rethinking about the nature of data, the difference scores for reports of parental appropriate questions to address, and the aggression, indicating that these measures of model that would most effectively depict the sibling similarity are differentially expectations of the investigator. informative. Examination of sibling social closeness as a function of genetic relatedness (a Chapter 3 (Reiss, Plomin, topic of concern to developmental Hetherington, Howe, Rovine, Tryon, and psychologists, especially those with an Hagen) describes a comprehensive ongoing interest in evolutionary psychology) would research program directed toward answering have been of interest. This aspect of three central questions: (1) What are the development will, I hope, be considered as the differences in the social environments of study progresses. .adolescents? (2) Are these differences a product of environmental processes or, alternatively, Chapter 4 (Dunn and McGuire) focuses associated with sibling differences that reflect on the developmental significam:e of parent- genetically-based tendencies? (3) What child and child-child relationships in the environmental factors are associated with later lives of young children from Cambridge and developmental outcomes? To its credit, the Colorado. Data were gathered by means of project includes large numbers of genetically interviews and observations. The most informative kinships (identical and fraternal interesting aspects of the presentation are the twins, siblings, half-siblings and unrelated findings concerning parental treatment of siblings) and stipulates strict selection criteria: different-age siblings as they pass through a Children were between 10 and 18 years of age at given age. It was found that parents tend to the onset of study, unrelated siblings were no treat children in similar ways when they turn more than 4 years apart in age, marriages must the same age, identifying developmental stage have endured for five years (to be considered as a key factor in child treatment. Thus, stable and to ensure comparability across mothers do treat children differently as a groups), and the children must have lived function of their different age level. This together in the same home for half the time. It difference may be perceived by the children as is conceivable that various factors in previous constituting unequal treatment, despite the fact residences (e.g., parent-child relationship, that equal treatment was dispensed as age- marital conflict) could be associated with some appropriate. This intriguing idea is clearly of the developmental outcomes being measured. worthy of follow-up. Additional attention to Analyses along these lines, if available, microenvironmental events that make siblings should be informative. differ is also worth pursuing. 1.2 Chapter 5 (Brody and Stoneman) rather the siblings' perception of the difference considers differential parental treatment as a in treatment. The possibility of individual specific source of nonshared sibling experience differences in personality traits might be and the effects of this treatment on sibling important to consider in this context and could relationships. Following a review of relevant be examined in the future. The authors studies, they caution that despite acknowledge that little theory is available for relationships between parental treatment and generating specific hypotheses as to when sibling relations, causality is difficult to shared-sibling parenting vs. within-family discern. differences are important. This situation may explain the absence of expectations concerning Findings from a study including both direction of effects. mothers and fathers is of interest, given the rarity of fathers as research participants in Chapter 7 (Rowe, Woulbroun, and developmental studies. Parents were observed Gulley) is an interesting and well-written with the two siblings as they engaged in chapter that raises challenging and specific activities. It was found that while provocative ideas about the nature of peer fathers interact with children less frequently influence on sibling differences in personality. on a daily basis than do mothers, fathers It is generally assumed that similarity between clearly have an impact on children's behavior. peers reflects mutual influence between Paternal differential responsive and interactants. This has been documented as controlling behaviors were associated with affecting twins in that monozygotic (MZ) twins higher rates of negative behavior from younger can show differences in behavior associated and older siblings, respectively. The families with differences in their peers; this effect must were also observed during discussion of be environmental since MZ twins share all problems that each sibling experienced with their genes. However, Rowe and colleagues' the other. Negative sibling behavior at the review literature suggesting that some degree time was negatively correlated with paternal of selection (not unlike assortative mating) equality of treatment; unequal treatment from occurs prior to the establishment of friendship mothers was also associated with reports of relations and, to quote the authors, the more conflict between siblings. The authors important influence is the "reinforcement of speculate that unequal treatement by fathers existing genotypes through the functional may be especially salient, as he spends less consequences of behavior for the individual" (p. time with his children. Given the persistence 172). The relative degree of influence of peers of sibling relationships throughout the life versus assortment, in tum, appears to be trait- span, ideas such as this are worth pursuing for dependent. A pleasing aspect of this chapter is both theoretical and practical considerations. that it highlights important areas for future research and offers a fresh conceptualization of Chapter 6 (Tejerina-Allen, Wagner, the developmental significance of friendships and Cohen) presents information on differences in the lives of children and adolesents. in parental behavior as reported by mothers and by siblings, and how such information Chapter 8 (Ewart) is a welcome relates to suicidal tendencies and associated addition to the behavioral-genetic literature behaviors. A large community-based sample on nonshared environment, as it explores a was available for analysis. It was found that serious medical problem, coronary heart (1) the non-shared environment did not account disease, that has significant behavioral for more variance than the shared environment; underpinnings. While there are established (2) both shared and nonshared environmental links between hostility and risk, the author factors were associated with suicidal notes the lack of an effective conceptual behaviors; (3) differences in parenting were framework for evaluating this information, and most significant when child oppositional offers behavioral genetics as possibly behavior was the dependent variable; and (4) providing the needed theoretical perspective. differences in harsh punishment were more The main point is that coronary-prone behavior likely to result in suicidal ideation by the more may be understood with reference to behaviors disciplined sibling than the less disciplined arising from genetically-based predispositions, sibling. However, it was not the discipline per in conjunction with individual experiences in se that was responsible for these effects, but the life histories of family members. Some 13 nonshared experiences may be critical in appraising risk for coronary disorders. ISHE Web Page: Specifically, there is a need to assess http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at behavioral components relevant to emotional stress that might trigger coronary disease in a predisposed genotype. Results of a study that assessed the effects of interviews and tasks on children selected for high blood pressure are reported. Interestingly, the interview situation authors explain that this might be associated contributed more to ambulatory blood pressure with the constrained laboratory setting. Most than did conventional stress tasks, identifying interesting was that the prototype hypothesis the context and circumstance of stress as was supported by the data, while the cognitive important variables. hypothesis was not. In conclusion, we are treated to a novel and interesting way of It is argued that the application of a processing sibling data that will, I hope, behavioral-genetic perspective would generate additional analyses. complement a social action model of coronary- prone behavior. Social interactions with This volume includes several new and others may prove a source of stress, so that compelling contributions to the literature on examination of nonshared family factors (i.e, nonshared environment. It was somewhat marital conflict, sibling and peer relations, and disappointing that the voices of the editors, family structure) is advised. Longitudinal all prominent researchers in the field, were siblings studies designed with these themes in generally silent: Aside from a brief mind would be desirable. introduction, no commentaries or concluding statements were provided. Additional efforts Chapter 9 (Deal, Halverson, and to draw meaningful links among the various Wampler) presents a conceptualization of contributions, many of which touch upon sibling similarity as an individual differences similar themes, would also have been helpful. variable. This interesting chapter casts sibling This book is recommended for researchers and similarity in a new light by reminding us that students with some acquaintance with current sibling pairs vary in degree of similarity, a issues in behavioral-genetic research. finding possibly obscured by correlations representing group level data. (This point is References also addressed in Chapters 1 and 2.) Following a discussion of problems surrounding correlation Dunn, J., & Plomin, R. (1990). Separate Lives: coefficients and difference scores, the use of the Why siblings are so different. New York: Basic "true dyadic score" is proposed - this is a Books. correlation computed between test items for each sibling in a pair; this correlation is then Gottesman, I. I., and Bertelsen, A. (1989). entered into a data set as a measure of Confirming unexpressed genotypes for similarity. schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 867-872. This approach is illustrated with data Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Kessler, R.C., gathered to assess competing hypotheses Heath, A.c., & Eaves, (1992a). A concerning treatment of siblings: (1) a cognitive L.J. population-based twin study of major hypothesis in which parents who perceive depression in women: The impact of varying similarities in children treat them alike, and definitions of illness. Archives of General (2) a "prototype" hypothesis which posits that Psychiatry, 49, 257-266. if a rearing practice works with one child it is used with the other child. A series Qf parent questionnaires on attitudes and perceptions was Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Kessler, R.C, collected, and parents and children were Heath, A.C., & Eaves, L.J. (1992b). observed across three settings. True siblings Generalized anxiety disorder in women: A proved more alike than pairs of unrelated population-based twin study. Archives of siblings, but the difference was not large - the General Psychiatry, 49, 267-272. 14

Male Violence hormones, especially testosterone. Rough-and- tumble episodes and 'horseplay' may constitute Edited by John Archer. Routledge, 29 W. 35th one way in which older boys work out physical St., New York, NY 10001 USA, 1994, $19.95 dominance relations. (ppr.). Adopting a perspective derived from Reviewed by Johan M.G. van der Dennen, studies of dominance in other social animals, Center for Peace and Conflict Studies, particularly primates, Glenn Weisfeld argues University of Groningen, the Netherlands, E- that boys compete so as to form dominance mail: [email protected] orders or hierarchies. Weisfeld discusses the ways in which boys' dominance relations are Violence is, universally, an integral similar to those of other primates, and their part of the masculine mystique. As Paul Gilbert importance for providing access to resources remarks in the concluding chapter, male (and hence 'fitness' defined as reproductive violence may outrank disease and famine as the success). Weisfeld also discusses the stability major cause of human suffering. Male violence of the hierarchy over time, and the correlates is not a typical product of our (Western of high dominance rank with other patriarchical) civilization, nor our (capitalist) (personality) attributes. Finally, he outlines mode of production; nor is it a male conspiracy the association of aggressiveness and in order to suppress, terrorize and exploit dominance position with social problems such women. Barry McCarthy notes that in as delinquency. 'traditional' cultures too there is an almost universal, intimate bond between warrior In chapter 4, Yvette Ahmad and Peter values and conventional notions of masculinity. K. Smith describe their research on bullying, which was built on earlier research by Dan Because, as evolutionary biology Olweus in Norway. For male victims, it was predicts, in sexually reproducing species one sex usually other boys who were the bullies. For (mostly the males) competes for the ultimately girls it depended on age: at 8 and 11 years, they limiting reproductive resource (mostly the were more likely to be bullied by boys, whereas females), armaments, vigor, strength, and at 13 and 15 years of age other girls were the fighting capabilities are in many species more frequent bullies. Girls were more likely to confined to, or more conspicuous in, the males. use and experience indirect forms of aggression Agonistic behavior and its morphological such as spreading rumours. paraphernalia are almost universally sexually dimorphic, and can be understood as reflecting Part II is concerned with violence the different optimum reproductive strategies toward other men. Arnold Goldstein discusses of the sexes. This is, ultimately, the the male gang, concentrating on studies carried evolutionary rationale of all sexual out in North America. Gang members are dimorphism; not only in human societies are mainly males, 12 to 21 years of age, from poorer violence and aggression 'gendered' phenomena. areas, with African Americans and Hispanics These and similar observations have led highly represented. The gang provides an Archer to take as the starting point of the book alternative way of obtaining resources and not the generality of aggression in the human social status for young males from poor and species, but the predominantly male nature of educationally disadvantaged groups. most acts of violence. McCarthy adopts a historical and The first section is devoted to cross-cultural viewpoint in considering the "Aggression in Childhood." In his chapter, values behind men who adopt the warrior role. Michael Boulton outlines the difficulties in He shows that the warrior ethos (notably distinguishing between rough-and-tumble play courage, endurance, strength and skill, and and 'real' aggression. In both cases there are 'honor') is closely linked with concepts of profound sex differences, which have commonly masculinity. Ethnographers' reports suggest been attributed to differences in prenatal that participation in successful warfare by 15 young men is a key to status and prestige within sexual violence towards children. Although the group, including access to privileges and previous research on physical abuse has tended perquisites, and especially access to (nubile) to focus on the mother, she found that men were women. In politi.cally and socio-economically implicated much mote frequently than WOmen. elaborate societies, a distinct warrior caste or Maternal psychiatric <:ondition (particularly military elite develops, characterized by depression) and poor mothering increase the strong in-group sentiments combined with a chance of both forms of abuse. . dehumanizing ideology toward oUf-groups. Kevin Browne reviews research on In the next chapter, Archer considers sexual abuse of children. The most common age violent disputes between pairs or small groups of offenders is 35 to 40, but there is no clear of men. The most severe violence occurs between profile of the typical abuser. Perpetrators are young men. The typical precipitating event usually known to the victim, but not members of involves violation of perceived social rules the immediate family. There is evidence for reflecting on status and self-esteem. Alcohol intergenerational transmission: one generation's and the availability of weapons play roles in viGtim may become the next generation's the escalation of fighting. offellder. .

Part III is concerned with male violence The final part of the book is concerned towards women and children. Robin Goodwin with explanations of male violence from a describes dating violence, or 'relationship number of different perspectives. Angela Turner aggression'. He includes both physical and considers the genetic and hormonal evidence. sexual aggression in his discussion of the She concludes that there is at most a small importance of cultural background for genetic component underlying delinquency, understanding the significance of these acts. aggression and violence, but a greater one for the personality traits underlying these, such as Neil Frude views marital violence in sensation-seeking and impulsiveness. The its cultural and societal context. Social class, evidence also supports a moderate association characteristics of the relationship, and between testosterone and aggression. While personal attributes of the individuals all form there appears to be some neuroendocrinological a background to the .violent incident itself, basis to greater male violence, this potential which is commonly sparked off by quarrels can be reinforced or diminished depending on about sex or money. Frude's interactional view socialization. does not imply that both protagonists are equally responsible; it is usually husbands who Martin Daly and Margo Wilson present are violent. a DarwL.'1ian perspective on male violence. The evolutionary view explains why males and Paul Pollard examines the females have differelltreproduct{ve strategies, characteristks of males who commit sexual resulting in conflicts of interest between males violence. Rape and other forms of sexual and females. Most male violence - against men, assault are far more common than is generally women, and children - can be understood in supposed, and the typical rapist is an terms of these principles. acquaintance who does not have a criminal record and is generally not reported to the John Hoffmann, Timothy Ireland and police. Although rape proclivity seems to be a Cathy WidQm critically examine traditional continuous attribute within the male socialization explanations of aggressive population, the 'macho male' whose sense of behavior, with roots mainly in psychoanalytic self worth is bolstered by the pursuit of and social learning theory (especially dominance over and exploitation of women is Bandura's version). Although this theory particularly likely to translate his misogyny provides a basis for understanding the intCJ sexual violence. transmission of aggression by family, peer group and the mass media, there remains the need to In Chapter 11, Bernice Andrews consider the sex of both the perpetrator and the desGribes her research on both physical and victim in this, originally 'gender-free', 16

theoretical perspective. Grooming, Gossip and the In a chapter on power explanations, Evolution of Language Archer considers the feminist argument that husbands' violence towards wives forms part of By Robin Dunbar. Faber & Faber, 50 Cross St., a wider historical system, patriarchy. This Winchester, MA 01890 USA, 1996, £15.99 explanation can be compared with an (hdbk.). interpersonal status explanation for inter-male violence. The two explanations are linked by a Reviewed by Wolfgang Schleidt, Robert- common set of masculine values which endorse Hamerlingg. 1/22, A-1l50 Vienna, Austria. the use of violence to attain status in the eyes of other men, and to keep women subservient. This book is founded on the premise Archer argues that these values arose from the that extremely complex scientific problems of conflict of interest between the optimum human evolution can have amazingly simple reproductive strategies of males and females, answers. The old problem: "Where does and from inter-male competition arising from human language come from?" has a simple sexual selection. answer: "From grooming." The unexpected spin-off: we now understand "why humans Anne Campbell and Steven Muncer have such large brains, and why we spend two argue that men and women think about thirds of our time gossiping about one aggression and violence differently. Men another." consider violence in instrumental terms, connected with obtaining tangible or abstract These quotations from the press benefits, whereas for women it represents a release match similar assertions in the book discharge of emotion, a sign of not coping. The itself. After a few pages it becomes obvious authors argue that these different meanings that Robin Dunbar intends neither to lead to mutual misunderstanding which may summarize and defend his "vocal grooming" aggravate marital conflict. hypothesis, nor to attempt a scholarly review of the evolution of human language. He Lastly, Paul Gilbert provides an simply presents his current scientific ideas in integration of explanations for male violence, an easygoing, gossipy prose - printed vocal ranging from sources as diverse as grooming offered to a large readership of psychoanalysis to evolutionary biology. He laypersons. He does this very well and with views aggression as a strategy for a variety of so much confidence and persuasive power that ends, such as coercion of others, self- some of his groomees may well take his words representation, and achieving status. The as facts of life and accept his train of tactics of intim.idating others and gaining their thoughts as representative of modern admiration often merge in a single act of scientific reasoning. violence. Gilbert then examines the cultural context (capitalism and the major religions) In a nutshell, Dunbar's argument runs which promotes ruthless and competitive like this: We know for a fact that in primates masculine values, and devalues feminine groomirig is a matter of not just bodily hygiene attributes such as empathy, affiliation and but social hygiene as well. So it is not compassion. These values, he argues, help to surprising to find that the amount of time perpetuate male domination and violence. spent grooming is correlated with group size: the bigger the species-specific group size, the This book is a good place to start for more grooming is observed. It is not that those who wish to gain familiarity with primates in larger groups have more parasites evolutionary thinking about human social in their fur; they use grooming as a social behavior. It is also recommended to favor, as the grease of social life. 'mainstream' social and behavioral scientists. Note: For this review, I have borrowed But there is another curious liberally from John Archer's eloquent connection: The larger the group size of a introductory chapter. species, the larger are their brains. That is 17

quite reasonable when we consider that it However, Dunbar neglects to mention other takes brain power to keep track of all the scholars who have preceded him with specific faces of friends and foes, and who does what hypotheses in this field. These include with whom. As we know now, the whole Malinowski (1923) and his concept of "phatic gamut of Machiavellian intelligence is no communication" (the special case of human longer a sign of human superiority over the communication "in which ties of union are brutes, but an old primate trait that has found created by a mere exchange of words"); Morris in humanity only its ultimate expression. (1967), who first described "grooming talking" as "the meaningless, polite chatter of social How does all this apply to the occasions, the nice weather we are having or evolution of language and gossip? We know have you read any good book lately form of from the fossil record that over the past 3 talking," and my own work on "tonic million years human brain size has communication" and bonding (Schleidt 1973). multiplied. Since we now know that in (selected?) primate species brain size and But what I find most disappointing in group size are correlated, we can predict the this book - especially if it is intended as group size of our ancestors. So we can easily popular science - is its lack of balance in see from data on cranial size that dealing with scientific evidence and Australopithecines must have lived in groups reasoning. We hear many arguments for, and of around 60, Homo erectus made it to around rarely any against, the hypothesis under 100, and modem humans can handle around consideration. Moreover, the book misleads 150 of their own kind. lay readers by its simplistic chains of reasoning about complex relations. For And now comes the amazing leap of example, often causation is implied when only faith: Modem humans, blessed or cursed with a correlation has been found. their big brains, not only are stuck with those 150 other members of their group; each one of For the scientifically inclined reader them has to be groomed in order to ensure this book can serve at best as a teaser, a spur to social hygiene and harmony! How much time look up the critical details in Dunbar's more would we need to groom 150 fellow group recent papers (1992, 1993 and Dunbar & Spoors members? The answer is very simple: we just 1995). The interrelations among group size, convert "brain size" to "grooming time." In so grooming time, and brain size in primates have doing, we see where the real problem in been presented much more carefully in Dunbar's hominid evolution lay. Australopithecines lead article (1993) in Behavioral and Brain were still well off in this respect; they Sciences, and what can be learned from them groomed less than do gelada baboons today. becomes much clearer in the multifaceted But Homo erectus was in trouble: with discussion that follows. This article shows not groommg aroUI)d 30%, the time budget only that there is indeed a very interesting nest got rather tight, and a fortiori for modem of problems, but also how far we are from humans, getting up beyond 40%. There is understanding the question "Where does human simply not enough time left for other language come from?" important activities if social relations are managed the old fashioned, grooming way.

Therefore, verbal language had to References evolve in order to insure survival of the human race. But since, as primates, we were used to Dunbar, R. I. M. (1992). Neocortex size as a spending a lot of time grooming anyway, we constraint on group size in primates. Journal of employ our verbal language primarily in Human Evolution 20: 469-493. endless. gossip - "vocal grooming." Instead of simply telling each other briefly, once a day Dunbar, R. I. M. (1993) The co-evolution of how we feel ("How are you?" - "Fine!"), we neocortical size, group size and the evolution belabor trivial matters interminably. of language in humans. Behavioral arid Brain Sciences, 16: 681-735. All this is presented on some 200 pages within a wider context of more or less related Dunbar, R. I. M., & Spoors, M. (1995) Social observations concerning evolution, primates, networks, support cliques and kinship. Human groomin.g, language, and development. Nature, 6: 273-290. 18

Malinowski, B. (1923) The problem of meaning behavior. This argument has recently been in primitive languages. In C. K. Ogden & 1. A. updated by Daly & Wilson (1994), who Richards (Eds.), The Meaning of Meaning, pp. assessed violence on the basis of criteria 451-510. New York: Harcourt. derived from Darwinian medicine, to show that it generally does not fit any of the criteria Morris, D. (1967) The Naked Ape. New York: for pathology (for a clear statement of a Dell. different position, see Raine, 1993).

Schleidt, W. M. (1973) Tonic communication: On the other hand, the considerable continual effects of discrete signs. Journal of misconceptions in Lorenz's writings on Theoretical Biology 42: 359-386. aggression are painfully obvious from the vantage point of modern evolutionary theory. His evolutionary arguments are all based on On Aggression group selection, and are therefore almost invariably invalid. The reason for the By Konrad Lorenz. Re-issued with a new evolution of "limited-war" strategies is not to introduction by Eric Salzen. Routledge, 29 W. avoid killing too many of one's own species or to 35th St., New York, NY 10001 USA, 1996, promote harmony in the group. It is to avoid $15.95 (ppr.). dangerous counter-attacks, as was shown formally in the game theory models of Reviewed by John Archer, Department of Maynard Smith (1982), but had also been Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, pointed out by Geist (1966). The inadequacy of Preston PR1 2HE, UK. the policing-function of dominance can also be found in two books on animal behavior Konrad's Lorenz's contributions to the and ecology which should have been available formation of ethology are widely recognized - to (Lack, 1954; Tinbergen, 1953). his observations, his application of the comparative method to the evolution of More of the initial criticism of 0 n displays, empirical studies of imprinting, and Aggression centered on his general model of the application of the concept of releasers to motivation, which he applied inappropriately humans. But his ideas about aggression, to aggression (Berkowitz, 1967; Hinde, 1967; outlined in an engaging and readable way in Johnson, 1972; Toates & Archer, 1978). this well-known book, were at best Essentially, he did not recognize the distinction controversial when it was first published in between appetites and aversions made by Craig German in 1963, and from the view of hindsight (1928), and he viewed aggression as something are misguided on several counts. The errors in that built up in the absence of performance, like Lorenz's views on aggression were well hu..'lger or a sexual urge. The whole weight of addressed by several critics in the years empirical studies of animal aggression (Archer, following the publication of his book. In my 1988), as well as those from social psychology opinion, it contributes little to the modern study (Berkowitz, 1993), shows that this is an of aggression, and does not deserve to be re- untenable position. Lorenz's extension of his issued and re-packaged thirty years later. position on the motivational basis of aggression This is clearly not a view shared by the to human warfare was to prove particularly publishers, nor by Eric Salzen, whose new unpalatable for later commentators (see below). introduction seeks to persuade a modern readership that On Aggression is still worth There is, of course, much else in the reading. book in addition to discussions informed by group selection and the hydraulic model of Before considering the background to motivation. There is consideration of the the re-issue of On Aggression and the merits of causation of displays, partly anecdotal and the new introduction, I shall make a few partly theoretically driven, so that it is comments about the contents of the book itself. sometimes difficult to determine what is being On the positive side, it did seek to place the claimed. There is also the argument that study of aggression in the natural world where intense feelings of love are derived from the it mostly belongs, in contrast to the view need to placate intense feelings of hostility, so widely found in the human sciences, that that love only occurs when there is prior aggression is an abnormal aspect of human hostility between members of a species. Again, 19 this interesting argument is misconceived. endorsement by several learned sotieties Looking at the phenomenon of love (or including the American Psychological attachment) from the vantage-point of modern Association, which printed and reprinted it in Darwinism indicates that it arises from the American Psychologist in 1990 and 1994. requirement (for the purpose of fitness) to maintain stable relationships. Personally, I do not like the Seville Statement. Its dogmatic tone, and the way it So, the reader may be thinking, concentrates on the negative, makes it sound Lorenz's explanations are misconceived. But naive, and diverts attention away from what surely, as the cover of Routledge's new edition we do know about aggression. More claims, his observations are sound. I am not sure importantly, iJ enables those who essentially that I can even agree with this. Take for support a Lorenzian position on aggression to go example the statement that animals do not kill on the offensive. They now have a series of many of their own species, carrying with it the statements to criticize, and this tends to obscure implicatioI.l that it is human destructiveness tbe deficits in their own position which were that has to be explained. It is, like many of exposed long ago. The authors of the statement Lorenz's other observations, not based ort careful have also unwittingly provided a reason for quantitative analysis, and has more recently reprinting Lorenz's original book, when it been countered by Williams (1988), who asserts deserves only to be a historical footnote in the that for most mammalian species, the murder history of aggression research. rate is higher than in large American cities (Williams, 1988). Finally, how effective is Salzen's introduction to the new edition? It is very good These and other examples (the in setting the context of the subsequent debate existence of so-called vacuum activities and the over Lorenz's ideas. It also gives a good appeasement gestures of wolves) are appraisal of Lorenz's claims from a controversial because oJ the method on which sympathetic stance without seeking to distort they were based. Lorenz relied on verbal or defend those aspects that have stood the test description, and he rejected experiments, of time least well. It is a very good defense of quantification and statistical analysis what in my view remains indefensible,. Salzen (Bateson, 1989). In terms of methodology, be rightly says that it was the motivational basis has much in common with those politically- of aggression - the claim about its spontaneity, motivated social psychologists who seek to together with the link made between replace positivist science with qualitative individual and group aggression - that was methodology. Like their empirical efforts, criticized when the book first came out. Lorenz's observations lack validity and Despite these initial criticisms, Lorenz's views reliability checks, enabling subjective bias to on aggression were retained by ethologists who flourish, and they suffer from selectivity and maintained his general view of the subject argument by example (Morgan, 1996). ("classical" ethologists: see Archer, 1992), notably by Eibl-Eibesfeldt. In view of what It is true, as the blurb on the back of the was seen to be their influence in the wider book says, that the main contemporary interest community, the Seville Statement was drawn in On Aggression lies in the cOI.ltroversiaI up, which as I have indicated only served to reaction to aspects of what Lorenz was supposed resurrect the debate. to have said in the book. This reaction was the Seville Statement on Violence, made by twenty Salzen tackles the issue of Lorenz's leading aggression researchers at a Colloquium ideCis on motivation, referring to them as "the on Brain and Aggression in Seville in 1986. ethological analysis of aggression;" This is an There were five propositions about war, unfortunate phrase because it is exactly how aggression and violence, all couched in negative many psychologists do see Lorenz's views, as and dogmatic terms, e'ach starting with "It is the only ethological analysis of animal sckntifically incorrect to say... ". What aggression. It obscures a wealth of detailed follows is usually a position held to originate empirical research and carefully constructed from Lorenz's writings, although it can be theory on animal aggression, as well as argued, as Salzen does in his introduction, that syntheses by myself and others (Archer, 1976, Lorenz held none of these vieWs. The 1988; Huntingford & Turner, 1987; Archer & importance of the statement lies in its Huntingford, 1994). Salzen does admit that 20 "Perhaps Lorenz was mistaken in postulating repackaging of Lorenz's book. In doing so he an inbuilt specific urge for aggression" (p. xv). says that the importance of the book is to draw. In my view, such an admission removes the attention to the elemental basis of aggression foundation of much of Lorenz's theorizing about and its driving forces. However, he also says aggression. that there is now little support for the type of aggressive drive that Lorenz suggested, which But not for Salzen. He builds a would seem to imply that we could more revisionist position, saying that maybe there is profitably look at other sources to learn about no inbuilt aggressive urge, but that spontaneous the motivational bases of aggressive behavior, aggression comes from another motive, for rather than returning to Lorenz's example for status and power. He is clearly fundamentally flawed view of the subject. referring to young male violence here, as he goes on to make a link with testosterone on the References one hand and petty crime on the other. While it is true that violent (not petty) crime has a Archer, J. (1976). The organization of aggression number of biological markers (Raine, 1993), and feat in vertebrates. In P.P.G. Bateson & P. some of which are undoubtedly linked in a Klopfer (Eds.), Perspectives in Ethology 2 (pp. causal way, the picture is much more complex 231-298). New York & London: Plenum. than Salzen admits. --- (1988). The Behavioral Biology of Also, the supposed causal link between Aggression. Cambridge & New York: testosterone and human aggression has not Cambridge University Press. withstood careful empirical scrutiny (Archer, 1991, 1994; Halpern et al., 1994). Lorenz would --- (1991). The influence of testosterone on have been vindicated if a chemical could be human aggression. British Journal of found that builds up in the absence of an Psychology, 82, 1-28. aggressive outburst and then declines after such an outburst. If anything, testosterone levels --- (1992). Ethology and Human Development. increase after successful aggression or Hemel-Hempstead, UK: Harvester- competition (Archer, 1994). Wheatsheaf.

Salzen also admits to certain other --- (1994). Testosterone and aggression. Journal errors in Lorenz's work; for example, it would of Offender Rehabilitation, 21, 3-25. have been useful to point out modem Darwinian thinking, and how this is necessary for clear --- & Huntingford, F.A. (1994). Game theory thinking about functional questions. This is models and escalation of animal fights. In M. especially needed when looking back in time, Potegal & J.F. Knutson (Eds.), The Dynamics of as Lorenz was by no means alone among the Aggression: Biological and Social Processes (pp. biologists when he espoused group selection. 3-31). London & Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Salzen does his best to salvage Lorenz's contentious writings on war, where he applied Bateson, P.P.G. (1989). Obituary of Konrad the same argument as he did to intra-group Lorenz. The Independent, (London), 4 March. aggression. Salzen is able to point to more .recent research indicating the precursors of Berkowitz, L. (1973). The case for bottling up warfare in other species, notably in rage. New Society, 25, 761-764. chimpanzees. Salzen admits that Lorenz did .!lot distinguish between inter- and intra-group --- (1993). Aggression: Its Causes, Consequences aggression as clearly as he should have. and Control. McGraw-Hill: New York. Nevertheless, there may be closer links between inter-group conflicts in animals and Craig, W. (1928). Why do animals fight? th.e simpler forms of human warfare than International Journal of Ethics, 31, 264-278. critics were initially prepared to acknowledge. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1994). Evolutionary Of course, Salzen has the task of psychology of male violence. In J. Archer (Ed.), ultimately endorsing the reprinting and Male Violence. (pp. 253-288). London & New York: Routledge. 21 Geist. V. (1966). The of horn-like Lying and Deception in Everyday Life apart organs. Behavior, 27, 175-214. from other books on deception." However, the editors should have told this to the Halpern, C.T., Udry, J.R., Campbell, B. & contributors, since "emotion" is neither defined Suchindran; C. (1994). Relationships between by the editors nor emphasized in many of the aggression and pubertal increases in book's chapters. The title words, "in Everyday testosterone: A panel analysis of adolescent Life," also sets the tone of this book. The males. Social Biology, 40, 8-24. authors add in the Preface, ".. .it appears that we all use and need deception in order to cope Huntingford, F.A. & Turner, A.K. (1987). with social life, both within ourselves and in Animal Conflict. London & New York: our relationships with others." Chapman & Hall. The book contains no previously- Johnson, R.N. (1972). Aggression in Man and unpublished data. Nine of the book's 10 Animals. Philadelphia: Saunders. chapfers have a psychological perspective. One chapter is developmental (Michael Lack, D. (1954). The Natural Regulation of Lewis), one is descriptively empirical (Paul Animal Numbers. Oxford: Clarendon. Ekman), and the rest are mainly second order (Le., self-report) empiricism. The ODe non- Maynard Smith, J. (1982). Evolution and the psychological chapter (Robert C. Solomon), is Theory of Games. Cambridge & New York: philosophical. Cambridge University Press. Solomon's chapter contains some Morgan, M. (1996). Qualitative research: A interesting thoughts on deception by Nietzsche, package deal? The Psychologist, 9, 31-32. Kant, and Sartie. Both Nietzsche and Jung thought that humans need cultural myths, Toates, F.M. & Archer, J. (1978). A comparative which Solomon re-defines as "collective self- review of motivational systems using classical deception," and then adds that it is "big lies" control theory. Animal Behavior, 26, 368-380. that h.old most religions and cultures together. Solomon also reviews the 7-13th century Stoics, Raine, A. (1993). The Psychopathology of who argued that our emotions are distorted Crime: Criminal Behavior as a Clinical· perceptions or judgments, that all emotions are, Disorder. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. in this sense, self deceptive, with love being an example of the most pervasive self-deception. Tinbergen, N. (1953); Social Behavior in Outside of science, one is left with the Animzls. London: Methuen. bothersome question, what use is truth and why should natural selection favor it? Williams, G.c. (1988). Huxley, evolution and ethics in sOclobiological perspective. Zygon, 23, Many of the chapters (e.g., Sarni and 383-407. Lewis) could benefit from cross fertilization from biology. Human ethologists should appreciate the statement, "...in simple Lying and Deception societies when deception occurs, it is typically in Everyday Life around aggression or dominance, access to food Or goods, access to desirable mates... " How is Edited by Michael Lewis and Carolyn Saarnio this different from more complex societies? The The Guilford Press, 72 Spring Street, New York, authors also propose that a culture's etiquette NY 1()()12, USA. 1993, $27.95 (hdbk.). can be considered a deception-enabling vehicle in that prescribed and predetermined behavior ReviEwed by Jay R. Feierman, Department of allows us to act in ways that are not congruent Psycl1iatry, University of New with the way we think or feel. As an example, Albuquerque, NM 87113, USA. the [universal] human process of bargaining "is jrfeie:[email protected] a series of deceptions, ritualized into a technique in which goods are bought and sold." In the Preface to this book the authors state", "We think this focus on emotion sets Robert W. Mitchell's chapter, 22 "Animals as Liars: The Human Face of accross the generations. The authors also Nonhuman Duplicity," was painfully long and discuss cultural-specific "display rules" and as confusing as its subtitle. Lewis's how, through cultural transmission, one learns phylogeneticaUy-myopic but otherwise to display affect through Ekman's proposed interesting chapter on "The Development of mechanisms of minimization, maximization, Deception," following Bok, divides deception masking, and substitution. into three, ostensibly functional, categories: (1) lying to save the feelings of another, (2) lying The Chapter "Sex Differences in Lying: to avoid punishment, and (3) lying to the self How Women and Men Deal with the Dilemma (which is not really a functional category). of Deceit," by Bella M. DePaulo, Jennifer A. "One might argue that the function of deception Epstein, and Melissa M. Wyer, is weak. It is in protecting the feelings of others is also phylogenetically myopic and, thereJore, evolutionarily appropriate if one of the tasks misses the big picture, i.e., the biology of sex of our evolutionary history was to develop and differences as a basis for sex differences in maintain complex social interactions." deceit. In addition, almost all of the reviewed data are based on what people say they feel, In reporting his own previously think, and do, rather than on what they published research on not quite 3-year-old actually do, which is a weakness of most of the children, Lewis says, "...through the use of an chapters in this book. elaborate coding system that measured both facial as well as bodily postures, we found that Sandra T. Sigmon and C. R. Snyder's we could not distinguish between those children chapter on "Looking at Oneself in a Rose- who did not lie and those that did." No sex Colored Mirror" suggests an interesting differences were found, although in the metaphor for their thesis that "having a [self- experiment to test lying, "girls resisted deceptively] positive biased perception of temptation better than boys,"l which gave the reality characterizes most healthy girls less about which to lie. In the same individuals." However, the authors missed experiments, children who told the truth and the opportunity to relate this norm to self- did not lie when questioned about their peeking perception in non-healthy individuals who had the lowest IQ! Older children, ages 3-6, demonstrate the extremes of mood thought and were also able to deceive adults without being behavior. detected, based on adults making detailed analysis of facial and bodily behavior coded by experimenters trained in facial coding Roy F. Baumeister presents a different procedures. slant on self-deception in his chapter "Lying to Yourself: The Enigma of Self-Deception," in Lewis used the same experimental that his main thesis is that ".. .lying to others paradigm to study deception in Japanese is often a vital part of lying to oneself. In other children in Tokyo, ages 4-7. As with the words, the self is more readily fooled if others American children, Japanese children were are fooled too." His thesis that one fools others more likely to deceive as they got older. to better fool oneself is seemingly oblivious However, Japanese children were better able to (i.e., in the citations) of the equally persuasive resist temptation and had less need to deceive. literature on the opposite argument, namely In addition, compared to the American that one deceives oneself to be better able to children, Japanese children showed less facial deceive others (Lockard & Paulhus, 1988). behavior, less smiling, lip biting, frowning, and nervous touching. Baumeister cites studies that show that depressed people tend to see events more Saarni and Maria von Salisch's accurately than non-depressed people, and then chapter, "The Socialization of Emotional argues that seeing the world (including oneself) Dissemblance," assumes through the word, in a favorably distorted fashion is an integral "socialization," that children learn deception part of healthy adjustment. He cites other similarly to how they learn other arbitrary studies supporting the self-fulfilling prophecy behaviors (e.g., when, where, and how to cover that believing something is true helps make it or not cover your head or when to take your come true and that motivation improves shoes off) that are culturally transmitted performance. 23

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank's deception. Ekman's book reports on behavior chapter, "Lies that Fail," is vintage Ekman per se, and is an excellent source on the that should be familiar to all human detection of deception at half the price. ethologists. It is a summary of findings in Ekman's book (1992) on the detection of P. Randall Kropp and Richard Rogers' chapter, "Understanding Malingering: Officers of the Society Motivation, Method, and Detection," is weak and disappointing and is beyond "Everyday Life." It reviews the mainly clinical literature President on the dwindling differences between Charles B. Crawford Malingering (for financial benefit) and Department of Psychology Factitious Disorder (for psychological benefit), Simon Fraser University e.g., Munchausen's Syndrome, and their Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6 Canada relationship to Personality Disorders. Were tel. 1-604-291-3660 the authors to have taken a broader-than- fax 1-604-291-3427 e-mail: [email protected] clinical perspective, they would have seen the rich biological literature on feigned incapacity and could have framed the human issues more Vice-President! President-Elect Linda Mealey broadly. Dept. of Psychology Should persons interested in human Queensland University Brisbane 4072, Australia ethology buy this book? Maybe. I have fax 61-7-3365-4466 excerpted in this review almost everything in e-mail: [email protected]. the book that I thought would be of interest to human ethologists. A much larger portion of the book, which I did not review, reports at Vice-President for Information Glenn Weisfeld (see Editorial Box) best on second order data in which persons self- report how they think, feel, and did or would behave. I strongly suspect that the original Secretary Karl Grammer collectors of these data, as well as the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for contributors to this book, were, at least some of Urban Ethology!Human Biology the time, deceived by the very process they Althanstrasse 14 were attempting to study. A-1090 Vienna, Austria ISo much for the truthfulness of the Adam and tel. 43-1-31-336-1253 Eve myth! fax 43-1-31-336-788; e-mail: http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at Membership Renewals Treasurer Barbara F. Fuller It is time to renew your membership for 1997 if School of Nursing you have not already done so. Membership is University of Colorado by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by the 4200 E. Ninth Ave. first of the year. If the date on your mailing Denver, CO 80262 USA label is earlier than 1997, it is time to renew tel. 1-303-315-8929 your membership. For financial reasons, fax 1-303-315-5666 renewal notices are not usually sent. Those e-mail: [email protected] who do not renew their memberships will be removed from the membership list. Please Membership Chair report errors, changes of address, etc. to the Nancy L. Segal Treasurer. Be sure to inform her if you move; Department of Psychology the U.S. Post Office no longer returns California State University undelivered Bulletins with the recipient's Fullerton, CA 92834 USA new address. Current dues and directions for tel. 1-714-773-2142 payment are given on the last page. Please fax 1-714-449-7134 allow four weeks for recording changes of e-mail: [email protected]. address or payment of dues. 24 References that discrimination and prejudice emerge from an additional general tendency to favor Ekman, P. (1992). Telling Lies: Clues to deceit members of one's own group or kind over in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. members of other groups, regardless of the type New York: Norton. of group in question.

Lockard, J. 5., & Paulhus, D. L. (1988). Self- Hirschfeld contrasts this account with deception: An adaptive mechanism? the way in which non-psychologists, generally Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. anthropologists and historians, have understood and explained race. In these fields, Race in the Making: Cognition, brain has in large measure been removed Torn consideration. Instead, race is seen as a Culture, and the Child's tool of recent history, used to develop, Construction ofHuman Kinds solidify, and justify power relations among different groups of people (often Europeans By Lawrence A. Hirschfeld. The MIT Press, 55 among their colonial subjects). Hayward St., Cambridge, MA 02142, 1996, $35 (hdbk.). Hirschfeld offers a reconsideration of how to think about race in particular and social By Robert Kurzban, Department of Psychology, categories in general. Underlying his approach University of California Santa Barbara, Santa is a belief that the human mind consists of a set Barbara CA 93106, USA of mechanisms each with its own particular function, a perspective known as "domain- The walls between social psychology specificity." Accordingly, he posits the and anthropology have been crumbling as existence of a set of cognitive procedures that workers in both fields realize that they are specifically look for human kinds, in particular largely studying the same subject matter: the the human kinds that are constructed by the generation of culture by human minds. members· of the culture in which each Hirschfeld's Race in the Making makes an particular mind finds itself. In own words: important contribution to the elimination of "Human kinds are natural categories of the those barriers between the disciplines. His mind, in the sense that the mind is prepared to breadth of knowledge allows him to evaluate find them with little or no external the claims made by scientists in both fields in encouragement...The notion of race is the their respective studies of the role of race in outcome, the consequence, of this human affairs. It is perhaps a harbinger of preparedness..." (p. 188). things to come that his analysis leads him not to a compromise between views, but rather to One way to understand this view is by abandon both. analogy to language. By now, most linguists agree that humans have a discrete system for Hirschfeld begins by addressing the learning language, the so-called Language claim of many social psychologists that racial Acquisition Device (LAD). The LAD is a categorization is merely an instance of a more collection of mechanisms that searches for general human capacity for categorization. linguistic entities such as phonemes, words, and They reason that since distinguishing one thing a grammar constructed by local minds. In much (or kind of thing) from another is a principal the same way that the LAD expects to find part of cognition, racial categorization is an some language in its cultural setting, incidental result of the perceptual and Hirschfeld's system, which I will call the conceptual machinery that picks out different Social Kind Acquisition Device (SKAD), 1

continuous human variability it encounters, In a second series of experiments, learning the locally determined human type Hirschfeld challenged the notion widely held boundaries. Lastly, just as the LAD 'evolved in psychology that race is acquired visually. before English but nevertheless can learn it, we This view follows from the belief that racial can be fairly certain that the SKAD evolved categories exist "out there" in the world for before humans were travelling large children to discover, an idea that Hirschfeld distances such that they were encountering the shows is fraught with difficulties. kind of physical' variety that modern humans do today. Again, for better or worse, the SKAD To investigate the role of visual is nonetheless able to acquire these "racial" perception, children were read stories in which distinctions. the principal character interacts with four other characters. These people are all given To explore these ideas, Hirschfeld descriptors on several dimensions, such as "the designed and ran some ingenious studies aimed tall Asian grocer." The child's task was to at investigating the nature of children's recall the story as it was told to them. From development of their own concepts of human their retelling, it was calculated how groupings in general, and race in particular. In frequently the child used each type of possible his first experiments, he investigated the descriptor (sex, occupation, race, behavior, or extent to which children believe one's race can non-racial physical feature, such as 'tall'). change over one's lifetime, or even through generations. The idea behind the studies was There were two conditions, one in to investigate if there is something special which children were read the stories aloud, about children's conception of race as a marker and one in which children were given a picture of social kinds relative to other observable book with the child narrating by using the characteristics of a person. Children were pictures as a guide. If race were acquired and shown an adult along with two children who attended to by virtue of its physical correlates, were similar to the adult on one dimension the children should be more likely to recall (same race, occupation, or body build) and characters' race in the study in which they are different from the adult on a different seeing the characters' pictures. In comparison, dimension. The children were asked which Hirschfeld's model predicts the reverse by picture represented the adult when he/she was virtue of his claim that detecting human kinds a child (or .which one was the adult's child). is driven by discursive rather than visual Children chose the same-race child information. Indeed, this pattern is exactly significantly more often than the child with what he found. Children recalled characters' the same body type or occupation as the one race less frequently in the visual presentation that represented the target both as an adult than the verbal one. and as the target adult's child. This constitutes evidence that even 3-year olds seem to believe Despite the convincing nature of the that one's race is constant over the course of a empirical work reported, there seems to be a lifetime and heritable in ways that other small inconsistency in Hirschfeld's discussion of physical traits are not. domain specificity, the engine driving much of the theoretical content. In line with modern Hirschfeld also examined the degree to views on knowledge acquisition, Hirschfeld which children perceive race to be a argues that "experience is simply inadequate to "biological" rather than "cultural" explain how children come to share the phenomenon. When children were given a concepts of their elders." Domain specific scenario in which White parents mistakenly "theories" or "constraints" allow the child to brought home and raised a child born of Black structure the world around them. These parents (or the reverse), children believed the cognitive structures define classes of entities to child's skin color would resemble the natural be found in the world (animals, inanimate rather than "adoptive" parents. Taken objects, social kinds, etc.), and make ontological together with the previous study, these results commitments about their For instance, suggest that a theory-like understanding of entities parsed as people are attributed beliefs race develops early in life, and that children and desires, whereas entities parsed as understand that race is an intrinsic, enduring inanimate objects, like rocks, are not. The property of a person, rather than just a simple causal und.erstanding of the behavior of people perceptual attribute. 26 is governed by a kind of intuitive belief-desire Human Sperm Competition: psychology but (generally) not by the Copulation, masturbation and principles of physics, whereas rock behavior is understood by reference to physical causal infidelity principles such as gravity, but not beliefs or desires. By Robin Baker and Mark A. Bellis. Chapman & Hall, 115 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003 The difficulty arises in his description USA, 1995, $78.95 (hdbk.). of domain specificity, where he argues that"a domain-specific competence functions as a Reviewed by Esther Fallon, Psychology stable response to a set of recurring and complex Department, University of Queensland, problems faced by the organism." It is, Brisbane 4072, Australia. however, unclear whether he is talking about recurring in the sense of over the course of the The authors of Human Sperm organism's lifetime (ontogenetically) or over Competition are Robin Baker, a reader in the evolutionary natural history of the Zoology at the University of Manchester, and organism (phylogenetically). Mark Bellis, Senior Scientist for HIV/ AIDS monitoring and research at the Public Health At times he seems to espouse the Laboratory, Liverpool. Their approach to this phylogenetic view, which gives a guide to book is from the perspective of evolutionary defining domains, i.e., adaptive problems for and behavioural ecology. They have also gone which evolution can manufacture solutions. In some way to integrate psychology, arguing that contrast, his view that "domains" such as human behaviour will not be fully understood playing chess are the sort of repeatedly until an evolutionary perspective is applied to encountered problem for which a domain- the psyche as well as physiology. Baker and specific competence can emerge seems to imply Bellis do not just recycle past findings and an ontogenetic interpretation. Clearly, chess- reinterpret them in the evolutionary context of playing skills improve with experience, but the human sperm competition theory; their book problem is that this kind of domain skill contains almost as much of their own research, acquisition by experience seems to run into most of it using large human data bases exactly the difficulty that domain-specific specifically designed to test their theories. theories or constraints are supposed to solve, the insufficiency of experience alone to account Baker and Bellis define human sperm for knowledge acquisition. It seems that competition as the competition between sperm Hirschfeld must either choose the from different males for the prize of the egg(s) phylogenetic interpretation or demonstrate produced by a single female. When the authors how the ontogenetic interpretation avoids this began their research on sperm compeition in pitfall. 1988, they found that academically "the area was virgin territory." They have since collated Investigating the evolved psychology a mass of experimental research on nonhuman of how humans interpret human kinds is in its animals (beginning with studies on insect sperm infancy, and investigators will undoubtedly competition in the 1970s) and humans (for c()ntinue to make progress in discovering the example, the Kinsey reports). The collected nature of the cognitive architecture that body of research derives from every branch of governs this ubiquitous mental activity. the biological sciences and considers both the Hirschfeld's book will likely be the point of proximate and ultimate explanations of d€parture for future research into how humans sexuality. spontaneously think about race -atopic that will remain central to social psychologists, Because the authors are investigating sociologists, anthropologists, and anyone else relatively uncharted territory, they claim to interested in the ways in which human minds expect controversy. In fact, the subtitle of the generate social behavior. book suggests they may seek it. Alexander Harcourt (1995) wrote that "it is a pity that the authors [of Human Sperm Competition] 27 often give the impression of being deliberately (from animal to human, from female to male) provocative, because I suspect that clinicians as and speculations the authors make. Often they well as their zoologist colleagues would have point out that they suspect that a certain paid more attention to more gently presented process is occurring, but they cannot verify it for findings and argumentation" (p. 129). Baker lack of research. Further, while the authors and Bellis expct that many people may consder describe traditional theories of sexuality and the study of human sperm competition an other criticisms of these theories, they are unsavoury topic for academic consideration, forced to concede the lack of knowledge in the because data on intimate human behaviour area. must be collected. They also challenge traditional biologial and current medical They maintain that this dearth is doctrine, which describe all characteristics of simply because the idea ofsperm competition in human sexuality as straightforward solutions shaping human sexuality is such a novel to the requirements of fertilizati9n. the concept, and that their main purpose for authors argue instead that human sexuality in writing the book was to stimulate research. all its anatomical, physiological and New approaches, they claim, are needed in behavioural detail is more likely the this area for three main reasons: (1) scientific, evolutionary product of sperm competition. to increase understanding of the reproductive behaviours of humans and other animals; (2) Baker and Bellis present their medical, to revolutionize the approach to "kamikazee sperm hypothesis" as a major infertility and artifical insemination; and (3) illustration of this argument. They believe social, so that each sex may better understand that the majority of sperm are designed not for the behaviour and motivations of the other. the pursuit of fertilization but for blocking or Throughout Human Sperm Competition they actively searching for and destroying sperm argue for additional research and suggest ways from other males in the female reproductive in which it may be carried out. tract, that is, for literal sperm competition. Another argument they present in detail is the Baker and Bellis promote integrated idea that evolved traits related to sperm interdisciplinary research to achieve a holistic competition are not limited to males. The understanding of human sperm competition. By authors suggest that females can and do no means are they purely naturists; they do not promote sperm competition betwen the sperm of maintain that genes alone determine males via the evolution of behavioural, behavioural and other mechanisms of anatomical and physiological mechanisms, sexuality. In fact their book does not present such as sperm storage organs, polyandry, and the commonly argued dichotomous view of the 'family planning' strategies to create a fa:;ade nature/nurture issue. Instead they argue for an of monandry. interactive approach between inherited attributes an!=! the equally significant While the arguments about female environmental influences in shaping those sexual strategies are plausible and seem sound attributes. in the overall context of the book, the authors appear at times to think that scientific writing Of particular importance is the is exempt from the constraints of political environmental climate that they claim is correctness, and therefore sometimes, accuracy. produced between and within sexes of the same They often use imprecise language which does species, specifically in the development of not make clear the unconscious nature of sexual balanced polymorphic strategies. To support strategies. The result is text that, in places, this claim, Baker and Bellis pay particular smacks of misogyny: while males are portrayed attention to anthropologial and sociological as struggling (manfully) to out-compete other data, examining differences between cultures as males, "females quietly and secretly well as within them. manipulate and deceive them." For this reason, the book should appeal Another weakness of the book is the to readers in a wide range of disciplines, from large number of assumptions, generalizations biologists, psychologists m:td medics with an 28 interest in human sexuality, to evolutionary psychologists, anthropologists and ANNOUNCEMENTS behavioural ecologists. Through their adoption of a textbook style in Human Sperm Competition, Baker and Bellis facilitate comprehension by breaking the text into Change of Current specialized chapters, and then more Literature Editors manageable sections and subsections. This results in a piece of work that is not only comprehensive and detailed, but also logically After about 13 years of faithful and structured and able to be read easily from cover conscientious service, Bob Adams is to cover. It is therefore likely to also be enjoyed withdrawing from the job of Current Literature and utilized by academicians, students and lay editor of the Bulletin. Bob previously served biologists and psychologists. as editor of the Newsletter. Under Bob's tenure, the Current Literature section received Despite the previously mentioned many favorable comments from members. There minor reservations, I find that Baker and Bellis seems to be no comparable periodic compilation make a convincing argument for the existence in our field. and significance of human sperm competition. This is no mean feat. Human sexuality is a Bob will be succeeded by Johan van der diverse and complicated phenomenon; each Dennen of the University of Groningen. We are element must work, not only by itself, but also in very pleased to have so distinguished a compex and subtle interaction with every other scholar take over this important task. Johan is element. The result is an intricate tapestry in editor of the European Sociobiological Society which each thread is reliant on the others both Newsletter, and is Secretariat of that fine in its evolutionary development and in its organization. I take it as a sign of good terms current role promoting reproductive success of between our two groups that he has joined us. the individual. Baker and Bellis deftly cary out the difficult task of dissecting the various Hereafter, then, please send notices of elements without losing sight of the delicate publications for listing in Current Literature to interplay among them. They are, ultimately, Johan (see Editorial Box). Be sure they have persuasive in arguing that sperm competition not yet appeared in that section. Include the may have had a role in developing full address of the first author. each elemental thread as well as the patterns of the weave. Gesellschaftfiir Primato10 19ie

It is unlikely that Human Sperm The fifth Congress of the German Gesellschaft Competition will make any significant changes fUr Primatologie will take place in Berlin 1-5 in the practical world of science and October 1997. For more information contact psychology in the short term. However, the Prof. Dr. Dietmar Todt, Institut fur evidence and hypotheses Baker and Bellis Verhaltensbiologie, Haderslebener Str. 9, have advanced are almost certain to have an 12163 Berlin, Germany, e-mail [email protected] important impact on research in this general berlin.de. area, particularly in relation to artificial insemination techniques. And while the book is International Society for likely to have many critics who find some arguments tenuous, Human Sperm Competition Research on Aggression is as intellectually riveting as a good thriller. The 13th meeting of this group will be held in Reference New Jersey in the summer of 1998, at Ramapo Collelge. For information please contact Prof. Harcourt, A. H. (1995). The joy of sex. Nature, Roger N. Johnson, e-mail rjohnson@ramapo. 374-,129-130. edu. 29 International Ethological Biology and Politics Web Site Congress Research Committee #12, Biology and Politics, of the International Political Science The 25th biennial IEC meeting will Association has a new site on the World Wide take place in Vienna 20-27 August 1997. For information please contact XXV IEC, Wiener Web: http://ourworld.compus·erve.com/homepages1 Medizinische Akademie, Alser Strasse 4, 1090 steven_peterson_6. Wien, Austria, tel. 43-1-405-1383:23, fax 43-1- 405-1383-23, e-mail [email protected]. Internet URL http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at/events1iec .html. CURRENT LITERATURE

Journal of Comparative June 1997 Psychology Compiled by Bob Adams This American Psychological Association quarterly journal publishes Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. M. (1997). empirical and theoretical research on various Observing Interaction: An introduction to species, including humans. Areas such as sequential analysis (2nd edition). Cambridge behavior genetics, evolutionary psychology, University Press, 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY behavioral rhythms, communication, 10011-4211 USA. $55/96 (hdbk.), $19.96 (ppr.). comparative cognition, behavioral biology of Needs reviewer. conservation and animal welfare, development, endocrine-behavior interactions, methodology, Bogin, B., & Smith, B. H. (1996). Evolution of phylogenetic comparisons, social behavior, and the human life cycle. American Journal of social cognition are covered. Editor is Charles Human Biology, 8, 703-716. (Univ. of T. Snowdon. Rates are $28 for U.S. APA Michigan, Dept. Behav. Sci., Dearborn, MI members, $55 for U.S. others; $38 for 48128 USA) international surface mail to members, $70 for others. For information: tel. 1-800-374-2721, Braza, F., Braza, P., Carreras, M. R, & Munoz, fax 1-202-336-5568, e-mail J. (1997). Development of sex differences in www.apa.org/journals/com.html. preschool children: Social behavior during an academic year. Psychological Reports, 80, 179- New Journal 188. (Estacion Biologica de Donana, Apartado 1056,41013 Sevilla, Spain).

European Psychologist covers research Calafate, L. C. (1997). Etologia das Relac;os and development from the home of 48% of the Interpessoais: implicac;oes da Biologia do world's psychologists. This English-language Comportamento para a descri,C;o da comunicac;oo quarterly provides a platform for pedagogica. 0 Professor, 53 (3 a serie): 60-73. ( communication and cooperation among Instituto de Botanica "Dr. Gonc;alo Sampaio", psychologists throughout Europe and the Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre world. Devoted to psychology in its full 1191,4100 Porto, Portugal) . .breadth, the journal provides articles, reviews, and reports that address the international Chen, S. F., Swartz, K. B., & Terrace, H. S. psychological community. Editor is Kurt (1997). Knowledge of the ordinal position of Pawlik. Rates are $39 for American list items in rhesus monkeys. Psychological Psychological Association members regardless Science, 8, 80-86. (Reprint: Terrace, H. S., of location; and $49 for others. See previous Columbia Univ., Dept.' Psycho!., 496 item for contact numbers• Schermerhorn Hall,New York, NY 10027 USA) .. ', 30 Chism, L & Rogers, W. (1997). Male Jackson, F. (1996). The coevolutionary competition, mating success and female choice relationship of humans and domesticated in a seasonally breeding primate (Erythrocebus plants. In Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, patas). Ethology, 103, 109-126. (Winthrop Yearbook Series Vol. 39, 161-176. (Univ. Univ., Dept. Bio!., Rock Hill, SC 29733 USA) Maryland, Dept. Anthropol., Bioanthropol. Res. Lab., College Park, MD 20742 USA)

/' Dabbs, J. M. (1997). Testosterone, smiling, and Johnson, R. C. (1996). Attributes of Carnegie '\, facial appearance. Journal of Nonverbal medalists preforming acts of heroism and of the Behavior, 21, 45-56. (Georgia State Univ., recipients of these acts. Ethology & t'\ Dept. Psycho!., Atlanta, GA 30303 USA) Sociobiology, 17, 355. (Univ. Hawaii Manoa, I, ' Dept. Psycho!., Honolulu, HI 96822 USA) Diamond, M., Binstock, T., & Kohl, J. V. (1996). From fertilization to adult sexual behavior. Kirkpatrick, S. W., Bell, F. E., Johnson, c., Hormones & Behavior, 30, 333-353. Perkins, L & Sullivan, L. A. (1996). Interpretation of facial expressions of emotion: Fletcher, J. A., Bedau, M. A., & Zwick, M. the influence of eyebrows. Genetic Social and (1996). Dependence of adaptability on General Psychology Monographs, 122, 405-424. environmental structure in a simple (Univ., Alabama, Dept. Psycho!., Huntsville, evolutionary mode!. Adaptive Behavior, 4, AL 35899 USA) 283-316. (Portland State Univ., Sys. Sci. Ph,D. Program, POB 751, Portland, OR 97297 USA) Lalumiere, M. L., Chalmers, L. J., Quinsey, V. L. & Seto, M. C. (1996). A test of the mate Galati, D., & LaveHi, M. (1997). Neonate and deprivation hypothesis of sexual coercion. infant emotional expression perceived by Ethology & Sociobiology, 17, 299-318. (Mental adults. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 57. Health Center, Res. Dept., 500 Church St., (Univ. Turino, Dept. Psycho!., Via Language 3, Penetanguishene, ON, L9M IG3, Canada) 1-10123 Turnio, Italy) Lamprecht, J. (1996). What makes an Geary, D. C. (1996). Sexual selection and sex individual the leader of its group? An differences in mathematical abilities (with evolutionary concept of distance regulation and commentary). Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 19, leadership. Social Science Information sur Les 229-246. (Univ. Missouri, Dept. Psychol., Sciences Sociales, 35, 595-628. (Max Planck Columbia, MO 65211 USA) Inst. Verhaltensphysiol., D-082319, Seewiesen, Germany) Gottlieb, G. (1997). Synthesizing Nature- Nurture: Prenatal roots of instinctive behavior. Larsen, R. J., & Shackelford, T. K. (1996). Gaze Lawrence Erlbaum, 10 Industrial Ave., avoidance: Personality and social judgments of Mahwah, NJ 07430-2262 USA, $44.95 (hdbk.), people who avoid direct face-to-face contact. $17.95 (ppr.). Personality & Individual Differences, 21, 907- 918. (Univ. Michigan, Dept. Psychol., 525 E. Hartung, J. (1995). Love thy neighbor: the Univ., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA) evolution of in-group morality. Skeptic, 3, 86- 99. (Dept. of Anesthesiology, State Univ. of Lopez, A., Atran, S., Coley, J. D., Medin, D. L., New York, Albany, NY, USA) & Smith, E. E. (1997). The tree of life: Universal and cultural features of --- (1996). Prospects for existence: Morality and folkbiological taxonomies and inductions. genetic engineering. Skeptic, 4, 62-71. (see Cognitive Psychology, 32, 251. (Max Planck supra) Inst. Psycho!. Res., Leopoldstr. 24, 0-80802 Munich, Germany) Immerman, R. S., & Mackey, W. C. (1997). An additional facet of the incest taboo: a Mackey, Wade C. (1997). Population protection of the mating-strategy template. differentials: A view of the 21st century Journal of Genetic Psychology, 158: 151-164. through a coarse biocultural filter. Journal of (Reprint: Mackey, W. c., 401 Lake St., Apt. 6, Social, Political and Economic Studies, 22, 83- Bryan, TX 77801 USA) 97. (See Immerman & Mackey, supra) 31 McCaughey, M. (1996). Perverting Thiessen; D. (1997). False estrus in human evolutionary narratives of ,heterosexual females: Sexual manipulation without ,masculinity: Or, getting rid of the heterosexual conception. Perceptual &' 'Motor Skills, 84, 385- bug. GLG: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay' 386. '(Univ. Texas, Dept Psycho1.; Mezes Hali Studies; 3, 261-289. (Virginia Polytech Inst, & 330, Austin,'TX 78712 USA) State Univ., Center Interdisciplinary Studies, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA) Tobach, E., Skolnick, A. J., Klein, I, & Greenberg, G. (1997). Viewing of self and Qunizey, V. L., Ketserzis, E. E., & nonself mages i.Il. a group of captive orangutans Karamanoukian, A. (1996). Viewing time as a (Pongo pygmaeus abellii). Perceptual & Motor measure of sexual interest. Ethology & Skills, 84, 355-370. (Amer. Museum Nat Sociobiology, 17, 341-354. (Queens Univ., Dept History, Cent Park W. & 79th St, New York, Psycho1., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada) NY 10024 USA)

Rushton, J. P. (1997). Race, Evolution, and Tomasello, M., & Camaioni, L. (1997). A Behavior (paperback edition, with new comparison of the gestural communication of Afterword by the author). Transaction apes and human infants. Human Development, Publishers, Rutgers University, New 40, 7-24. (Emory Univ., Dept. Psycho!., Brunswick,. NJ 08903 USA. Atlanta, GA 30322 USA) c.A., & Daly, M. (1996). (On the Vila, B. (1997). Human nature and crime importance of kin relations to Canadian'\;v'Gmen control: Improving the feasibility of nurturant and men. Ethology & Sociobiology, 17, 289-298. strategies. Politics & the Life Sciences, 16, 3- (McMaster Univ., Dept. Psycho1., Hamilton, 21. (Dept. of Criminology, Law & Society, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada) School of Social Ecology, Univ. of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA) Santangelo, A. (1997). An Outline of the Building of Culture. La Pietra, Viale Giacomo Wade, T. J., & Abetz, H. (1997). Social Matteotti, 489, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, cognition and evolutionary psychology: Nee ds Physical attractiveness and contrast effects on , ' women's self-perceived body image. . ,..... International Journal of Psychology, 32, 35-42. - 13rothfr-sister and (Bucknell Univ., Dept Psychol., Lewisburg, PA parent-chill,l;i malS1icig,e outside1royal families 17837 USA) " m'a'neIertt' EgYPt' and ltMtt..,.,....( challenge to the sociobiological viev. of incest avoidance? Wasserman, E. A. (1997). The science of animal Ethology & Sociobiology, 17, 319-340. (Univ. cognition: Past, present, and future. Journal of Cambridge, Darwin CoIL, Cambridge, CB3 Experimental Psychology, 23, 123-135. (Univ. 9EU, England) Iowa, Dept. Psycho., Iowa City, IA 52242 USA)

Smith, C. A., & McHugo, G. J. (1996). Wynn, T. G., Tierson;' F. D.,. &.Palmer, C. T. Introduction to the Special Issue on Facial (1996). Evolution of sex differences in spatial Expression and Emotion: The legacy of John T. cognition. In Yearbook of Physical Lanzetta. Motivation & Emotion, 20, 85-120. Anthropology, Yearbook Series Vol. 39, 11-42. (Vanderbilt Univ., Dept Psycho1., & Human (Univ. Colorado, Dept. Anthropol., Colorado Dev., Box 512 Peabody, Nashville, TN 37203 Springs, CO 80933 USA) USA) Zinner, D. Hindahl, J., & Schwibbe, M. (1997). Springer, K., Meier, J. A., & Berry, D. S. (1996). Effects of temporal sampling patterns. of all- Nonverbal bases of social perception: occurrence recording in behavioural studies: Developmental change in sensitivity to Many short sampling periods are better than a patterns of motion that reveal interpersonal few long ones. Ethology, 103, 236:-246. events. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20, 199- (Deutsch. Primaten-Zentrum GMBH, AG 212. (Southern Methodist Verhaltensforsch aka!., Edv. Kommun. Psychol., Dallas, TX 75275 USA),· " I' 'Kellnerweg 4, 0-37077 Gottingen, Germany)

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