DOCSLIB.ORG

Acclerated Vehicle Retirement: Toward a Conceptualized Framework for Design and Implementation Nathan Woods Clemson University, [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acclerated Vehicle Retirement: Toward a Conceptualized Framework for Design and Implementation Nathan Woods Clemson University, Ntwoods@G.Clemson.Edu Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2011 Acclerated Vehicle Retirement: Toward a Conceptualized Framework for Design and Implementation Nathan Woods Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Woods, Nathan, "Acclerated Vehicle Retirement: Toward a Conceptualized Framework for Design and Implementation" (2011). All Theses. 1103. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1103 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ACCELERATED VEHICLE RETIREMENT: TOWARD A CONCEPTUALIZED FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of City and Regional Planning by Nathan Taylor Woods May 2011 Accepted by: Dr. Anne Dunning, Committee Chair Dr. Caitlin Dyckman Dr. Mickey Lauria ABSTRACT In the past Accelerated Vehicle Retirement (AVR) programs have been implemented to combat the economic and environmental costs of automobile dependent societies. Seventy-five such programs have been implemented worldwide since 1990. This thesis examines correlations among factors affecting program performance, the relationship of articulated program objectives to program performance, and how factors affecting program performance influence environmental concerns. Employing a mixed methodology, this analysis answers how an accelerated vehicle retirement program can be designed to maximize desired outcomes and minimize undesirable outcomes. The results of this analysis demonstrate that the order and type of objective stipulated by a program will influence a program’s performance, and that relationships among factors affecting program performance can dictate how well a program will function. The framework created from the literature review and from program analysis can apprise planners on how to most effectively design future AVR programs. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my tolerant wife, Jennifer, who spent an inordinate amount of time alone while this work took shape. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would have not been completed without the guidance and support of my thesis committee members, Drs. Anne Dunning, Committee Chair, Mickey Lauria, and Caitlin Dyckman. Their advice, support, and liberal provision of time guided this project and have been exceedingly valued. It should be stated that this project, along with countless others over the past two years, deeply benefited from moral support provided by fellow students: Anna Brown, Jackie Coats, Jean Crowther, Jared Draper, and Kelly Larkins. Donna London was generously available throughout this project as a sounding board, mentor, and for sharing advice. Finally, my parents, siblings, grandmothers, godmother, and in-laws are to be thanked for their constant encouragement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ! TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. viii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................................. 3 Motivations ....................................................................................... 3 Environmental Motivations .............................................................. 4 Environmental Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Theory .................... 20 Economic Motivations ................................................................... 27 Economic Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Theory .......................... 27 Urban Planning Motivations .......................................................... 37 Past AVR Programs ...................................................................... 39 Alternatives to Accelerated Vehicle Retirement .............................. 59 Government Performance Results Act of 1993 ................................ 62 SYNTHESIS OF LITERATURE ............................................................................. 69 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 71 Content Analysis ............................................................................. 71 Population ................................................................................... 72 Statistical Analysis .......................................................................... 72 v Environmental Scrutiny ................................................................. 73 Framework Design ....................................................................... 74 ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 75 Programs ........................................................................................ 75 Program Subgroups ........................................................................ 76 Scale of Implementation .................................................................. 80 Spatial Scale ............................................................................... 80 Monetary Scale ............................................................................ 83 Scale of Outcome ........................................................................ 88 Program Duration ......................................................................... 91 Minimum Vehicle Age Requirement ................................................ 95 Factors Affecting Program Performance ............................................ 98 Number of Vehicles Retired ........................................................ 100 Total Monetary Investment .......................................................... 102 Minimum Incentive Amount ......................................................... 104 Maximum Incentive Amount ........................................................ 106 Program Duration ....................................................................... 108 Minimum Vehicle Age Requirement .............................................. 109 Summary ................................................................................... 110 Other factors affecting program performance ............................... 111 Articulated objectives .................................................................... 114 Order of Objectives .................................................................... 114 Type of Objective ....................................................................... 120 Tests ......................................................................................... 124 Importance of Stakeholders ........................................................ 141 Ecological Impact ......................................................................... 142 Caveats and Summary ................................................................ 143 vi Findings ............................................................................................................ 147 Factors Affecting Program Performance .......................................... 148 Impact of Objectives ..................................................................... 149 Ecological Impact ......................................................................... 151 Summary ................................................................................... 152 Framework Design ............................................................................................ 154 Roles for Planners ............................................................................................. 159 Contributions ..................................................................................................... 160 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research ................................ 160 Summary ........................................................................................................... 162 APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 163 Appendix A. Table Citations and Excluded Programs ..................................... 164 Appendix B. Subgroup Analysis ....................................................................... 183 Number of Vehicles Retired ........................................................ 183 REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 187 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Early California Emissions Control Actions ............................................. 6! Table 2: Clean Air Act of 1970 Implementation Timeline .................................... 10! Table 3: Clean Air Act Descriptions ...................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GAO-10-486 Auto Industry: Lessons Learned from Cash for Clunkers Program
    United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees GAO April 2010 AUTO INDUSTRY Lessons Learned from Cash for Clunkers Program GAO-10-486 April 2010 AUTO INDUSTRY Accountability Integrity Reliability Highlights Lessons Learned from Cash for Clunkers Program Highlights of GAO-10-486, a report to congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found In July and August 2009, the federal Members of Congress and administration officials articulated two broad government implemented the objectives for the CARS program: (1) help stimulate the economy and (2) put Consumer Assistance to Recycle more fuel-efficient vehicles on the road. The program achieved these broad and Save (CARS) program, or objectives; however, the extent to which it did so is uncertain. For example, “Cash for Clunkers,” a temporary nearly 680,000 consumers purchased or leased vehicles using the program’s vehicle retirement program that credit, yet some of these sales would have happened anyway. Among others, offered consumers a monetary NHTSA estimated how many sales were directly attributable to the program. credit ($3,500 or $4,500) to trade in In its report to Congress, the agency estimated that 88 percent of the 677,842 an older vehicle for a new, more CARS transactions approved at the time of its report were directly attributable fuel-efficient one. The National to the program. Additionally, NHTSA found that the average combined fuel Highway Traffic Safety economy of new vehicles purchased or leased under the program was 24.9 Administration (NHTSA) was miles per gallon, compared with 15.7 miles per gallon for vehicles traded in.
    [Show full text]
  • Cash for Clunkers” Programs
    Subsidizing Replacement of Motor Vehicles: An Analysis of “Cash for Clunkers” Programs September 25, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46544 SUMMARY R46544 Subsidizing Replacement of Motor Vehicles: September 25, 2020 An Analysis of “Cash for Clunkers” Programs Bill Canis Some Members of Congress have suggested developing a rebate program either to address effects Specialist in Industrial of the 2020 pandemic on the automotive industry, including the temporary closures of all U.S. Organization and Business vehicle manufacturing plants, or as part of a long-range effort to remove older internal- combustion vehicles with high greenhouse gas emissions from the roads. Rebates were offered previously under the Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS) program, also known as “Cash for Clunkers,” established in the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32), as well as under programs created by several states and foreign countries. Congress enacted the CARS program in the depths of the 2007-2009 recession to spur the domestic auto industry, preserve manufacturing jobs, and improve the fuel economy of vehicles on the road. The program was very popular: within six weeks of authorizing a $1 billion outlay, Congress appropriated an additional $2 billion for rebates. Consumers who traded in older model vehicles and purchased new cars with higher fuel economy received cash rebates on the spot. More than 677,000 rebates were processed, prompting the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which administered the CARS program, to report shortly after the program ended that it increased U.S. GDP by a range of $3.8 billion to $6.8 billion; created or saved 60,000 jobs; reduced fuel consumption by 33 million gallons annually; and decreased emissions of carbon dioxide and related greenhouse gases by 9 million metric tons over 25 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Accelerated Vehicle Retirement for Fuel Economy: “Cash for Clunkers”
    Accelerated Vehicle Retirement for Fuel Economy: “Cash for Clunkers” Brent D. Yacobucci Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy Bill Canis Specialist in Industrial Organization and Business March 3, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40654 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Accelerated Vehicle Retirement for Fuel Economy: “Cash for Clunkers” Summary In an attempt to boost sagging U.S. auto sales and to promote higher vehicle fuel economy, the President signed legislation on June 24, 2009, P.L. 111-32, establishing a program to provide rebates to prospective purchasers toward the purchase of new, fuel-efficient vehicles, provided the trade-in vehicles are scrapped. The program was known as Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS), or, informally, as “cash for clunkers.” It provided rebates of $3,500 or $4,500, depending on fuel economy and vehicle type of both the new vehicle and the vehicle to be disposed of. Congress appropriated $3 billion for the program in two separate installments. CARS ran for a month, from July 24, 2009, until August 25, 2009. During this period, nearly 700,000 vehicles were traded. Estimates of new vehicle sales induced by the rebate system range from 125,000 to as many as 440,000. Motor vehicle sales in August 2009 hit 14 million seasonally adjusted units, compared to only 9.5 million being sold on a seasonally adjusted basis in the first six months of 2009. These CARS-assisted summer sales helped propel overall 2009 car sales to 10.4 million units, comparable to annual sales for 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing a Framework for End-Of-Life Vehicle Recycling in Northern Manitoba
    Developing a Framework for End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling in Northern Manitoba by Amy Smith A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of MASTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Natural Resources Institute Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M6 August 20, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Amy Smith Abstract Scrap metal recycling is a developed industry in southern Canada, however this is not the case in northern Canada and particularly northern Manitoba. In this region, scrap metal, and particularly end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) accumulates in communities, which results in a serious waste management issue for the region. The inaction on scrap metal recycling and reuse in northern Manitoba is in fact creating sustainability issues that run counter to Manitoba’s Sustainable Development Act. To address this problem, my thesis is focused on developing an effective and efficient framework for ELV recycling for northern Manitoba. I conducted interviews with 15 community leaders and waste management specialists from communities in northern Manitoba, as well as 19 experts in ELV recycling and waste management. In addition to the interviews, a document review and a workshop, informed the development of a Framework for ELV Recycling in Northern Manitoba. Finally, I suggest the eight most important policy initiatives emerging from the research needed in order to implement the Framework. ii Acknowledgements The process of research and writing this thesis has been a valuable experience. I have grown in my academic abilities and self-confidence along the way.
    [Show full text]
  • Praise for the Conservatives? from This Guy?
    Student art of the week ,..,.,... , ..... , Jd WlmlsllonsWibeedlledfardllll.r en lltllleOIIasflLII.ut8111111 .... -· )II:UstDI)'10theWC¥illlesedion TheOiherPresswlll pay$5010 edib tiomthelistonthe* liiYfstudent~WIIesanarlided = Plasesend)OII'•asan MSWOid at least l.OOOwolds farthe"''isstues" ME SU8MISSIONS dac ..andindude)OII'U name. sedilnsumtstayideastothe [email protected] -= emailadchss,andwadcomt. Edilllr In 01lef. Offer good once per semester per student. FEATURE ARTlCW 1he weektfdeadllneti:lr [email protected] = TheOiherPress holds weektf staff ... 5lbnlssions is Wednesday night for ~the following Monday. meetings at6PM on Mondays in OPINION SUBMISSIONS [email protected] ... Letllers 1D the Edilllr and"time­ room 1020dthe NewWestmins1er .... sensilive" ar1ides (weekend news, campus. AI interested students are sports. and Wbnl R!W!ws)wl be welrome. iiCD!plsf 1.1111 Satuday at noon and --= can bestbnbed1Dtheedilorat [email protected] • THE OTHER PRESS Student Newspaper of Douglas College PUBLISHED SINCE 1976 NEWS Room 1020 - 700 Douglas College One Douglas student is making a difference with children in Uganda. Royal Avenue, - Garth Mclennan, Pg. 4 New Westminster, BC V3L 5B2 OPINIONS TELEPHONE: 604.525.3542 Michael Moore: stupid white man EDITOR IN CHIEF Liam Britten - Garth Mclennan, Pg. 7 [email protected] ASSISTANT EDITOR Chloe Bach FEATURE [email protected] A trip down the Fraser River shows sustainability in action-and a lack thereof. BUSINESS MANAGER & ADVERTISING -Trevor Dore, Pg. 10, 11 Mark Fisher [email protected] ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT NEWS EDITOR Dancing zombies take to the stage. Kristina Mameli (acting) - Angela Espinoza, Pg. 13 [email protected] STAFF REPORTER Garth Mclennan (acting) SPORTS [email protected] Luongo and the Sedins lead the Cauncks' Olym­ SPORTS EDITOR pic delegation.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of British Columbia's SCRAP-IT Program: Emissions
    An Analysis of British Columbia’s SCRAP-IT Program: Emissions Savings, Participation, and Transportation Choice WERNER ANTWEILER SUMEET GULATI Sauder School of Business Food and Resource Economics University of British Columbia University of British Columbia June 7, 2011 Abstract In this paper we analyze British Columbia’s accelerated vehicle retirement pro- gram (BC SCRAP-IT®) offering a uniquely wide range of post retirement options. In addition to cash or new-vehicle subsidies, BC SCRAP-IT also supports alterna- tive forms of transportation: public transit, membership in ride-share or car-share programs, and/or the purchase of a bicycle. We evaluate the program’s impact on carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrous oxides (NOx) emissions. We also ask, was program participation higher among people be- longing to lower income groups? And did different income groups choose different post-retirement options? We find that the average vehicle in the program is retired 9.4 years earlier than ‘normal’ and is driven approximately 12,100 km per year dur- ing the end of its life. We estimate an average savings of 10.5 tonnes of CO2, 70 kg of NOx, 28 kg of HC, and 402 kg of CO per program vehicle. Using a price of C$30 per tonne of CO2 and C$3500 per tonne of NOx emissions we value these savings at C$859. For participants who choose a new vehicle only (ignoring public transit, ride-share or bicycle options) the corresponding savings are 6 tonnes of CO2, 65 kg of NOx, 24 kg of HC, and 356 kg of CO per program vehicle.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Accelerated Vehicle Retirement for Fuel Economy
    Accelerated Vehicle Retirement for Fuel Economy: “Cash for Clunkers” Brent D. Yacobucci Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy Bill Canis Specialist in Industrial Organization and Business August 10, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40654 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Accelerated Vehicle Retirement for Fuel Economy: “Cash for Clunkers” Summary In an attempt to boost sagging U.S. auto sales and to promote higher vehicle fuel economy, the President signed legislation on June 24, 2009—P.L. 111-32—establishing a program to provide rebates to prospective purchasers toward the purchase of new, fuel-efficient vehicles, provided the trade-in vehicles are scrapped. The program provides rebates of $3,500 or $4,500, depending on fuel economy and vehicle type of both the new vehicle and the vehicle to be disposed of. An amount of $1 billion was appropriated for the program, which was established to cover sales between July 1 and November 1, 2009. Similar programs have been implemented in various U.S. states, but this would be the first federal program. Further, in general those state pilot programs focused on retiring vehicles with older, and in some cases malfunctioning, emissions control systems in order to promote better air quality. The Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS) program (also called the Car Allowance Rebate System) focuses, instead, on higher fuel economy and promoting U.S. auto sales. Similar vehicle retirement programs have been implemented in other countries, such as Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, and have provided at least a temporary boost in auto sales.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Automotive Dismantling Industry in British Columbia: Current Trends Impacting the Future Sustainability of the Industry
    An analysis of the automotive dismantling industry in British Columbia: current trends impacting the future sustainability of the industry Prepared for the Automotive Retailers Association 2015-06-22 Acknowledgements The Automotive Retailers Association (ARA) would like to thank Meyers, Norris & Penny (MNP) for assembling the aggregate data used in the analysis of this paper. The ARA also wishes to thank the Automotive Recyclers Environmental Association (AREA) and Colin McKean for his assistance with compiling the environmental and salvage export data; the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia for the parts utilization data; Elite Body Shop and Wade Bartok with their assistance in generating vehicle repair estimates; and the members of B-CAR and the executive committee for their assistance, encouragement and expertise. Lastly, thanks to the Automotive Recyclers of Canada (ARC) for its support and financial contribution to this study. Due to these contributors, this study is based on highly reliable data on automotive dismantling in British Columbia. Responsibility The information contained in this report was obtained and/or derived from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither the Automotive Retailers Association nor the author of this paper is responsible for the improper use of any of the information contained herein. The manner of use of the information is the sole responsibility of the Automotive Retailers Association. Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]