Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2011 Acclerated Vehicle Retirement: Toward a Conceptualized Framework for Design and Implementation Nathan Woods Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Woods, Nathan, "Acclerated Vehicle Retirement: Toward a Conceptualized Framework for Design and Implementation" (2011). All Theses. 1103. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1103 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ACCELERATED VEHICLE RETIREMENT: TOWARD A CONCEPTUALIZED FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of City and Regional Planning by Nathan Taylor Woods May 2011 Accepted by: Dr. Anne Dunning, Committee Chair Dr. Caitlin Dyckman Dr. Mickey Lauria ABSTRACT In the past Accelerated Vehicle Retirement (AVR) programs have been implemented to combat the economic and environmental costs of automobile dependent societies. Seventy-five such programs have been implemented worldwide since 1990. This thesis examines correlations among factors affecting program performance, the relationship of articulated program objectives to program performance, and how factors affecting program performance influence environmental concerns. Employing a mixed methodology, this analysis answers how an accelerated vehicle retirement program can be designed to maximize desired outcomes and minimize undesirable outcomes. The results of this analysis demonstrate that the order and type of objective stipulated by a program will influence a program’s performance, and that relationships among factors affecting program performance can dictate how well a program will function. The framework created from the literature review and from program analysis can apprise planners on how to most effectively design future AVR programs. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my tolerant wife, Jennifer, who spent an inordinate amount of time alone while this work took shape. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would have not been completed without the guidance and support of my thesis committee members, Drs. Anne Dunning, Committee Chair, Mickey Lauria, and Caitlin Dyckman. Their advice, support, and liberal provision of time guided this project and have been exceedingly valued. It should be stated that this project, along with countless others over the past two years, deeply benefited from moral support provided by fellow students: Anna Brown, Jackie Coats, Jean Crowther, Jared Draper, and Kelly Larkins. Donna London was generously available throughout this project as a sounding board, mentor, and for sharing advice. Finally, my parents, siblings, grandmothers, godmother, and in-laws are to be thanked for their constant encouragement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ! TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. viii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................................. 3 Motivations ....................................................................................... 3 Environmental Motivations .............................................................. 4 Environmental Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Theory .................... 20 Economic Motivations ................................................................... 27 Economic Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Theory .......................... 27 Urban Planning Motivations .......................................................... 37 Past AVR Programs ...................................................................... 39 Alternatives to Accelerated Vehicle Retirement .............................. 59 Government Performance Results Act of 1993 ................................ 62 SYNTHESIS OF LITERATURE ............................................................................. 69 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 71 Content Analysis ............................................................................. 71 Population ................................................................................... 72 Statistical Analysis .......................................................................... 72 v Environmental Scrutiny ................................................................. 73 Framework Design ....................................................................... 74 ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 75 Programs ........................................................................................ 75 Program Subgroups ........................................................................ 76 Scale of Implementation .................................................................. 80 Spatial Scale ............................................................................... 80 Monetary Scale ............................................................................ 83 Scale of Outcome ........................................................................ 88 Program Duration ......................................................................... 91 Minimum Vehicle Age Requirement ................................................ 95 Factors Affecting Program Performance ............................................ 98 Number of Vehicles Retired ........................................................ 100 Total Monetary Investment .......................................................... 102 Minimum Incentive Amount ......................................................... 104 Maximum Incentive Amount ........................................................ 106 Program Duration ....................................................................... 108 Minimum Vehicle Age Requirement .............................................. 109 Summary ................................................................................... 110 Other factors affecting program performance ............................... 111 Articulated objectives .................................................................... 114 Order of Objectives .................................................................... 114 Type of Objective ....................................................................... 120 Tests ......................................................................................... 124 Importance of Stakeholders ........................................................ 141 Ecological Impact ......................................................................... 142 Caveats and Summary ................................................................ 143 vi Findings ............................................................................................................ 147 Factors Affecting Program Performance .......................................... 148 Impact of Objectives ..................................................................... 149 Ecological Impact ......................................................................... 151 Summary ................................................................................... 152 Framework Design ............................................................................................ 154 Roles for Planners ............................................................................................. 159 Contributions ..................................................................................................... 160 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research ................................ 160 Summary ........................................................................................................... 162 APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 163 Appendix A. Table Citations and Excluded Programs ..................................... 164 Appendix B. Subgroup Analysis ....................................................................... 183 Number of Vehicles Retired ........................................................ 183 REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 187 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Early California Emissions Control Actions ............................................. 6! Table 2: Clean Air Act of 1970 Implementation Timeline .................................... 10! Table 3: Clean Air Act Descriptions ...................................................................