Motion Perception and Pursuit Eye Movements

Vision and Eye Movements Peter H. Schiller, 2013

Motion perception and pursuit eye movements

1 Topics:

1. The responses of neurons to motion in various brain regions.

2. Mechananisms for creating motion-selective neurons.

3. The effects of brain lesions on motion perception.

4. Structure from motion.

5. Apparent motion.

6. Metacontrast and brightness masking.

7. Optokinetic nystagmus

8. The accessory optic system

9. Summary

2 Neuronal responses to motion in cortex

3 Method for stimulating V1 RFs with moving targets

Moving bar Photocell

L D L D

B L D L D

D L D L

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

4 Response of an S1 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars

UNIT 78-4-12.30

2 o 1 RF 30sp 1

L D L D

RF 2

D L D L

Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field

3 D

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 5 Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars

UNIT 72-8-13.55

10sp 1

L D L D

D L D L

Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field

L D 3

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 6 Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars

UNIT 91-1-22.27 1o

L D L D

20sp

D L D L

Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field

L 3

.1 .2 .3 .5.4 .6 .7 .8 .9 deg

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 7 Summary of cell types in V1 s1 D s5 D L .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 deg DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE L D s2 L D

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 D L DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 deg

D s3 L L

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 deg

s7 D D L L

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 deg L D s4 L L D

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 deg CX D D L

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 deg

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 8 Neuronal responses to motion in MT and MST

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please refer to lecture video.

9 The effect of picrotoxin on direction selectivity in retina

CONTROL

PICROTOXIN

RECOVERY

+_ _+ +_ null _+ preferred +_

1.5o Picrotoxin acts on GABA receptor channels. For mechanism of action see Newland and Cull-Candy, J. Physiol; 1992, 447, 191-2132.h

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

10 Simple inhibitory model with spatial specificity

spatially specific inhibition

11 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. A conceptual scheme for types of motion

PLANAR 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg

LEFT RIGHT DOWN UP

CIRCULAR RADIAL

100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg

COUNTERCLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE IN OUT

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

12 Neuronal responses in MST to various types of motion

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Figure 4 from Duffy, Charles J., and Robert H. Wurtz. "Sensitivity of MST Neurons to Optic Flow Stimuli. I. A Continuum of Response Selectivity to Large-field Stimuli." J Neurophysiol 65, no. 6 (1991): 1329-45.

13 Specificity of directional attributes in MST

40% of the cells respond to all three types of motion

30% of the cells respond to two types of motion

20% of the cells respond to one type of motion

14 Neural mechanisms of directional specificity

15 The effects of lesions on

motion perception

16 Motion detection

17 Motion detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions

Motion Detection

100 90 80 Normal 70 60 Latencies: Normal = 318ms 50 MT Lesion = 362ms 40 30

10 V4 Lesion Eager

6 8 10 12

100

Percent Correct Percent 90 80 70 Normal 60 MT Lesion 50 40 30 Latencies: Normal = 234ms 20 MT Lesion =278ms 10 Zeno

6 8 10 12 14 Zeno Percent Luminance Contrast

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

18 19 20 Flicker detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions

Flicker Detection

Peachy 90

80 Green Flicker

50 Red/Green Flicker Normal 40

Percent Correct 30 V4 Lesion 20 MT Lesion

5 8 10 15 20 Flicker rate (Hz)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

21 Structure from motion

22 23 24 Apparent motion

The jumping disk

25 26 27 THE BASIC BISTABLE QUARTETS DEMO

28 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 1a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

29 30 31 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 1b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

32 THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY AND SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

33 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 2 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

34 THE INFLUENCE OF RED/GREEN COLOR ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

35 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 3a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

36 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 3b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

37 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 7 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

38 THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

2 to 1 diameter ratio

39 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 8a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

40 THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

3.5 to 1 diameter ratio

41 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 8b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

42 THE INFLUENCE OF COLOR, BRIGHTNESS, SHAPE AND SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

43 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 9 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

44 THE INFLUENCE OF PROXIMITY

45 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 12b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

46 Why we see wheels rotate backwards in the movies

47 A wheel rotating slowly

23456789110111213

48 A wheel rotating rapidly

121222324252627282930313233

49 Slow rotation

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

50 Rapid rotation

Frame 1 Frame 2

51 Metacontrast

Disk-ring sequence

52 53 54 Simultaneous presentation

55 56 Sequential presentation

57 58 59 Disk and ring and disk alone side

by side shown four times

16ms 16ms

time

60 cycling disk and ring with

equal cycle times

61 Brightness masking

62 Brightness masking

1 2

63 64 65 66 150 150 150 150 terval in ms terval in ms 100 100 50 50

interstimulus in interstimulus in

t t c e f f e f f t t o

c e e e f d f u e t

f f gi o

n e e g d a u t m gi n g a m tacontrast in retina

67 creasing interstimulus interval occur interocularly

o Brightness masking and me 1. Effect declines with in 1. function shaped U 2. Continues t 3. Physiology unclear but linked to motion perception 2. Does not occur interocularly 3. Mostly due to differential conduction velocity Brightness masking Metacontrast Schematized RGC cell response to brightness masking

Target alone Mask alone

50 50 time

Target and mask with two interstimulus intervals

ISI

68 Optokinetic nystagmus

69 Optokinetic nystagmus

fast phase

1 slow phase

70 Optokinetic nysgtagmus induced in the left and right eyes of a rabbit

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrate Eye Movements following Intravitreal Drug Injections. I. Blockade of Retinal ON-cells by 2- amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal of neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.

71 Optokinetic nysgtagmus after APB injected into the right eye

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

72 The effect of APB on optikinetic nyustagmus in monkey

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

73 Optokinetic response in normal and immobilized eye

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

74 Motion analysis in the accessory optic system

75 Prime axes of the retinal ganglion cells of Dogiel that feed into the accessory optic system

2 1 Ant 3

The axons of the cells of Dogiel project to the terminal nuclei

76 Major Pathways of the Accessory Optic System (AOS) Velocity response of AOS neurons = 0.1-1.0 deg/sec of AOS RGCs in rabbit = 7K out of 350K

Number Cortex 2 1 Cerebellum Ant 3

climbing fibers Prime axes of the cells of Dogiel NOT

Inferior Olive D Semicircular canals 1

M 2,3 Vestibular L Nucleus rate code 2,3

BS Terminal BS Nuclei

vestibulo-ocular reflex 77 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

9.04 Sensory Systems Fall 2013

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.