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The Range of and the Limits of

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Blackwell Publishing CONTENTS

Notes on Contributors vi 1 Introduction RICHARD SHUSTERMAN 2 Pragmatism and East-Asian RICHARD SHUSTERMAN 3 China's Pragmatist Experinlent in Democracy: HLIShill's Pragmatism and Dewey's Influence in China 43 SOR-HOON TAN 4 Pragtnatisin, , and Global Citizenship 63 LARRY A. HICKMAN 5 Old Ideals Crumble: War, Pragmatist , and the Limits of Philosophy 80 JOHN J. STUHR 6 What's the Use of Calling Du Bois a Pragmatist'? 96 PAUL C. TAYLOR 7 Pragmatism and Ethnicity: , Reconstruction, and the New Hispanic 112 JOSE MEDINA 8 Legal Pragmatism RICHARD A. POSNER 9 Changing the Epistemological and Psychological Subject: 's Without Borders 157 MARIANNE JANACK 10 The Question of Voice and the Limits of Pragmatism: Emerson, Dewey, and Cavell 174 VINCENT COLAPIETRO 11 Pragmatism and the Practice of : From Turner and Du Bois to Today 197 JAMES T. KLOPPENBERG Index 22 1 INTRODUCTION

RICHARD SHUSTERMAN

Having "just finisht the proofs" of the book that launched pragmatism as a robust , William James (1842-1910) wrote about it to his brother Henry, on May 4, 1907, with understandable satisfaction but also astounding confidence. "I shouldn't be su[r]prised if 10 years hence it should be rated as 'epoch-making,' for of the definitive triumph of that general way of thinking 1 can entertain no doubt whatever-I believe it to be something quite like the protestant reformation" (James 1994. 339). Almost one hundred years later, we can surely celebrate James's Pragnlatisni as an epoch-making book, but the definitive triumph of its way of thinking, even among American , remains far from evident. Certainly pragmatism has yet to demonstrate the sort of wide-ranging influence that could liken it to the protestant . As a philosophical movement, pragmatism has had difficulty in extend~ngits sway beyond American shores, and even in its native America, it was, for a few decades. repeatedly pronounced dead until its stunning revival in the 1980s. Despite its ardent commitment to changing much more in than thc contents of philosophy journals and seminar syllabi, pragmatism's contribution to reconstructing the experi- ence and practices of social life still leaves much to be desired. This unfulfilled ambition should not be cause for discouragement but rather a for exploring Inore caref~~llythe range of pragmatism and the limits of philosophy, with the aim of extending their resources and productive influence beyond their current limitations. The following essays, all written especially for this collection, engage this project of exploratory, reconstructive in four principal ways. Some essays probe the range of pragmatism in terms of its international impact and its potential for productive with that might initially seem very foreign to . The main focus here be pragmatism's relationship to East-Asian thought and particularly Chinese . Other essays explore pragmatism's range in term5 of borderline cases of its extension, by considering key thinkers, such as Emerson and Du Bois, whose as pragmatists. though often affirmed, may also be contested. What of does it make to interpret such thinkers within the pragmatist fold? Does their inclusion enhance the understanding and utility of their thought or L RICHARD SHUSTERMAN INTRODUCTION 3

instead blur their distinctive voices and confuse the meaning of synibolic whipping boy to demonstrate the dangerous vulgarity and pragmatism? mercenary democracy of American culture. But pragmatism also suffered Sensitive to the pervasive of change and the for new in deployed by its French advocates to oppose the of thinking to respond to new conditions, pragmatism refuses to confine , , and enlightenment that dominated French aca- itself to the traditional scholastic problenis of philosophy but is keen to demic, cultural, and political life at that . Thus Durkheim (1983, 1,9) address the most pressing that preoccupy the of could warn against pragmatism as "an uttcrck on rea.son" that in France today's world and its diverse peoples and publics. Several of the essays "chiefly appears in the neo-religious movement." Problematically here collected explore pragmatism's range of impact and resources for introduced Into French philosophical debates as an anti-intellectualist dealing with these crucial concel-ns of conte~nporary life: issues of philosophy of , , and and used to support French , niulticulturalism, race, and ethnicity; problems of reconcil- movements that were far more reactionary than progressive, pragmatism ing -realization with democratic ideals of community; could not be appreciated for its proper meaning and merits, which questions about the uses of and but also the of certainly include an appreciation of scientific thinking and progressive and the abiding scourge of war. Finally, some essays chart enlightenment values. No wonder it failed to achieve a substantial and pragmatism's range by examining the ways it has influenced or could abiding place in twentieth-century French thought. Though pragmatism contribute to disciplines beyond the limits of philosophy: such disciplines has proved somewhat more successful in Germany, its reception there, as as law, history, psychology, ethnic and , and even Hans Joas (1993) has argued, has been largely one of misunderstanding.' psychoanalysis and somatic education. Most of the essays integrate more If pragmatism wants to expand its global reception, more than one of these Sour themes, so I have found it niore useful to group the must be given not only to exploring how its ~deascan be frruitfi~llyaligned essays in terms of three categories. with those of other philosophical traditions but also to examining the Prnginrrtisn~iii tlie glohrrl contest. In the introduction to Prnpnalisn?, actual structure (the dominant contesting positions, historical , James (1963, 3-4) describes "the pragmatic movenient" as having "rather central issues, institutional powers, and alliances) of the foreign suddenly precipitated itself out of the air" and having already found philosophical fields into which pragmatism seeks to enter. In pursuing expression in "many countries." After noting John Dewey (1859-1952) such an approach, the first two essays of this collection turn from the and F. C. S. Schiller (the Oxford humanist-pragmatist, 1864-1937), niore familiar connections between pragmatism and European philoso- James invokes the writings of four French thinkers sympathetic to phy in order to focus on pragmatism's dialogue with East-Asian thought. pragmatism. Unfortunately, despite James's with Bergson, and The opening envisages such dialogue as a valuable resource for despite the respect that Durkheim and Mauss later expressed for Dewey's developing a more globalized and multiculturally enriched philosophy work, pragmatism has never really enjoyed a proper reception or of the , liberated from some of the dead-ends and arrogant substantial following in France. Today its French reception still lags that have often plagued European thought. After situating behind that of , and even further behind German- East-Asian interest in pragmatism with respect both to America's rooted philosophies of , materialisni, and phenomenology that hegenionic power and to the past history of cultural d~senfranchisement have long waxed enormously influential in French thought.' that European philosophy and have exacted on East-Asian One problem in importing philosophy to foreign lands is that philosophic and artistic traditions, the essay outlines important philosophical texts are detached from their original , the specific convergences between pragmatism and philosophy, cultural field that helps to generate and structure them and to define their showing how the latter's ancient and can reinforce meaning. Transplanted into a foreign cultural field, philosophical texts contemporary pragmatist views while conversely suggesting how prag- are not only deprived of the familiar contextual understandings that matic thought can help renew the traditions of East-Asian guide their proper interpretation but they are also subjected to new uses without encouraging a nostalgically backward-looking orientalism. in the polemics and struggles that define he new cullural context into The second essay, by Sor-hoon Tan. then sharpens the focus by which the writings are imported. In France, for example, pragmatism providing a more historically concrete and detailed analysis of was, on the one hand, caricatured and used, by its detractors, as a pragmatism's most significant chapter in China: the pervasive, if short lived, influence that Deweyan thought exercised on Chinese political and

I I should note, however, that there are now some excellent French philosophers who are sympathetic to pragmatism and American philosophy, cven if they are sometimes * For hclpful discussion of the early history of pragmatism's receptio~iin Frnncc. I wish unsympathetically divided among themselves. to thank Guillaume Garreta and Romain Pudal. 4 RICHARD SHIJSTERMAhr INTRODUCTION 5 cultural life not only through his 1919-1921 visit there but especially irony, war increasingly continues to be waged and defended in the name through the continuing efforts of his student and forenlost Chinese of democracy and world . Though some uses of violencc may disciple, (1891-1962). The pragmatist in democracy sometimes be necessary and even ethically legitimate, the repeated failure they proposed for China was one of scientifically guided and of the most advanced and powerful nations to find more reasonable educationally nurtured piecemeal reform, a middle way of gradualist alternatives to resolve conflicts and strengthen democracy puts not only between conservative traditionalism and the radicalism of total the moral fiber of our culture but also the imaginative power and revolution that eventually triumphed through . In her essay, practical efficacy of our philosophy in quection. John Stuhr's essay Tan shows that despite Hu Shih's uncompromising devotion to Dewey's examines how the issue of war proves a critical test of the limits of views, his interpretation of pragmatism differs from Dewey's by leaning pragmatisln and philosophical in general. By revisiting Randolph toward a one-sided emphasis on science as the key to the conduct of life Bourne's trenchant criticisms of Dewey's support of World War I, Stuhr and toward a silnilarly unbalanced emphasis on education rather than points to two limits of pragmatism: its inability to convince people who political as the means to democracy. Thus many progressive do not already share its key fundamental values and its tendency to Chinese humanists (who wanted reform but also wanted continued confine itself to rather than more fully engaging respect for China's great philosophical ) were prompted to reject concrete social practice. Because such limits belong to philosophy in pragmatism as narrowly materialist and scientistic, while pragmatically general, they do not, he argues. constitute an adequate reason for militant reformers came to abandon it as too idealistic and consequently rejecting pragmatism but should instead spur pragmatists to take much turned to con~munism.~ more seriously the role of actual practice, which pragmatist theory views Larry Hickman's essay continues the theme of pragmatism's interna- as essential and primary. tional potential. But rather than concentrating on any region If Hickman's essay energetically defends the value of pragmatism for of the world, it explores the resources of pragmatism for the more general its theoretical insights and that can promote better issue of global citizenship. More than an abstract cluestion of how to define practice, Stuhr's is a passionate plea that the satisfactions of theory not the , this issue is also a of concrete tools and methods for distract us from more concrete engagement with actual social cultivating the proper kind of global citizens. Such citizens should surely be practice outside the sphere of theory and professional philosophy. suitably sensitive and competent in understanding cultural diversity, but This difference of emphasis should not be seen as a theory/practice Hickman maintains that pragmatist theory best fosters this understanding polarity, which pragmatism cannot tolerate. Even if are by emphasizing continuity and comn~onality rather than the but instruments or means for the ends of practice, this does not entail radical difference and incommensurability emphasized by certain strains of that they do not sometimes deserve specially focused attention so that postmodernism. Pragmatism's scientific method, he claims, moreover their instrumentality can be improved. Pragnlatism insists on the cultivates an open-minded but critical of experimental inquiry that continuity of means and ends. Though a knife's purpose is to aid the both promotes the appreciation of different cultural perspectives and practice of cutting things rather than to be sharpened and cleaned for its provides rational means for resolving conflicts that may emerge from the own sake, sometimes it 1s necessary to pause from the practice of cutting clash of such perspectives. But pragmatism avoids scientis~nnot only by in order to work on sharpening and cleaning this instrument as a recognizing that science depends and builds on a much thicker of temporary end so that its instrumentality for the ends of cutting can be experience but also by celebrating those dimensions of life where scientific improved. is not the most important factor. To what extent does pragmatism demand that philosophy be practiced An enormous obstacle to achieving a truly democratic global com- througli active social and political engagement? Are such demands munity remains the persistent plague of war. Yet, with sad or cynical pragmatically effective or do they risk confusing matters by overstepping the conventional limlts of philosophy and taking on tasks that other disciplines or practices are perhaps much better equipped than ' Dewey's lectures in China may themselves have also given the in~pressionof and insufficient appreciation of the Confucian tradition. Moreover, the atlraction of philosophy to embrace? On the other hand, should not the experimental com~nunism(vis-i-vis American liberalism) was certainly increased by the success of the and action-oriented of pragmatism encourage us to develop, Russian Revolution :tnd by its Icaders' generous abrogalion of Czarist treaties that unfairly deploy, test, and reconstruct our thinking through concrete action in the subjugated China. This stood in shamins contrast to the way America's Woodrow Wilson real-world communities that frame our inquiries and whose welfare our sacriliced China's interest to Japan's unreasonable claims in thc Treaty oT Versailles in cxchange for Japanese support of the Leasue of Nations. For more on tllcse points see inquiries and activism aim to advance? Can pragmatism not respect that Smith 19x5. philosophy (like any other discipline) must have limits and nonetheless 6 RICHARD SHUSTERMAN INTRODUCTION 7 transcend the conventional limits of academic philosophy by produc- should not forget William James's affirmation of what he called "the anti- tively interacting with sister disciplines in the aim of rendering our sexual instinct" (James 1983, 1053-55). practices more effectively intelligent, our communities more democratic, Josk Medina's essay, after reviewing the pragmatically transformative and our lives more rewarding? The essays of the next two sections shed of Deweyan reconstructive theory and analyzing the subtle light on such questions by reviewing some exemplary figures complexities of the relationship between the discourses of race and whose social activism pragmatism helped inspire and then by exploring ethnicity, examines Alain Locke's work on race, culture, and social the interaction of pragmatist philosophy with such disciplines as law, reform. He shows how Locke's pragmatism anticipates today's most history, and psychology. astute positions on race theory by de-essentializing race as a fixed Race and ethnirYtj1. Though clearly connected to global issues of in- biological or cultural category while recognizing it as a constructed social ternational power , transcultural understanding, and the lingering reality with important yet variable and changing meanings that can be evils of , the proble~usof race and ethnicity also emerge reconstructed through action. Locke's extensive cultural work with distinctive and pressing intensity within American itself. If in reconstructing "the New Negro" identity and establishing the Harlem pragmatism is a philosophy that insists on making a valuable difference to is presented as a model of such pragmatic reconstructive world of everyday experience by tackling crucial issues that , a project that while centered on African-American experience preoccupy contemporary social life, then its resources for treating the was vitally concerned with the reconstruction of the larger American and urgent issues of race and ethnicity are surely a relevant test of its value. The international contexts. Medina not only defends this model of collective essays of this section are devoted to examining these two intimately related self-empowerment against various objections but, in the spirit of issues. largely through the prism of the theory and activist practice of two pragmatic , develops the model further to tackle a less familiar of America's most penetrating and influential phlosophers of race: W. E. but increasingly significant problem of American ethnicity: Hispanic B. Du Bois (1868-1963) and Alain Locke (18861954). identity. In doing so, he introduces the work of Jose Marti (1853-1895). Author of the groundbreaking of Black Follc and one of the the Cuban poet, dramatist, , and indefatigable founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored fighter for Cuba's independence from Spain. People (NAACP), Du Bois, throughout hs impressively long and tireless Be))ond the limits ofpl~i1osopl1.y.Every intellectual discipline has its career, combined the analytic study of racial oppression with ardent political limits, since the limiting frame that defines a of discourse is one activism to end it, a campaign that earned him honor as a athe her-of Pan- of the logical conditions that make discourse intelligible and enable study Africanism" but also harassment that eventually cast him into to be productively focused and directed. Despite its famous generality, voluntary exile from the United States. Though influenced by a variety of philosophy is no exception to this rule. Even those pragmatists who hope philosophies. Du Bois was clearly marked by his Harvard studies under to take philosophy beyond its conventional academic limits, by urging its Willian~James, and Paul Taylor's essay highlights the pragmatist dimen- practice as a f~~llyembodied, critically melioristic, and socially engaged sions of Du Bois's project. Pragmatism's , , way of life, should recognize that there will always be limits to what antifoundationalism. and deeply social vision, Taylor argues, can clarify philosophy can amount to or achieve, and that, for many important the anti-essentialist. nonbiolo~ical.u sociohistorical. and contextual account purposes and contexts, other disciplines or practices are both necessary of race that Du Bois offers. Pragmatism helps explain how race can be a and more useful. This does not entail that philosophers should eschew the social and cultural construction that is contextually variant in its meanings expansion or transcendence of borders and entirely confine themselves to and applications but nonetheless powerfully and stubbornly real in the what philosophy can uniquely do or do better than any other discipline, a world of experience (both social ind personal) and in the institutional conclusion I criticize as "the disciplinary " (Shusterman 1997, 174- practices that shape experience. Moreover, the pragmatist stance of 75). But it does mean that philosophy can be more effective by working nieliorisni-a middle way between naive and action-stultifying more closely with other fields. Pragmatism's strong commitments to -can illuminate Du Bois's exemplary of continuing and collaborative dialogue point to the value of such struggle despite a keenly sober recognition that total victory might never be transdisciplinary interaction, and its own history provides ample attained. On the other hand, pragmatism also gains by its connection to Du of it. The essays of this final section explore such interaction and thc role Bois, who not only provides a stunning exemplar of perfectionist self- of pragmatism beyond the discipline of philosophy. realization through the social struggle for democracy but also expands the In "Legal Pragmatism," portrays the deeply pervasive pragmatist model of self-realization by including an erotic or Dionysian influence that pragmatist ideas have exercised on American law. After sensibility that seems too often absent in the great classical pragilatists. We historically tracing pragniatism's coevolution as philosophy and as legal 8 RICHARD SHUSTERMAN INTRODUCTION 9 theory and practice all the way back to the participation of Oliver empirical science. We can pursue this Jamesian scientific approach Wendell Holmes Jr. (1841-1935) with William James and C. S. Peirce without thereby falling into a narrowly n~echanistic and inhuman (1839-1914) in the sniall Cambridge discussion group tliat is sometimes scientis~n,because science itself, in James's view, should reflect and serve claimed to have generated pragmatism, Posner expounds and defends the human interests and , which he strikingly affirms as largely rooted key ideas of legal pragmatism in contrast to the and in the body but which he also recognizes as far niore varied, complex, and of legal . For pragmatisni, law is not an entirely culturally refined than mere biological and neurological sensations. autonomous system built on , unchallengeable foundations from Defending such pragmatic against some likely objections, which incontestably valid verdicts can be deductively derived as timeless Janack advocates its approach fhr reconstructing philosophy and . Though recognizing tliat historical precedents can be useful as a psychology toward a more productively interdisciplinary, value-sensitive, means of illuminating and stabilizing the law, pragmatism insists that law and socially progressive agenda. Pragmatism's reconstructive role thus is an empirically guided, forward-looking social tool that is concerned should go beyond the discipline of philosophy to penetrate the , with consequences (both broadly systemic and more case specifically and Janack notes some promising examples of such interdisciplinary limited) and that is f~~ndamentallyrelated to public and should . be ultimately directed by reference to social policy. Vincent Colapietro begins by probing pragmatism's far from evident Since the social sciences clearly have something to say about these relationship to psychoanalysis, but his essay then turns, through the empirical matters, legal pragmatism takes the social sciences very exemplary figures of Emerson (1803-1582) and Dewey, to niore general seriously, as do the best forms of pragmatist ethical and political theory. issues of pragmatism's range, especially its range of voice. Enlesson's Because it leaves considerable room for judges to use discretionary exaniple prompts the question of voice in two ways. As a poet and essayist decision making to respond to social concerns that can change very rather than an academic pliilosoplier, Emerson poses the challenge of how rapidly in such a dynamic and heterogeneous society as the United States pragmatism, which was first proposed as a method for clarifying meaning (whose legal system and community of judges are also very complexly and often identified with scientific method, can embrace and engage the heterogeneous), pragmatism's flexible pluralism seems far better suited richly elusive disciplinary voice of and the purposeful than fornialisni for dealing with the heterogeneity and fluidity of ambiguities of poetic discourse. But, as Colapietro argues. pragmatism American life and law. Posner himself displays the of pluralism is much more than a single method; indeed, its pluralist, practical spirit by recognizing that legal pragmatism is not always the best way law is or enjoins it to deploy the methods of alternative philosophies and should be approached. European legal theory and practice, as the disciplines if those methods can help address the problem at hand. For product of and very different from America's, remain all Dewey's praise of scientific method, he was no less appreciative of how much more structured by formalist than by pragmatist thinking, though literature and tlie both express and advance . Pos~ierargues that this will change through deeper changes toward Beyond this question of disciplinary voice, Emerson, as a thinker who heterogeneity and complexity in the cultures and of . highlights themes of loss, mourning, and separation from the world, also But even in American law, Posner's pragmatic pluralism recognizes some represents a challenge to pragmatism's popular Deweyan image of upbeat areas where fornlalist thinking works best and should be affirmed as the tone, "can-do" meliorism, and healing where the traditional superior pragmatic strategy. dualisms that ruptured both thought and world are somehow reconciled Marianne Janack's essay turns to the interface between pragmatism through scientific and social reconstruction and the synthesizing power of and modern psychology, exploring it through the prism of William aesthetic experience. This second challenge recalls the familiar criticism of James, who is widely celebrated as a father of both. Janack argues tliat pragniatism as lacking a tragic , a criticism Stanley Cavell James's resources for today's pragmatist revival are not adequately reformulates by arguing that it is wrong to assimilate Emerson into appreciated and deployed because of a failure to bring together his pragmatism, since Emerson displays the work of loss and mourning controversial philosopliical views on (frequently construed as mere (crucial to both philosophy and psychoanalysis), while pragmatism, in its religious ) with his scientific psychological research on dominant Deweyan expression, does not. Though Colapietro recognizes , attention, and will, and their relationship to belief. Once these tlie value of appreciating Emerson's singular voice, he denionstrates the two dimensions of his project are connected, James can be seen not role of loss and mourning and other Eniersonian strains in Dewey's work simply as a philosophical defender of religious faith but as a progressive and thus criticizes the failure of Cavell (and others more sympathetic to proponent of a naturalized that is willing to explore a Dewey) to hear the complexity of Dewey's voice. Emerson may be niore variety of epistemological and moral issues through the perspective of than a pragmatist, but so is Dewey, if "pragmatism" is construed too 10 RICHARD SHUSTERMAN INTRODUCTION 11 simply in terms of generic methods or themes that leave no place for the thought, has also constituted a substantive subject for American expressively rich texture of the individual philosophical voices that to explore. This gift of pragmatism to history has contribute to the pragmatist tradition. If philosophical labels are tools to been generously reciprocated by intellectual history's continued interest enhance our appreciation of philosophy, then "pragmatism" should be in pragmatism, which helped keep pragmatist research robustly alive used not to flatten the difference of voices to a sinmle standard tone but during the decades of pragmatism's nadir in philosophy departments. rather to heighten our appreciation of their distinctive offerings by Though Kloppenberg's is the final essay in this collection, it is listening to them alongside each other through association in a common certainly not the last word that needs to be said about pragmatism and its framework for con~parisonand contrast. impact beyond the discipline of philosophy. Besides the disciplinary fields Though rightly characterized as a distinctively forward-looking covered here, pragmatism's influence has been powerfully extended into philosophy, pragmatism has exercised considerable impact on the study , , , , political theory, and of the past. James Kloppenberg's essay explores the major lines of its aesthetics, and literary and cultural studies; pragmatism has been greatly influence on the study of American history. Though his richly detailed enriched by its interaction with these fields. This ongoing interaction narrative defies easy summary, the following main points might be useful deserves the sort of detailed scholarly attention and encouragement that, to highlight by way of introduction. for of space and time. cannot be given here.4 1n recognizing the First, the ideas of Peirce, James, and Dewey were resources for the inevitable limitations of this collection, I gladly offer it in the founders of the "new history," such as Frederick Jackson Turner and instrumental, fallibilist, pluralist, and future-looking spirit of pragma- James Harvey Robinson. Pragmatist arguments that knowledge is always tism. By my pragmatist lights, a book is but a thoughtf~~ltool for further, perspectival, fallible, and instrun~ental helped the new to better thinking that should eventually result also in in~pro\ledaction. challenge the established positivist of historical and to insist Thanks to the knowledge and industry of the talented colleagues who that historical meaning and research are always also shaped by the joined me in this project, I am confident this collection will prove a useful contexts and needs of the present and that historical study should indeed tool.' But, to borrow words that James (1963, 26) used to characterize be used to serve these needs. pragmatism itself, this collection is not meant in any way as final answer Second, pragmatism's democratic and progressive social vision "in which we can rest" but rather as "a program for more work" 011 combined with these perspectivist, fallibilist, and instrumentalist themes pragmatism's range and philosophy's limits. to encourage historians to treat nenl topics and forgotten voices that had been wrongly neglected but whose integration into American history was Hiroshima, June 2003 of vital im~ortance to the future of American social life. Thus pragmatism helped inspire the pioneers of black and women's history, W. E. B. Du Bois and Mary Beard. References Third, pragmatism's pluralisn~and experimental spirit has encouraged historians not only to look at new topics but also to apply and develop Bernstein, Richard, 1992. "The Resurgence of Pragmatism." Socicrl new methods for doing history, thus reshaping the field and the Research 59: 8 13-40. disciplinary boundaries of its subgenres. As social, political, and even Dickstein, Morris, ed. 1998. Tl~eRevitlo1 of P~*~~grncrtisi??.Durham: Duke economic historians have extended their work to include cultural Press. analysis, so intellectual history has broadened from the study of specific Durkheim, Emile. 1983. Pi.rrgmalistn und Sociologj). Translated by J. C. intellectuals to the wider matrix of the cultural milieu and social fields Whitehouse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (both high and low) that structure the practices of creating meaning, Fluck, Winfred, ed. 1999. Special issue of REAL: Yeorhook of R~seorch disseminating ideas, and thus transforming experience. it? English NII~Anlerica17 Litercrt~ire,volunle 15, on "Pragmatisn? and Fourth, American historians continue to use pragmatist episteiiiology to Literary Studies." understand or ground the cognitive status of their own claims to historical knowledge, finding in classical (and some contemporary) pragmatism a hose interested in pursuing such interdisciplinary conncctions might bcgin by fertile middle ground between absolute dogmatism and nihilistic skepti- consulting the survcys provided and materials collected in Bernstei~l 1992, Kloppcnberg 1996, Joas 1993, Dickstein 1994, Fluck 1999, Orril 1997. Garrison 1995. Posner 2003, and cism, between positivist scientisrn and anything-goes . Gunn 1992. Finally, pragmatism has not only generated methods and groundings I also wish to thank Armcn Marsoobian and Otto Bohlmann of Metophilo.~opl!,; for for historical research but, through its wide-ranging impact on American their help in this project. 12 RICHARD SHUSTERMAN

Garrison, James W., ed. 1995. Studies in Plzilosophy orzd Edircotion, Special issue on "The New Scholarship on Dewey," 13, nos. 3 and 4. Gunn, Giles. 1992. Tlzinlting Across tlze Arnericorz Grain: I~kology, , nrid t11e iVew Prc~grgr?latisrn.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Haddock-Siegfried, Charlene, ed. 1993. Special issue of Hyparia, on "Pragmatism and Feminism," 8, no. 2. James, William. 1963. Pr.agmati.srn and Otlicr. Essnj!s. New York: Simon and Schuster. . 1983. Tile Principl~sof' Psycholo,yj,. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. . 1994. The Correspon&r~ce of' Willicrr71 Janzes. Vol. 3. Charlottes- ville: Press. Joas, Hans. 1993. "American Pragmatism and German Thought: A History of Misunderstandings." In Pragrncrtisn~ and Social T1zeoi.y. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kloppenberg, James T. 1996. "Pragmatisnl: An Old Name for Some New Ways of Thinking?" Jorrrnal of Ar~zericanHi.~tory 83: 100-38. Orril, Robert, ed. 1997. E~izicationand Dernocracy: Re-itwaginit~gLiberal Lec~rrzitzg in Anzerica. New York: College Entrance Examination Board. Posner, Richard A. 2003. Law, Pragmatism, rind Der?~ocracy.Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Shusterman, Richard. 1997. Practicirzg Plzilosoplzy: Pragnzatisr?~and the P/lilo.so~~kica/Lifr. New York: . Smith, John E. 1985. "Pragmatism at Work: Dewey's Lectures in China." Joztrnal c!f' Cl?inese Philosophy 12: 231-59.