Chapter IV

GLOSSARY United Nations Secretariat"

The expansion of the field of family planning evalua­ (b) when the number of surviving children has reached tion research has brought about an increased number of or exceeded the desired number of children; or (c) when technical terms and specialized expressions that are not a couple states explicitly that no more children are defined in some of the texts using them. Furthermore, wanted. Potential output of children refers to the specific concepts are sometimes expressed by different number of children a typical couple would have under terms, while, on the other hand, the same term may be conditions of natural fertility and of prevailing life ex­ used to refer to different concepts. In the light of these pectancy to adulthood. Demand for children may be considerations, the members of the Third Expert Group represented by various concepts, such as the total on Methods of Measuring the Impact of Family Plan­ desired number of children, or the number of children a ning Programmes on Fertility recommended that a couple expects to have, or the number of additional glossary of terms commonly found in the literature of children already born (or surviving) plus the number of contraception and programme evaluation should be in­ additional children wanted. There is no consensus on the cluded in this Addendum to Manual IX, Despite some operationalization of this concept. overlapping, this glossary is intended to complement the 3. Contraceptive accessibility depends upon how existing Multilingual Demographic Dictionary and sum much effort (in terms of distance, travel time or cost, for up, without being fully comprehensive, the current state instance) is required to obtain an available contraceptive of the evaluation terminology. Most, although not all, method. Perceived accessibility refers to accessibility as of the definitions are drawn or paraphrased from the reported or perceived by respondents. Actual accessibil­ literature cited in the sources. Attention has been given ity refers to the actual measured distance, travel time or only to definitions of concepts, and computational pro­ cost of travel and/or services, to a contraceptive services cedures to quantify them have thus been omitted. Each outlet. Usage sometimes includes the notion of con­ term or expression listed in the glossary is listed in an traceptive availability in the concept of accessibility. For alphabetical index for easy reference. Some ofthe terms contraceptive availability, a contraceptive is available in listed have other meanings in ordinary discourse; this a country if it is marketed or distributed and can be ob­ glossary gives only the special meanings of these terms tained through some realistically feasible effort; it is when they are used in discussions of family planning sometimes used synonymously with accessibility. A evaluation. distinction between actual and perceived availability is also made. A. FAMILY PLANNING 4. Tbe cost of fertility regulation is often decom­ posed into different concepts. Psychological cost refers 1. Birth regulation refers to measures taken by to reservations, displeasure and anxieties associated with couples to space or limit the number of their children, the use of birth regulation devices. Social cost refers to excluding abortion. Birth control refers to all methods the social constraints-conjugal, family, and peer pres­ used to space or limit the number of children, including sures as well as religious prohibitions and taboos and abortion. Contraception refers to measures taken by other negative norms - which discourage adoption of couples to prevent conception, including sterilization, birth regulation methods. Health cost refers to health but excluding artificial interruption of pregnancy (abor­ risks and medical side-effects resulting from use of birth tion). A contraceptor is a user of a contraceptive regulation methods. Economic cost refers to the method. monetary and time cost necessary to obtain information 2. The concept motivation for family planning, and use a contraceptive method. although general enough to refer to motivation for both S. Demand for family planning refers to the number spacing and limiting births, was often resorted to only in or proportion of (married) women or couples with an connection with the latter meaning. Motivation for apparent motivation to prevent or delay a pregnancy. family planning was empirically assessed on the basis of Demand for family planning is sometimes used certain criteria, for instance: (a) when the potential out­ synonymously with demand for contraception. Unmet put of children is larger than the demand for children; or need for family planning refers to the proportion of reproductive-aged sexually active (or married) women or • Population Division ofthe Department of International Economic couples who are apparently motivated to prevent or and Social Affairs, with the assistance of John A. Ross, Center for Population and Family Health, Columbia University, New York, who delay a pregnancy but who are not practising contracep­ acted as consultant. tion. Alternatively, unmet need may reflect an outside

32 standard of need, as in areas with excessive mortality ning. A distinction between all acceptors and new ac­ and fertility levels. Proposed measures of unmet need ceptors of a given contraceptive method is also used to have varied considerably, depending in part upon the separate those adopting a particular method offered by criteria used to measure motivation to control fertility the programme for the first time from those who receive and those used to identify current exposure to risk of additional supplies of a previously adopted method. pregnancy, Sometimes measures have tried to reflect Monthly reports on programme activity typically list unmet need among couples wishing to increase birth these separately. A new pill acceptor may be entirely new spacing as well as unmet need among couples desiring no to the programme or may be a former intra-uterine more children, and sometimes only the latter motivation device (IUD) acceptor. To avoid such ambiguities, a fur­ has been considered. Sometimes users of relatively in­ ther distinction is needed between new programme ac­ effectivemethods ofcontraception have been counted as ceptors and former or "old" programme acceptors. A having unmet need. Although measures of unmet need contraceptor can thus be a new pill acceptor but an "old" most frequently focus on exposure to risk of an un­ programme acceptor. This distinction, however, is so intended pregnancy at a particular time, some estimates far rare in practice. have attempted to allow for the number of couples who 7. Contraceptive prevalence refers to the proportion are likely to be in need in the near future, although they of couples (or married or sexually active women) of are temporarily not at risk of pregnancy. The most reproductive age using a contraceptive method at a given prominent illustration of this subgroup is women cur­ time or during a short interval of time. A Contraceptive rently pregnant. Prevalence Survey (CPS) is a specialized survey directed to, among other things, identifying the past and current B. CONTRACEPTIVE ACCEPTANCE AND USE use of different types of traditional and modern birth regulation methods by couples of reproductive age and 6. Contraceptive acceptor refers to a couple, woman the extent of availability of or accessibility to such or man who accepts a contraceptive method with the in­ methods. A KAP Survey is a survey undertaken to col­ tention of using it for delaying or preventing the next lect information on women's (or sometimes couples') conception. Those who receive a birth regulation knowledge about, attitude towards and practice of fam­ method but never use it, or who abandon it immediately, ily planning. Its purpose is to inform policy planners are acceptors but are not users. Contraceptive users are about what the relevant population knows about birth acceptors who do not abandon use of a birth regulation regulation and what proportion approves it, practises it method immediately after acceptance and who are ac­ etc. Some KAP surveys also include questions relating to tively using it at interview or cut-off point. Contracep­ fertility; and KAP surveys also provide contraceptive tive users trying to delay the next birth are referred to as prevalence data, by method, age and other character­ birth-spacers; users trying to prevent the next birth are istics, as do CPS surveys. referred to as birth-limiters (or spacers and limiters, for 8. A segment (of contraceptive use) is a period dur­ short). Never-users are women or couples who have ing which a particular contraceptive method is used never used any contraceptive method in their entire life, without interruption. In the case of the intra-uterine up to the time ofthe interview. Current users are women devices, a segment of use begins with insertion of the or couples who are using a contraceptive method at the device and ends when the device is removed or expelled time of the interview. Past users are couples or women (even if another device is inserted immediately), or upon who have used a contraceptive method in the past but occurrence of an unintended pregnancy. For other are not using any method at the time of the interview. methods, a segment of use ends upon occurrence of a Ever-users are couples or women who have used in the contraceptive failure, a change to another contraceptive past and/or are currently using a contraceptive method. method or interruption of contraceptive use for a Each of these last four concepts can in turn be subdi­ specifiedperiod oftime, such as one month. In life-table vided into single-method users if pertaining to a singleor analysis ofcontraceptive continuation and contraceptive particular contraceptive method; and multi-method failure, a distinction is often made between first and users, if pertaining to two or more contraceptive later segments of use. methods. Hence, single-method and multi-method cur­ rent users, single-method and multi-method past users and single-method and multi-method ever-users. Cur­ C. FERTILITY AND FECUNDITY rent non-users are women or couples who are not using a contraceptive method at the time of the interview. Pro­ 9. Fertility refers to actual reproductive perfor­ gramme acceptor refers to an acceptor who initiates con­ mance rather than to its capacity; production of a live traceptive use from the programme. Programme users birth. Infertility is the opposite of fertility; it refers to are couples who utilize a contraceptive method provided the absence of children and is sometimes synonymous by the family planning programme. When the con­ with childlessness. Infertility can be voluntary (con­ traceptive methods are provided by the private sector, traception or abortion) or involuntary (infecundity). one refers to non-programme acceptors and to non­ Fecundity refers to the ability to produce a live birth. In­ programme users. Potential users sometimes refers to fecundity refers to the inability to conceive; it is similar couples motivated for family planning but not yet using. to sterility, which may be primary (inability from puber­ Potential users are defined as potential spacers if they ty ever to produce a live birth) or secondary (appearing state that they wish to delay the next pregnancy and as after at least one birth). Natural fertility refers to the potential limiters if they state that they want to prevent fertility rate a group of women would have in the all further pregnancies. See motivation for family plan- absence of deliberate birth control. 33 10. Fecundability refers to the probability of con­ (d) Demographic effectiveness is similar to extended ceiving during a menstrual cycle or month. Physiolo­ use-effectiveness but uses live birth as the end-point of gical fecundability (or total fecundability) takes into interest, ignoring all conceptions with other outcomes. consideration all conceptions, including those usually 14. Contraceptive failure describes the occurrence not detected (some of which occur and end before of an involuntary (or accidental) pregnancy while con­ menses return.) Recognizable fecundability excludes traception is being used. Contraceptive failure rates pregnancies ending within two weeks after conception. relate the number of unintended conceptions to the Apparent fecundability refers to a fecundability duration of exposure to the risk of conceiving. Method estimate based on all conceptions that are recognized failure or theoretical failure occurs when an involuntary and declared by a woman. Effective fecundability in­ conception takes place while the contraceptive method is cludes only those pregnancies that end in a live birth. being used properly, and a method failure rate Residual fecundability (or controlled fecundability) represents the number of method failures in relation to refers to the probability of conception during a the period of proper use. Use failure rates relate the menstrual month in the presence of contraception, as number of involuntary conceptions that occur under opposed to natural fecundability, the probability ofcon­ conditions of ordinary use to the duration of contracep­ ceiving in the absence of contraception. The term feeun­ tive use. Conceptions due to incorrect or careless con­ dability used without qualifiers is generally synonymous traceptive practice are included, as well as method with natural fecundability. failures. Extended use-failure expands the notion of 11. Conception is the beginning of a pregnancy. failure to include all unintended conceptions following Conception rate refers the proportion of women con­ the start of contraceptive use, including conceptions ceiving each month among those who have not conceived during interruption of use or occurring after use was en­ at the beginning of the month (conditional monthly tirely discontinued. Contraceptive failures can also be probability). classified according to the reason contraception was 12. Exposed women refers specifically to women employed: delay failure represents the occurrence of a exposed to the risk of conception. This includes all pregnancy sooner than was intended; prevention failure women of reproductive ages currently in a marital represents the occurrence of a pregnancy to a woman union, from which are excluded all pregnant women, who intended to have no more children at any time. The naturally sterile women, amenorrhoeic women, most common measures of rates ofcontraceptive failure deliberately sterilized women and women who though in are: a union are not currently cohabiting. This concept can (0) Cumulative failure rate, which equals the pro­ still be used in cases where data are not available for cer­ portion ofwomen who become unintentionally pregnant tain subcategories (amenorrhoeic women or non­ within a given time (e.g. one year) of the beginning of a cohabiting women) provided the nature of the measure­ segment of contraceptive use (see segment). This ment is made explicit. measure is calculated using life-table methods. It can be either gross or net. The gross rate is hypothetical, by D. CONTRACEPTIVE EVALUATION assuming that the group followed never terminate con­ traception unless a pregnancy intervenes; the net rate re­ 13. Contraceptive effectiveness is the proportionate tains the confounding effects of contraceptive termina­ reduction in the probability of conception due to con­ tion for reasons other than pregnancy (see gross rate, net traceptive use. Four types of effectiveness are commonly rate). distinguished: (b) Pearl pregnancy rate, which is the number of in­ (0) Theoretical effectiveness (or physiological or voluntary pregnancies per 100 years of exposure (calcu­ biological effectiveness) refers to effectiveness of a con­ lated by dividing the observed number of involuntary traceptive under ideal laboratory conditions, with no pregnancies by the observed months of exposure for a human error. Any conceptions are therefore method group of women and multiplying the result by 1,2(0). faDures; This measure is distorted, however, by the length of the (b) Use-effectiveness (or clinical effectiveness) refers observation period, because failure rates per month are to effectiveness of contraception under conditions of or­ higher near the beginning of a segment of contraceptive dinary use, allowing for unintended conceptions due to use than at longer durations. The improved Pearl index incorrect or careless use as well as for method failures; refers to a Pearl pregnancy rate based on the experience (c) Extended use-effectiveness refers to effectiveness of a group of women each of whom is observed for a of contraceptive use regardless of interruption and fixed amount of time, such as one year. A one-year im­ discontinuation of use, as well as switching between proved Pearl index is closely related to a one-year life­ methods. It counts all conceptions, regardless of table failure rate. whether they occur while contraception is actually Measures of contraceptive failure are sometimes employed. In order to estimate contraceptive effec­ referred to as measures of contraceptive effectiveness, tiveness, the observed rate of unintended conceptions although the latter term is more often reserved for among contraceptive users, accidental pregnancies, is estimates of the proportionate reduction in the proba­ compared with an estimate of the pregnancy rate the bility of conception attributable to contraceptive use. contraceptive users would have experienced in the entire (See contraceptive effectiveness.) absence of contraception. Usage is not completely con­ IS. Continuation (contraceptive) refers to the con­ sistent; sometimes the term contraceptive effectiveness tinuing use of a birth regulation method. One can has been applied to rates of contraceptive failure; distinguish between first-method continuation and all- 34 method continuation. The first expression refers to the E. FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME EVALUATION contin.uous us~ of the.samecontraceptive method during a specIfied periodoftime. The second expression implies 17. The potential fertUity of a group of (married) changes in the type of contraceptive method after ac­ women or of contraceptive users is the fertility this ceptance and refers to acceptors who are still using any group.would have experienced in the absence ofa family method (with no intervening pregnancy) after a specified plannmg programme (or alternatively of a particular period of time since acceptance. Continuation rate contraceptive method). One can distinguish net poten­ refers to the proportion of acceptors who are still using tial fertility, which is the fertility that would have after a given period of time such as one year; one can prevailed if there had never been a family planning pro­ distinguish between first-method continuation rates and gramme (and if couples who entered the programme all-method continuation rates. Retention rate is the term would have resorted to non-programme contraception) usually used in life-table analysis with respect to the con­ (see figure VIII). Gross potential fertility refers to the tinuing use ofthe intra-uterine device. The retention rate fertilit~ that would.pr.evail if all use of programme con­ can be computed either with or without reinsertion of traception were ebmmated and if there were no net the intra-uterine device. It refers generally to annual sub~titution. ~f th~ reference population is a group of rates. Complement to the termination rate. (See also famIly. plan~l~g .pro.gramme acceptors, their gross discontinuation.) potential fertility IS higher than the natural fertility in the general population, since the latter contains a sterile 16. Contraceptive discontinuation refers to the subgroup. If the reference population is the general cessation of use of a contraceptive method. Discon­ population, gross potential fertility falls below natural tinuation is measured by a discontinuation rate which fertility, since the presence of non-programme con­ consists, in general, ofthe complement to 1.0 ofthe con­ traceptive ~se .depresses the latter (see figure VIII). In tinuation rate. In life-table analysis of the intra-uterine some.applications, however, the potential fertility of device continuation, the term termination rather than users IS set equal to the actual (prevailing) fertility ofthe discontinuation is generally encountered. Termination general population of married women of reproductive of use of an IUD occurs as a result of the expulsion or ages. removal of an IUD or of an accidental pregnancy. In IUD evaluation, termination is measured by a termina­ tion rate, which is the sum of the net rates of expulsion, removal and accidental pregnancy. Such rates are usually Figure VIII. Relationships between natural, gross and net potential measured by segment. In intra-uterine device analysis, fertility In the general population and In a group of acceptors expulsion refers to complete expulsion of the intra­ uterine device or partial expulsion requiring removal. General Acceptor or user Expulsion rate is the life-table measurement of intra­ population group uterine deviceexpulsions over a specifiedperiod oftime.

Expulsion rates are sometimes subdivided into first ex­ Natural fertility ~ pulsion rates and later expulsion rates. Removal refers gross potential fertility to the removal of the intra-uterine device for medical Gross effect of: and non-medical reasons. Removal rate is the life-table measurement of intra-uterine device removals over a Non·programme specifiedperiod of time. Accidental pregnancy includes contraception all conceptions occurring while using a contraceptive Gross potential method; it is synonymous with contraceptive failure. fartility ~~HI~ The accidental pregnancy rate, in IUD evaluation, is also a life-table measurement of unwanted pregnancies IZZZ2I Net substitution over a specifiedperiod oftime. Seealso failure rate. Loss to follow-up is a concept commonly used in connection with the analysis of intra-uterine device life table Net potential fertility Net potential Programme analysis; in analysis of clinic data, it includes women fertility contraception overdue n months or more for a scheduled visit to a family planning clinic and for whom no information for I!!!!!!!I Net programme that overdue period was obtained. The grace period for ~effect "overdue" classification may vary.

Expulsion rates, removal rates and accidental preg­ Observed ~ Non-programme nancy rates, when computed through life-table analysis, fertility ~effect can be expressed as gross rates or as net rates. The gross 1IIIII1111I1 rate is the rate computed as in a single-decrement life table, assuming no competing risks by other types ofter­ minations. A net rate is the rate computed while making allowance for the effects of competing risks and is calculated using a multiple-decrement life table. Thus, a net rate might have been higher except for the effect of Observed fertility competing risks. The net IUD rates of expulsion, removal and accidental pregnancy add up to the rate of termination for all causes combined. Source: Bongaarts (1985), p. 42. 35 18. Catalytic effectis the use of contraception in the 19. Family planning programme effort or input private sector that was induced by the activities of the refers to the sum of policies adopted and implemented organized family planning programme. Spill-over means and the activities carried out to provide knowledge, atti­ the same as catalytic effect. Substitution refers to tudinal change, supplies and services that help achieve couples using programme contraception who would the objectives of organized family planning programmes. have used non-programme contraception had the pro­ Family planning programme output refers to a specific gramme not existed. Net substitution is the combined outcome of a family planning programme, as a result of results of substitution and catalytic effects; it accounts specificinput. Programme-induced levels of contracep­ for the differencebetween gross and net programme im­ tive prevalence, for instance, constitute a programme pact (see figure IX). Net (family planning) programme output. impact: programme effect estimated on the basis of net potential fertility; the net impact equals the gross impact less substitution plus the catalytic effect. (See fig­ ures VIII and IX.) Gross (family planning) programme SOURCES OF GLOSSARY impact is the programme effectestimated on the basis of Bongaarts, John (1982). A note on the concept of potential fertility gross potential fertility (see figure IX). Total family and its application in the estimation of the fertility impact of family planning practice impact is the estimated effect of all planning programmes. In Evaluation ofthe Impact ofFamily Plan­ birth regulation practice, by both programme and non­ ning Programmes on Fertility: Sources of Variance. New York: programme users (see figure IX). Family planning pro­ United Nations, 261-262. gramme impact refers to the amount of change in fertil­ Sales No. E.8I.XIlI.9. ity that can be attributed to the policies, measures and ___ (1985). The concept of potential fertility in evaluation of activities purposely undertaken to reach a specificfertil­ the fertility impact of family planning programmes. In Studies to Enhance the Evaluation of Family Planning Programmes. New ity level. Theoretically, the impact of the programme is York: United Nations, 40-49. measured by the difference between the fertility level Sales No. E.84.XIlI.9. observed in a given calendar year and the levelof fertility ___ and Robert G. Potter (1983). Fertility, Biology and that would have prevailed in the same period had no Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinant. New York: family planning programme been undertaken. In prac­ Academic Press, 3, 65-66. tice, the impact of the programme is measured as the Chayovan, Napaporn, Albert I. Hermalin and John Knodel (1984). differencebetween the observed and the potential fertil­ Measuring Accessibility to Family Planning Services: Exploring ity of the general population or of a group of pro­ Alternative Measures with Data from Rural Thailand. Population gramme users. (See figure VIII.) Studies Center Research Report. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Easterlin, Richard A. (1975). An economic framework for fertility analysis. Studies in Family Planning 6(3):54-56. Figure IX. Fertility trends in presence or absence of a Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. Report ofthe Expert family planning programme Group on Assessment ofAcceptance and Use-effectiveness ofFam­ ily Planning Methods. Asian Population Studies Series, No.4. B············· Sales No. E.69.II.F.15. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1984). Report of the First Study Director's Meeting of the Pilot Study on the Role of Community Communication Networks in the Accept­ ance and Continuation of Family Planning Practice. Draft. ~ ...:....}I Hermalin, Albert I. (1983). Fertility regulation and its costs: a critical ~ .. essay. In Rodolfo A. Bulatao and Ronald D. Lee, eds., with Paula i. E. Hollerbach and John Bongaarts, Determinants of Fertility in ~··}l I .Ii Developing Countries, vol. 2, Fertility Regulation and Institutional i ~ 'ii .. lit ~ Influences. Report of the National Research Council Committee 8' • - G- !-o.. ~ ... on Population and Demography, Panel on Fertility Determinants. s New York: Academic Press, I-53. Laing, John E. (1984). Natural family planning in the Philippines. Studies in Family Planning 15(2):49, 51-52.

t Time Leridon, Henri (1977). Human Fertility: The Basic Components. Introduclion of ­ programme Trans. by Judith F. Helzner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 22-24, 96-97. 120-123. Source: Bongaarts (1982), p. 262. Mauldin. W. Parker (1967). Retention of IUDs: an international com­ NOTE: parison. Studies in Family Planning 1(18. supplement):3. ___ and Robert J. Lapham (1982). Measuring the input of A Observed fertility at beginning of programme; B Natural fertility; family planning programs. In Albert I. Hermalin and Barbara Ent­ CD EF = catalytic effect; wisle. eds., The Role of Surveys in the Analysis of Family Plan­ ED Net substitution effect; ning Programs. Proceedings of a seminar organized by the D Gross potential fertility; International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Liege: E Net potential fertility; Ordina Editions, 216, 222. G Observed fertility; Morris, Leo and John E. Anderson (1982). The use of contraceptive DG Gross programme impact; DE Net substitution effect; prevalence survey data to evaluate family planning program serv­ EG Net programme impact; ice statistics. In Albert I. Hermalin and Barbara Entwisle, eds., The CE DF = substitution effect; Role ofSurveys in the Analysis ofFamily Planning Programs. Pro­ BG Total fertility decline; ceedings of a seminar organized by the International Union for the BD Non-programme fertility reduction. Scientific Study of Population. Liege: Ordina Editions, 149. 36 ____ and others (1981). Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys: A Contraception, 1 Family planning New Source 0/ Family Planning Data. Population Reports, Contraceptive non-programme impact, 18 series M, No.5. Baltimore, Maryland: Population Information acceptor, 6 programme effort, 19 Program of The Johns Hopkins University. accessibility, 3 programme impact, 18 Nag, Moni (1985). Some cultural factors affecting costs of fertility actual, 3 gross, 18 regulation. In Population Bulletin 0/ the United Nations, perceived, 3 net, 18 No. 17-1984. New York: United Nations, 17-38. availability total, 18 Sales No. E.84.XIII.13. actual,3 programme input, 19 Nortman, Dorothy L. and Gary L. Lewis (1984). A time model to perceived, 3 programme output, 19 measure contraceptive demand. In John A. Ross and Regina continuation, 15, 16 unmet need for, 5 McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis/orthe Guidance 0/Family Plan­ all method, 15 Fecundability, 10 ning Programs. Proceedings of a seminar organized by the Interna­ rate, 15 apparent, 10 tional Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Liege: Ordina first method, 15 controlled, 10 Editions, 37-46. rate, 15 effective, 10 Paulet, C. (1977). L'evaluation d'un programme de planification discontinuation, 16 natural, 10 familiale en terme de continuation. Document No. I, serie A. rate, 16 physiological, 10 Bucarest: Centre ONU-Roumanie. effectiveness, 13, 14 recognizable, 10 biological, 13 residual, 10 Ross, John A., ed. (l982).1nternational Encyclopedia Population. 0/ clinical, 13 total, 10 New York: The Free Press, vol. I. demographic, 13 Fecundity, 9 Ryder, Norman B. (1973). Contraceptive failure in the United States. extended use, 13 Fertility, 9 Family Planning Perspectives 5(3):133-134. physiological, 13 natural,9 Schirm, A. L. and others (1982). Contraceptive failure in the United theoretical, 13 observed, 18 States: the impact of social, economic and demographic factors. use, 13 potential, 17, 18 Family Planning Perspectives 14(2):71. failure, 13, 14 gross, 17 cumulative rate, 14 Tietze, Christopher (1967). Intra-uterine contraception: recommended net, 17 procedures for data analysis. Studies in Family Planning 1(18, sup­ gross, 14 Gross rate, 14, 16 plement): I. net, 14 Infecundity, 9 ____and Sarah Lewit (1968). Statistical evaluation ofcontracep­ delaY,14 extended-use, 14 tive methods: use-effectiveness and extended use-effectiveness. Infertility, 9 method, 13, 14 Demography 5(2):931-935. KAP survey, 7 rate, 14 ____ (1970). Evaluation of intrauterine device: ninth progress prevention, 14 Limiters, 6 report of the cooperative statistical program. Studies in Family rate, 14, 16 potential, 6 Planning 1(55):1-40. theoretical, 14 Loss to follow-up, 16 Trussell, James and Jane Menken (1982). Life table analysis of con­ use, 14 Motivation traceptive failure. In Albert I. Hermalin and Barbara Entwisle, oos., rate, 14 for family planning, 2 The Role 0/Surveys in the Analysis 0/Family Planning Programs. prevalence, 7 Multi-method user, 16 Proceedings of a seminar organized by the International Union for survey, 7 current, 6 the Scientific Study of Population. Liege: Ordina Editions, retention, 15 ever-,6 537-538. ' termination, 16 past, 6 rate, 16 van de Walle, Etienne (1982). Multilingual Demographic Dictionary. Net rate, 14, 16 2nd ed., adapted by van de Walle from the French section edited by user, 6 Never-user, 6 Louis Henry. A publication of the International Union for the Contraceptor, I Scientific Study of Population. Liege: Ordina Editions. Current non-users, 6 Natural fertility, 9 Non-programme user, 6 World Fertility Survey (1977). Guidelines/or Country Report No.1. Current user, 6 Basic Documentation; WFS/TECH. 573. Voorburg, The Nether­ Pearl Demand improved index, 14 lands: International Statistical Institute. for children, 2 pregnancy rate, 14 for contraception, 5 Past user, 6 GLOSSARY INDEX· for family planning, 5 Discontinuation, 16 Potential fertility, 17, 18 Acceptor regulation, I rate, 16 gross, 17 non-programme, 6 spacers, 6 Ever-users, 6 net, 17 programme, 6 Catalytic effect, 18 Exposed women, 12 limiter, 6 all,6 Conception, II Expulsion, 16 output of children, 2 former, 6 rate, 11 first, 16 spacer, 6 new, 6 gross rate, 16 user, 6 0ld,6 Continuation all method, 15 later, 16 Programme impact Accessibility rate, 15 net rate, 16 family planning, 18 actual,3 contraceptive, 15 rate, 16 perceived,3 gross, 18 rate, 15 Failure, 13, 14 net, 18 Accidental pregnancy, 13, 16 first method, 15 contraceptive, 13, 14 total, 18 rate, 16 rate, 15 cumulative rate, 14 Programme Availability Cost delay, 14 effort, 19 actual, 3 of fertility regulation, 4 extended use, 14 input, 19 perceived, 3 psychological, 4 method,14 output, 19 Birth economic,4 prevention, 14 users, 6 rate, 14 control, I health,4 Removal, 16 gross, 14, 16 limiters, 6 social,4 gross rate, 16 net, 14, 16 net rate, 16 theoretical, 14 rate, 16 • Each term or expression is followed by the number of the glossary use, 14 paragraph in which it can be found. 37 Retention potential, 6 Unmet needs for contraception, 5 never-,6 non-programme, 6, 18 rate, 15 Spill-over effect, 17 User contraceptive, 6 past, 6 Segment, 8, 14, 16 Sterility, 9 potential, 6, 12 first, 8 primary, 9 current, 6 current non-, 6 programme, 6, 18 later, 8 ·secondary,9 single-method, 6 Single-method user, 6 ever-, 6 Substitution, 18 multi-method, 6 current, 6 current, 6 net, 18 ever-,6 ever-, 6 current, 6 Termination, 16 past, 6 past, 6 ever-,6 rate, 16 past, 6 Spacers, 6

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COMMENT SE PROCURER LES PUBLICATIONS DES NATIONS UNIES Les publications des Nations Uniessont en vente dans les librairieset les agencesdepositaires du mondeentier. Informez-vous aupres de votre libraire ou adressez-vous 11 : Nations Unies, Section des ventes, New York ou Geneve. KAK nOJIY4MTh M3.llAHMSI oerAHM3AUMM OIi'hE.llMHEHHhIX HAUMH H3JIaHHlI OpraHH3auHH 061>eJIHHeHHblx Hauan MOlKHO KynHTb B KHHlKHblX Mara3HHax Harearcrsax BO scex paaoaax MHpa. HaBOJIHTe cnpasxa 06 H3JIaHHlIX BBaweM KHHlKHOM Mara3HHe HilH nHWHTe no anpecy: Opraaaaauaa 061>eJIHHeHHblx Hanan, CeKUHlI no nponaxe H3JIaHHlt, HblO-HoPK HilH )l(eHeBa. COMO CONSEGUIR PUBLICACIONES DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS Las publicaciones de las Naciones Unidasestan en venta en librerfasy casas distribuidorasen todaspartesdel mundo. Consuitea su librero0 dirfjasea: Naciones Unidas,Secci6nde Ventas, Nueva York 0 Ginebra.

Litho in United Nations, New York 00800 United Nations publication 40520-September 1986-6,250 Sales No. E.86.XIII.4 ISBN 92-1-151160-7 ST/ESA/SER.A/66/Add.1