CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

REVISION GUIDE

NAME: CLASS:

Exam Question Help Key Info:  You will have an hour and 45 minutes to complete the paper.  The paper will cover both Crime and the Norman Conquest Unit.  For the Crime section, you will get a choice from TWO 18 mark questions.

This will be what the Crime section will look like…

1 Mark Questions  You will get THREE of these.  You do not need to answer in full sentences.

9 Mark Question  You will get one of these.  Pay close attention to the key feature it is asking you about (crime, punishment or policing). Be very careful not to go off topic. If it asks you about enforcing law and order, only talk about policing and trials.  Pay close attention to the time period. Make sure you only talk about that period.  You will get 6 marks for showing off your knowledge of that area – for example, discussing the role of the Sheriff, constables, , etc.  You will get the other 3 marks from discussing WHY it is this way – what are the causes?

10 Mark Question  This question will always ask you about causes.  They could ask what causes of crime there were in each period, what causes there were of changing punishments, etc.  You will get 5 marks for demonstrating own knowledge – describing the causes and what they led to.  You will get the other 5 marks for how well you can explain how the factor causes the change.  For example, for the example question above, you might explain how urbanisation and the industrial revolution led to machines and developments. This then led to people losing their jobs and rioting, like the Luddites.  You must describe and explain THREE factors in order to get full marks.

18 Mark Question  This is where you will get a choice between two questions (see above for examples).  You MUST use the PACE structure for this question…

Point: what is your overall opinion? Be clear!

I think… Argument: all of the Reason 1: reasons to support your opinion – be specific!

The reasons to support this are… Reason 2:

Reason 3:

Counterargument: why Reason 1: might people disagree with you?

On the other hand, people may disagree Reason 2: because…

Evaluation: link back to your point – why is it better than the counterargument?

Overall, it is clear that…

 You must consider changes over time, and discuss/link to ALL time periods in your answer.  This is where you can earn SPAG marks, so make sure you read through your answer when you have finished.

What types of factors should I consider when answering a question?

These are the reasons/factors which explain the changes and continuities in crime and punishment, and the attitudes to crimes…

Urbanisation

Attitudes & Poverty Beliefs

Government/ Technology Monarch Content of Unit How is this unit organised? You have FOUR time periods to study. For each one, you must know about crime, punishment and policing. 1. Medieval: 1250-1500. 2. Early Modern (Tudor/Stuart): 1500-1750. 3. Industrial: 1750-1900. 4. Modern: 1900-Now. You could summarise what fits into each in a table similar to the one below…

Medieval Early Industrial Modern Modern Crime Punishment Policing

Or, you could make three timelines...

CRIME

PUNISHMENT

POLICING

Medieval Period: Crime

13th Century

• Crimes against property: , , , robbery. Crimes against a person: , homicide, . Serious crimes: also known as felonies. These could be anything from to stealing more than 12d worth of goods (from a law passed in 1275). Petty crimes: limited harm to a person or property, getting into debt, stealing less that 12d worth of goods. Homicide: this is a term for murder or death. Suicide, murder, justifiable homicide, homicide in self-defence or accidental homicide came under this term. There was a high number of homicides in the medieval period.

14th Century

• Crimes caused by anger: records suggest that over half of medieval homicides stemmed from simple arguments. Crimes caused by hunger: arguments and were worst at harvest times when the fields were full and the pressure was great. Crime also rose if a harvest failed and people found themselves in debt. Suicide: suicide was a crime as the church taught that only God could decide when a person’s life should end. This may explain why the rate of medieval homicide was so high. Scolding: the use of offensive and abusive speech in public. It was almost always applied to women. Vagrancy: became a problem after the Black Death. Shortage of workers meant that men left their manors and became vagrants, wandering the country trying to find work with better pay somewhere else.

15th Century

• Outlaw gangs: throughout this period, gangs ambushed travellers, robbed houses or threatened to burn houses down if villagers did not hand over their valuables. Any outlaws that were caught could be given a pardon by the King if they promised to serve in his army overseas. Bad behaviour: playing dice, football and other games were banned as the church said they were sinful. Gambling, shaving beards on Sundays and homosexuality were also illegal. Treason: In the 1351 , the crime of treason was defined. Everyone had to know their place and not go against authority – women with their husbands, and so on. Counterfeiting coins was also treason. Crimes against authority: the last years of the fifteenth century saw a crime wave of the rich and powerful. They would build up private armies and use them against rival lords, taking land and people.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. WHAT WAS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SERIOUS AND PETTY CRIMES? 2. WHAT TYPES OF CRIME WAS INCLUDED IN ‘HOMICIDE’? 3. WHAT NEW CRIMES EMERGED IN THE 14TH CENTURY? 4. WHAT DOES ‘TREASON’ MEAN? 5. WRITE A CLEAR AND ORGANISED SUMMARY OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. (9 MARKS) Medieval Period: Policing

•Overall in charge of keeping 'The King's Peace'. •In 1285, King Edward passed the Statute of Winchester that shaped law enforcement for hundreds of years. King •No full time police force as that would have been too expensive.

•King's agent in each county. •Would be a powerful Lord who would work without pay, giving him great status. •Some of the fines that were paid would come his way. •The property of all convicted murderers would go to the crown, Sheriff and the Sheriff would get a portion. •He worked closely with coroners and chief constables.

•Appointed each year to supervise law and order in their area. •Usually wealthy farmers, who got local status from this job. Chief •Main duty was to ensure every free man was ready to fight for the King if needed. Constables

•Appointed each year, and had to take in turns in each parish while also keeping their main job. •From 1383, he had to ensure that they practised archery each Parish Sunday. •Above all, he had to make sure that his village always Constable responded properly to any crime.

•Adult men were grouped into tens calling tithings. If one of them broke the law, the others would have to bring him to caurt. •Whenever a crime took place, the victim would have to call for People a hue and cry. This meant all within earshot had to join in the search for the criminal.

Royal Courts Justices of the Peace Heard the most serious cases. Began in 1361. The King appointed 3 or 4 of these to Jurors were always taken from each county. Passed really serious cases to the royal the criminal’s own area. Judges courts, but judged others in their own courts. After from this court also travelled to 1388, they did this four times a year at the quarter counties to try cases. sessions. Unpaid but educated and wealthy.

Church Courts Manor Courts All laws and courts were based Dealt with most crime. on Christian principles but the Their main task was the Church dealt with some offences run the lord’s land and directly. Anyone might be put on deal with offences by his trial for sex outside of marriage, villeins. They judged any Courts homosexuality, failing to attend petty crimes that church, persistent swearing, affected the whole gambling or for not knowing the community. Each manor Lord’s Prayer. had its own local laws.

Verdicts Medieval Juries For each type of crime, at least half of the accused Always selected from the same people were found not guilty – except for treason parish. Used their knowledge of cases. Generally very lenient and let the accused go the person’s character, free in serious causes, especially if they were women. background and past offences to reach a verdict.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. WHAT IS THE HUE AND CRY? 2. WHAT WERE THE STRENGHT AND WEAKNESSES OF THE MEDIEVAL POLICING AND COURT SYSTEM? 3. WHO WERE ‘JUSTICES OF THE PEACE’? 4. WHAT CAUSED THE SYSTEM OF MEDIEVAL POLICING? (10 MARKS) 5. EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF THE PARISH CONSTABLE. Medieval Period: Punishment

Fines

• All fines from manor courts when to the lord. • Church courts imposed fines for sins such as gambling, and then would keep the money.l • Kings recieved fines from the quarter sessions.

Public Humiliation

• Manor courts sometimes forced women who were scolds to sit in public on a cucking stool (like a wooden toilet). • Stocks and pillory. • Publicly confess sins out loud.

Imprisonment

• not used as a punishment for serious crimes, but a prisoner awaiting trial might spend months in gaol (jail). • Imprisonment was used for debtors, forgers, offender who could not pay their fines and people who had falsely accused someone else. • Gaols were rough, unhealthy places. Prisoners had to supple their own bedding, food and drink or buy these in prsions. Poor prisoners often sat begging outside the gaol.

Death

• All executions were carried out in public as a warning to all and to show that justice had been done. • Hanging: used for murder, rape, theft, burglary, robbery. Over 80% of hangings were for non-violent crimes. • Hanging, drawing and quartering: used for high treason and counterfeiting. • Burned alive: used for petty treason and heresy. • Other types of execution included being thrown from the cliffs at Dover, being buried alive at Sandwich, being tied to a rock at see in the Scilly Isles.

Ten ways to cheat death Here are some of the methods used by criminals to avoid punishments… 1. Run 2. Seek sanctuary (in churches or cathedrals). 3. Have powerful friends (relied on judges and juries). 4. Refuse to plead guilty or not guilty (got sent back to gaol). 5. Hope for a friendly jury. 6. Buy a pardon from the King. 7. Join the King’s army. 8. Be pregnant. 9. Claim (only if you were a priest!). 10. Become a King’s approver (inform on other criminals).

REVIEW QUESTIONS

WHICH OF THESE DO YOU THINK MEDIEVAL PEOPLE CONSIDERED WHEN THEY CAME UP WITH THESE PUNISHMENTS? RETRIBUTION: MAKING CRIMINALS SUFFER. REMOVAL: TAKING CRIMINALS OUT OF SOCIETY. REHABILITATION: IMPROVING CRIMINALS SO THEY DO NOT COMMIT CRIME. DETERRENCE: FEAR OF THE CONSEQUENCES TO SCARE CRIMINALS. Early Modern Period: Crime

THE PROBLEM OF VAGRANCY

UNEMPLOYMENT RURAL DEPOPULATION

Unemployment rose People began to move towards towns and cities in the hope sharply due to the of finding work, many of these people could not find work or

economic problems. housing and were forced to beg for food and money.

POVERTY

Poverty rose during this period due to the CAUSES following factors: a growing population, bad harvests, inflation, fighting foreign wars, changes in industry and farming.

Why were people so worried

The three main types of about vagrancy? Public fears were based upon the vagrants assumption that all vagrants were criminals, dangerous, carried diseases 1. The deserving poor: those who were poor due and were idle. to circumstances beyond their control. 2. The poor by misfortune: those who were able The Elizabethan Poor Laws of 1598 bodied but who had no choice but to beg and 1601 punished beggars and until they could better their circumstances. vagrants and made it the duty of 3. The idle and work-shy: those who were fit each parish to look after its poor. enough to work but chose not to.

Why did the number of beggars increase Why was begging treated so harshly? during the 16th century? There was no national system of help or aid Large numbers of beggars travelling on the roads for the poor, unemployed or sick. seemed to threaten a society where people were expected to know their place within their local community. Inflation caused prices to rise faster than The cost of supporting beggars was resented by wages. the communities they ended up in. Landowners kept sheep, instead of growing Acts of charity did not seem to be enough to crops. This needed fewer workers. meet the rising demand from poor, sick and unemployed people. Closure of monasteries took away support Poor people were more likely to turn to other for the poor. crimes such as theft. End of wars in England led to soldiers being out of work. Population increase put pressure on jobs and food supplies. THE CHALLENGE OF HERESY

Attitudes towards heretics

Failure to accept the official religion was regarded as treason, with individuals being accused of heresy and put on trial. During their trials, heretics were given the opportunity to recant. If they recanted, they would be given a sentence but if they refused they would be sentenced to death. There was opposition to religious change but this mainly came from individuals, or from those who went into exile.

The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 Under Elizabeth This was a religious protest against Henry In order to compromise, Elizabeth tolerated VIII involving 30,000 pilgrims. In all, 178 Catholics to some degree. She also made individuals were executed for this herself Supreme Governor rather than protest. Head of the Church of England.

Monarch Reign Executed for heresy

Henry VIII 1509-1547 81 Edward VI 1547-1553 2 Mary I 1553-1558 280 Elizabeth I 1558-1603 4

The MARIAN PERSECUTION

What? This refers to the period where Mary I attempted to restore England to Catholicism, and publicly burned people who refused Catholicism. When? During Mary I’s reign:

1553-8. Why? Mary thought that public and brutal deaths would deter people from refusing to be Catholic. In fact, it turned people against Mary, earning her the nickname ‘Bloody Mary’. Who? Although poor people would be burnt, Mary also burnt high-ranking clergymen at the stake too – like Nicholas Ridley (who was Bishop of London), and Hugh Latimer (who was Bishop of Gloucester). TREASON AND THE THREAT OF REBELLION

Mistrust of Catholics under Elizabeth I had led to anti-Catholic Previous to these beliefs and laws laws, Catholics In 1603, King against them. were allowed to James I live peacefully. declared his Therefore this 'detestation' of group of Catholics and Catholics felt began to pass that removing laws against James I may them return Catholics to a suitable place in society.

THE GUNPOWDER PLOT 1603

The Gunpowder Plot 1605

Why? Many Catholics were angry about James I’s new tighter laws against Catholicism.

What? It was an attempt by a group of Catholic men to assassinate the king during the state opening of Parliament, seize his daughter Elizabeth and raise her as a Catholic. Failure? The plot was discovered before it could be put into action, and those involved were punished, including the well-known Guy Fawkes.

Framed? Some historians suggest that the plotters could have been framed so that the king had an excuse to persecute Catholics. Questions have arisen due to a few things such as…  No tunnel under parliament was found.  The government controlled the supply of gunpowder, so how did the plotters get 36 barrels.

THE INCREASE IN SMUGGLING

Foreign wars meant The double taxes – on domestic and that money had to foreign goods – made living costs soar be raised through creating a bigger need for goods. extra taxes on the population.

WHY? There wasn’t enough customs officers to

patrol the coastline Smuggling was appealing to properly, making lowly paid individuals, who could smuggling relatively earn up to 6 times their daily easy. wage in one night.

Attitudes towards smuggling People involved in smuggling operations  Many people didn’t see smuggling as being a ‘real’ crime, and that it The Venturer: A investor, who would

was an acceptable means of put up the initial money to finance avoiding unfair taxation. the operation. However the government passed several The Spotsman: Responsible for laws to combat smuggling… bringing the ship full of goods to the  Hovering Act 1718: made it illegal for right section of coast. small vessels to wait within 6 miles of the coast. Introduced transportation The Lander: Responsible for as a punishment for smuggling. arranging a number of tub-boats to

 Act of Indemnity 1736: this row out to pick up the cargo. Would introduced the death penalty for also organise ponies, horses and injuring officers in the course of their carts to carry the goods once on duty, heavy fines for bribery and a free pardon to a smuggler who land. revealed the names of fellow Tubmen and Batsmen: Tubmen did smugglers. the heavy lifting. They were

These preventative measures were hard to protected by batsmen, who were enforce, because smuggling was so prepared to confront any official widespread and the smugglers were armed trying to shut down the operation. with weapons. Faced with threats, magistrates were often afraid to convict smugglers.

HIGHWAY ROBBERY Causes of the growth of highway Causes of the decline of highway robbery. robbery. Quiet country roads provided The growth of cities, including opportunities for robbers to ambush London, meant that roads used by travellers. robbers were being covered by new The building of more coaching inns buildings. encouraged travel. General increase in travel due to The use of banknotes, which were industrial revolution and increased more easily traced, made it harder. population. Limited banking meant people The area around London was carried valuables and money. becoming better policed. Economic growth meant people Manned toll-gates made it harder for were becoming wealthier. highwaymen to stay unnoticed. Ex-soldiers from the eighteenth JP’s refused to licence taverns that century wars would often become were popular with highwaymen. highway robbers. Lack of law enforcement. Handguns were easy to find and use. Development of better roads meant more people could travel by coach.

Footpads Highwaymen They These were mounted robbers who could attack stagecoaches and attacked on travellers on horses. These travellers were usually richer. Many of these foot as they robberies included the use of guns. Some robbed alone but many worked in did not pairs or groups. have horses. During the nineteenth century, the myth of the masked, glamorous They tended highwayman emerged. According to this myth, they didn’t have to resort to to specialise much violence as many couldn’t resist them. However, many were violent in robbing and brutal, using force to rob and steal. pedestrian travellers who could Richard ‘Dick’ Turpin not escape as easily as 1706 – 1739 those on Perhaps the best remembered highwayman of the eighteenth century. horses. Nineteenth century novels featured his daring and exciting robberies. They were seen as In reality, his career as a highwayman was more violent and brutal than more lowly glamorous and exciting. criminals Turpin and his partner Tom King were notorious and a £100 reward for their than capture was offered. highwayme n, and their In May 1737, they were cornered in an attack and Turpin escaped while attacks King was shot. could often Turpin fled and was living under an assumed name in Yorkshire. be brutal. He was caught in 1739 for another crime and hung. WITCHCRAFT

Why did people believe in witchcraft?

•Economics: rising prices on food and poverty made people want to blame someone. People recieved money for witch accusations. •Civil War: set neighbours against each other. People had old grievances and didn’t trust each other. If they disliked someone, they could easily get rid of them by accusing them of witchcraft. •Religion: everyone believed in the Devil and Hell. If things went wrong people would accuse witches of doing the Devil’s work. •Superstition: People believed in magic, were very superstitious, and were afraid of anything that was strange to them. •Lack of scientific understanding: It had not yet been discovered how different weather could occur, or how climate could affect crops. People had little understanding of illnesses. Because these things could not yet be explained, witches were blamed for any misfortune that occurred.

Spotting & catching a witch

•In 1597, King James I produced a book on witchcraft entitled ‘Daemononlogie’. In the book, he explained how to spot a witch... •If the person does not know the Lord’s Prayer. •If they are a friend, neighbour or relative of a witch. •If a person dies or has an accident after arguing with the accused. •If everybody who lives near the person believes that they are a witch. •She may have a ‘familiar’ to help her in her evil work – a cat, bird, or toad. •She may have a ‘witch’s mark’ – a lump or mark on her skin where she fed her familiar with her own blood. •She can hurt people by looking at them. •Her hair cannot be cut. •She makes curses that work. •She has no shadow.

Witchfinder General

•Matthew Hopkins was named the Witchfinder General as he was perhaps the most effective witch-hunter in England. •He mainly worked in the North-East. •Began his career in 1644, and retired in 1647. •He is believed to have been responsible for the deaths of 300 women. •He would get £1 for every witch he successfully accused.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. WHO WAS DICK TURPIN? 2. WHAT DESCRIPTORS WERE USED IN ORDER TO SPOT A WITCH? 3. WHY WAS THERE AN INCREASE IN THE CRIME OF SMUGGLING? 4. WRITE A CLEAR AND ORGANISED SUMMARY OF THE CRIMINAL OFFENCES THAT WERE COMMON IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD (9 MARKS). 5. WHY WAS THERE AN INCREASE IN THE CRIME OF VAGRANCY? 6. WHAT WAS THE GUNPOWDER PLOT? 7. OUTLINE THE CAUSES OF THE GROWTH OF WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD (10 MARKS)

Early Modern Period: Policing

Early Modern Courts The Assizes The main courts for dealing with serious offences. By 1550,l the country was divided into six ‘circuits’ and two judges were sent out to hold assize courts twice a year. Quarter Sessions Four times a year, all the JPs in a county met to try less serious criminal offences. JPs were given more powers such as fixing wages, organising road-mending, licensing alehouses, regulating local games like football and arresting vagrants. Petty Sessions In many parts of England, small groups of JPs met more regularly in their local areas. Much of this work was admin but they also dealt with some types of petty crime. Manorial Courts Tenants who let their animals stray, who stole wood or got into fights with a neighbour could be tried in a manor court. Church Courts Particularly active in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. They were concerned not only with enforcing church attendance but also with keeping up standards of behaviour.

Controlling the community 1. Individual communities were expected to police themselves. The system depended on local men who were appointed for one or two years. These individuals were unpaid. 2. The enforcement of law was flexible because the law enforcers often knew the people they were dealing with. Most people rarely appeared in courts. 3. Law enforcers relied on local people to help them in their work. Prosecutions often began with accusations from individual people.

Early Modern: Punishments

THE USE OF IMPRISONMENT

Houses of correction Bridewells

In 1553, King Edward VI turned the royal palace of Bridewell into a - Ipswich and Norwich place to house homeless children and to punish ‘disorderly women’. established their This marked a change in punishment, towards reforming criminals. own houses of The idea was to turn able-bodied vagrants and individuals into useful corrections, known citizens. as Bridewells. Prisoners performed tasks such as making coverings for beds. After - Norwich set up its Edward’s death in 1553, Mary I and Elizabeth used Bridewell as a Bridewell in 1571, centre for punishment rather than reforming. and it aimed to put people to work. - In the summer months, inmates worked from 5am to Prisons 8pm; in the winter, they would work Prisons were not typically used as a type of punishment, but as a from 6am to 7pm. method of detaining a prisoner. There was no organised method of - Any inmate who policing at the time, so people that were awaiting trial or execution refused to work the were kept in prisons so they couldn’t escape/hide. These people right hours were would never be told how long they would remain in prison. punished by Conditions depended on how much money you had as a prisoner, whipping. as you had to pay for your food and accommodation. In some - An Act in 1576 prisons, the jailers were criminals who had been given a pardon, authorised the and had no income apart from what they could get from their building of Bridewells prisoners. all over the country. The act also set out that inmates should be punished on their arrival.

CHANGES IN PUBLIC EXECUTIONS

The reform of the Criminal Code, 1823 This is also known as the ‘Bloody Code’ due to the excessive use of the death penalty. In 1688 there were 50 capital crimes. By 1815, this had risen to 225. People thought the death penalty was too harsh a punishment for certain crimes, so juries were finding offenders not guilty to avoid executions. This made criminals more confident of getting away with crimes.

Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel (1822-1830) abolished the death penalty for more than 100 crimes in 1823. The code was further reformed in 1832, and the Punishment of Death

Act reduced the number of capital crimes by two-thirds. By 1861, there were only 5 civilian capital crimes: murder, treason, espionage, arson in the royal dockyards, and with violence.

By 1800, more than 200 crimes in England and Wales were punishable by The possibility that death Problems with the ‘criminal’ could

public be innocent. This can executions be seen in the case

of Welshman Richard Lewis who was hanged in 1831 for a Public executions could murder he didn’t make the victims ‘heroes’ or commit. ‘martyrs’. For example, like Protestants during the Marian persecution or the WHY DID THE BLOODY CODE END? Luddites. - In the 1700s only 40% of those sentenced to death were actually hung. - Public executions were no longer seen as WHAT CAN THE BLOODY CODE TELL US a deterrent. ABOUT THE PERIOD? - Juries would often not convict people for Some believed that the best way to minor crimes as they thought the frighten people away from crime was punishment was unfair. to enforce severe punishment. - Impact of Enlightenment and new

thinking: people began to think that the Believed that the innocent may be punishment did not match the crime. hanged now and again but that it was the price that must be paid.

The law system meant that many who were guilty went free as the juries wanted to avoid the death sentence. SHAMING AND PHYSICAL PUNISHMENTS

Cucking/Ducking Public Penance Stocks Stools Public penance had been used Built in public places in order Used to punish before, but it became more to humiliate the offender. disorderly women, common in the Early Modern Heavy pieces of wood were scolds and dishonest period. Criminals had to publicly placed around the tradesmen. The admit their crime, and apologise. offender’s ankles and their feet were locked in place. offender was tied to a sort of wooden

Whipping/Branding toilet and paraded around the village or Became much more town. Ducking stools common in the Early were harsher, and Modern period. the chair was fixed to Branding and whipping Punishments a long wooden was mainly used on beam so that it could vagrants. From 1572, the be lowered into a law said that vagrants river or pond. above the age of 14 should be whipped and burned through the ear with a hot iron. Pillory Used before, but became more common in the Early Modern Scold’s Bridle period. It was often used for people who had traded unfairly Women who were accused of scolding could be or had committed sexual forced to wear a scold’s bridle. A heavy iron offences. Offenders had their frame was locked onto the woman’s head. A head and arms secured in a projecting spike pressed down on her tongue wooden frame in public. People when the bridle was closed. often pelted them with rotted food and excrement.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS WITH PUBLIC EXECUTION? 2. WHY WAS THE BLOODY CODE REFORMED IN 1823? 3. DESCRIBE THE USE OF IMPRISONMENT IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD. 4. OUTLINE THE CAUSES OF CHANGE TO THE METHODS OF PUNISHING CRIMINAL OFFENDERS IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD (10 MARKS). Industrial: Crime What caused an increase in crime during the industrial period? Economic Population Increase Problems

Living and

working Political unrest conditions

THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE TOWNS ‘Push factors’ ‘Pull factors’ Due to the introduction of new farming Factories, mines and ironworks were methods, it was becoming increasing labour intensive, requiring large numbers difficult to find work in the countryside. of workers who needed to live close by. After bad harvests, many in the The wages for industrial workers was countryside were starving. higher than in agriculture. Rural population was growing and The development of the railways made there were not enough jobs to go transport and moving easier and round. cheaper. The owners of industrial works built houses for workers near the factories. Industrial work was all year round, while agricultural work was seasonal. The multiplier effect – once one family member moved to the city and found work, this often attracted others. Young people in towns married earlier than in the country and had bigger families.

UNREST LEADING TO CRIME

•Cloth workers who had lost their jobs due to new machinery grouped together and broke into the factories and smashed the machinery. •The attacks began in Noittingham in 1812 and spread The to Lancashire and Yorkshire. •In April 1812, 150 armed Luddites attacked a mill and Luddites the mill owner was killed. •The government made it illefal to break the machines. •in 1813, 17 Luddites were executed. Many were fined while others were transported.

•1830-1 •Gangs of protestors attacked the property of rich farmers, setting fire to things and smashing machinery. The Swing •The protestors were mostly agricultural workers who were angry about poverty. •Many attacks were preceded by a threatening letter Riots signed by the fictional 'Captain Swing'. •Several hundred were sent to prison, 481 were transported and 19 were hanged.

•On 16 August 1819, a huge meeting was held in St Peter's Field in Manchester. •60, 000 men, women and children turned up to hear Peterloo speeches about the right to vote. •Local magistrates were fearful of the big crowd and sent in armed soldiers to capture the speakers. Massacre •In less than an hour, 11 people died (including a baby) and 400 were infjured. •The lead speaker, Henry Hunt, was jailed for 2 years.

•Between 1839-43, gangs of poor farmers dressed in womens clothing as a disguise and attacked toll-gates in south west Wales. Rebecca •The farmers were angry about high rents and changes to the Poor Law. Riots •In September 1843, Sarah Davies, a 75 year old toll- gate keeper was killed during an attack. Eventually the ringl-leaders were caught. Industrial: Policing

•Led by Sir John Fielding, who became magistrate at Bow Street in 1754. •In the 1750's Fielding organised groups of part-time constables who were paid to patrol London. •By 1800, 68 were part of the Bow Street Patrol. Bow Street •In 1773, they began their own weekly newspaper called 'The Runners Hue and Cry' dedicated to publishing crime information.

•In 1829, Robert Peel (Home Secretary) managed to get Parliament's support for setting up the Metropolitan Police Force. •London was now policed by a force of 3,000 men by for by the government. •Officers in the Metropolitan Police were soon nicknamed Robert 'bobbies' or 'peelers'. Peel 1829 •They wore a dark blue tall hat and coat.

•1835 Minicipal Corporations Act; allowed towns across the country to set up a police force. •1839 Rural Constabulary Act: allowed magistrates to establish a police force for their county. •1856 The County and Borough Police Act: local police forces were under local control. This act helped make sure Policing they were all meeting national standards by introducing Acts inspectors who would monitor them.

•In 1842, detectives were first used. •1878, Criminal Investigation Departments (CID) were set up. •From the 1880s, detectives began to take crime scene photographs. •In 1867, the telegraph was first used to speed up police Changes communication. after 1850 •In 1897, fingerprinting began to be used.

Industrial: Punishment

THE NEED FOR PRISON REFORM John Howard

•In 1773, he became the High Sheriff of Bedfordshire, The 1865 and was responsible for supervising the county jail. Prisons Act •The conditions of the jail shocked him, and he began to visit jails all over England and Europe. - Also known as the •His findings led to two acts of parliament, which got Penal Servitude Act. rid of jailers' fees (from prisoners) and improved the prison system. - Concentrated on •John Howard believed that reforming criminals was punishment, not key, and that religion should be used to do this. reform. Howard also thought criminals should be kept in - Hard labour: at solitary confinement, but that conditions should be least 3 months of improved to get rid of prison diseases, which Howard work like stone later died from. breaking. - Hard fare: diets of bread and water could be given for Elizabeth Fry up to a month, as •Fry was a Quaker and believed in charity, which is well as physical when she visited prisons. punishment. •Fry began a campaign to improve prison conditions - Hard board: for women. hammocks were •In 1817, she formed the Association for the replaced by hard Improvement of Women Prisoners in Newgate. uncomfortable •Changes included: new prison rules, female warders, beds. prison schools focusing on religion, and regular work - Closed about 80 (knitting/needlework). small prisons.

Sir G. O. Paul The 1877 Prisons Act •Paul was the High Sheriff of Gloucester, and began campaigning about the local prison conditions. - Centralised the •He was eventually allowed to build a new prison in prison system – Gloucester, which became the design for many other made it so it could prisons. be controlled and •The prison had three main requirements: security (high managed from one walls), health (new health and hygiene facilities, well ventilated), seperation (organisation of prisoners into place. different areas).

Two new prison systems were introduced in the early nineteenth century…

Other prison Separate Silent reforms

- The 1823 Jails Act System System reformed prisons in a number of ways:

there was secure and sanitary Prisoners kept in It was believed that accommodation, individual cells, where prisoners met the jailer now together in certain they would work, pray received a salary, and sleep. areas, but that they the emphasis was were not allowed to on reforming talk. This meant they criminals, and could not influence prisoners were now each other. classified according to age/gender/offenc Prisoners would only e/sentence length. leave their cells for religious services and In order to keep

- The Act also exercise. On these prisoners silent, prison introduced a system occasions, they were life was supposed to be as unpleasant of reports, which not allowed to see and boring as would eventually be other prisoners so wore masks. possible. It was passed to the Home believed prisoners Office. This made would hate the Silent the prison system System so much that more organised. they were less likely to re-offend in case they had to retun to It was believed that prison this system would break prisoners down so they would be more ready to repent and refom. This led to a high suicide and insanity rate.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

By removing It was an alternative to hanging, the criminals which was beginning to be seen as too extreme for certain crimes. from Britain, it was hoped that it would reduce crime. The workforce helped to

Why were develop Britain’s empire. The hard convicts work and transported? learning of Imprisonment cost new skills too much might help to reform

the The terror of the voyage and the unknown of the criminals. land they were going to (America/) was punishment in itself.

Reasons for transportation Reasons against transportation Free labour to build Australian The honest settles in Australia set up infrastructure. groups to protest against transportation. They called it the ‘stain’. Transportation was popular with Prisons were now cheaper and more judges who often used it. widely used. Transportation was successful in Many thought it was unfair that prisoners reforming convicts. Only a minority who had won their ticket of leave could ever came back to England, most earn higher wages in Australia than in stayed there to work peacefully. Britain.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. WHY WAS TRANSPORTATION INTRODUCED AS A PUNISHMENT? 2. OUTLINE THE CHANGES AND THE CAUSES OF CHANGE TO IMPRISONMENT DURING THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (10 MARKS). 3. WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEPARATE AND SILENT SYSTEMS? 4. WRITE A CLEAR AND ORGANISED SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF PRISON REFORMERS DURING THE INDUSTRIAL PERIOD (9 MARKS). Modern: Crime

PROBLEMS WITH MODERN CRIME STATISTICS

Problems Examples Some crimes were Before about 1980, parents, members of the public and not reported to the even police officers used to punish young troublemakers police with a ‘clip around the ear’ and did not take the matter any further. Some crimes were The number of reported rose rapidly when reported more than insurance companies refused to pay victims if the police in the past had not been informed. Some offences were Changes in the law in the 1960s meant that suicide (1961), no longer crimes abortion (1967) and homosexual acts (1967) were no longer crimes. Some new crimes Smoking in enclosed public spaces (2007), and in cars with have been created young children (2015) is illegal. The systems for Significant changes to the way police record crimes were recording crime made in 1998 and in 2002. change

CRIME FROM 1900 TO 1955

1. In the late 1920s, and throughout the 1930s, Britain faced severe economic problems and crime began to rise. The police had to deal with strikes and public protests.

2. In 1939, when WW2 started, crime dropped. The following year, it rose steeply again. During the Blitz in 1940-1, people hid away and criminals took to the streets and looted houses and even robbed dead bodies of valuables.

3. During the war, there was also a huge rise in the black market due to rationing.

THE IMPACT OF MOTOR CRIME

In-car safety Documents - Not wearing a seatbelt (law - No insurance (1930) since 1983) - No vehicle tax. - Using a hand-held mobile - No MOT. (law since 2003) - No driving licence.

FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM Accidents

- Failing to stop - During the early after an twentieth century, accident. football - Failing to report hooliganism was an accident. evident. - In 1923, the Wembley Cup Final between West Ham and the Alcohol Road Traffic Offences Bolton Wanderers - Driving with was overcrowded excess alcohol in - Dangerous and careless driving. and over 1000 the blood (crime - Parking violations (1960) people were since 1925) - Road rage. injured. - Refusing a - Speeding (first became a crime in - This behaviour breath test (first disappeared introduced in 1902) during the war 1967) - Car theft. years but reappeared during the 1960s. - It became a particular problem KEY DATES by the end of the 1902: Harold Bater among the first dricers in Wales to be fined for century. speeding. - Football gangs 1934: First speed limit (of 30mph) is introduced. were popular and May 2012: a schoolboy of 11 became Britain’s youngest joyrider. were ran by middle class men. - The authorities introduced a range of measures in the 1990s to deal with football violence: banning orders and Special Police Units.

THE RISE OF COMPUTER CRIME

Credit card fraud on the In May 2000, a 23-year-old Internet cost the taxpayer computer student in the over £212million in 2006. Philippines launched the ‘love-bug’ virus, which crippled 55million computers worldwide and caused $10 billion worth of damage.

Examples of cybercrimes Copyright infringement: illegally downloading music, films etc. Cyber Terrorism: using a computer to attack a government for political objectives. Fraud & Identity Theft: stealing a person’s identity, stealing money from online bank accounts, stealing credit card numbers. Intimidation/Threats: using speech/text with the intent to harm or intimidate. Sexual Crimes: sharing illegal images by paedophiles, child grooming through the use of chatrooms. Spam: sending bulk email for commercial purposes. Hacking: gaining unauthorised access to private records online. Phishing scams: using fake emails to trick people into revealing important information. Computer Viruses: deliberately introducing a virus to damage or destroy information.

DRUG CRIME

In the early years of WW1, friends and family could buy In 1920, opium and packs of cocaine to send to cocaine became soldiers serving overseas. The controlled substances. army notified the government that it was causing problems, so was banned in 1916. In the 1960s, drug taking was on the rise and the

government tried to stop this by imposing a sweeping ban In 1971, categories on drugs in 1971. A, B and C were Key Info

introduced, listing illegal drugs.

Government regularly seek new methods of winning the ‘war on drugs’ but none seem to work. They also struggle against ‘legal highs’.

THE THREAT OF TERRORISM

Belief in violent action – terrorists Terrorists are more believe that they willing to work can only get what Key Dates together – and they want through A form of direct improved violence. action – it shows 21 December 1998: the communications the strength of Lockerbie bombing – a makes it easier to the group – that flight from London organise co- they can hurt Heathrow to New York exploded over ordinated attacks. their ‘enemies’. Scotland, killing all passengers and crew members as well as 11 people on the ground. 7 July 2005: 7/7 attacks Media attention – media in London, targeting public transport during coverage of attacks rush hour. raises the profile of the 30 June 2007: a jeep terrorist group and was driven into encourages like-minded Reasons for the Glasgow International people to join them or Airport and set alight, growth in co-ordinate their own injuring five members of attacks. terrorist the public. activities May 2013: two Islamic extremists brutally killed an off-duty solider near the Woolwich Barracks.

New technology – advances in Strong beliefs – technology and most terrorists weaponry have have such made the world more strong beliefs vulnerable to attacks. that they become fanatical.

Putting pressure on Growth in fundamentalism. governments/organisations – attacks can cause compromise or agreement to the terrorists

terms/demands.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. WHY ARE MODERN CRIME STATISTICS HARD TO ANALYSE? 2. WHAT HAS CAUSED THE GROWTH IN CRIME DURING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY? (10 MARKS). 3. HOW FAR ARE ‘NEW CRIMES’ JUST ‘OLD CRIMES IN A NEW FORMAT’? 4. OUTLINE THE EVENTS OF THE 7/7 BOMBING. 5. WHAT HAS CAUSED THE GROWTH IN TERRORIST ACTIVITES DURING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY? 6. OUTLINE THE ROLE OF COMPUTER CRIME IN THE MODERN PERIOD. 7. NAME TWO KEY EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR CRIME. 8. GO BACK TO THE FACTOR WHEEL FROM THE START – WHAT MODERN CRIMES CAN YOU LINK TO EACH FACTOR? WRITE YOUR IDEAS BELOW.

Modern: Policing

In 1900, there were 200 separate By 2000, police recruit could be police forces in Britain. In 1964, an male or female and needed to Act of Parliament reduced this have a good education. and merged many forces, so There were 226 women officers in there are now only 43 in England and Wales. 1939, and 37,000 in 2008.

Since 2013, Scotland has just one In 1947, a National Police Training national police force. College was set up to provide starter training.

From 1900 to 2000, police never carried Since 1900, the

firearms. police have had Truncheons have to had been used since specialisms like the 1800s but working on officers now use catching and

pepper sprays or preventing tasers. terrorism, crowd control, forensic Only 5% of all science and use police are of firearms to qualified to use name a few. firearms.

Police offers in the 1900s did far more than try to catch criminals. They were also counsellors, Modern police try to keep advising, supporting and offering ‘community policing’ going by help to people in difficulty. That visiting local schools and range of work continues. encouraging the Neighbourhood Watch scheme. A police survey in 1993 calculated that only 18% of calls to the police were crime related. Investigating crime takes up 30% of police time. Criminal Identification

• In 1901, it was discovered that there are different types of blood and so the police were soon using this to identify criminals. • In 1902, fingerprints were first use to convict a criminal. • The biggest breakthrough came in 1984 when Alec Jeffreys, a scientist, discovered that each person's DNA is unique. Since then, DNA has been used to convict in thousands of cases.

Communication & Data

• Police telephone boxes were first set up in Glasgow in 1891, and the famous blue boxes (like the TARDIS) appeared in London in 1929. • Radio systems were installed in the mid-1960s and portable radios were first used in 1969. • Using digital technology, police officers at the scene of a motor vehicle accident can quickly check details and registration.

Surveillance

• British police rely heavily on CCTV. Cameras in streets record the movements of traffic. Cameras on drones monitor crowds. • In 2015, it was disclosed that police made over 700,000 requests to monitor emails, text messages and internet searches.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. HOW MANY POLICE OFFICERS ARE TRAINED TO USE FIREARMS? 2. LOOK AT THE THREE AREAS ABOVE: WHICH DO YOU THINK HAS BEEN THE MOST IMPORTANT IN IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POLICE? 3. WHAT CHANGES HAVE TAKEN PLACE IN THE ORGANISATION OF THE POLICE? 4. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE MODERN POLICE OFFICER? WHAT MIGHT THEY HAVE TO DO AS PART OF THEIR JOB? WHAT RESPONSIBILITIES? MODERN COURT SYSTEM

•Since 1974, there has been no property restrictions on juries. •Over the last decade, governments have tried to reduce the number of trials by jury as they tend to be slow and expensive. •The internet is a problem with juries because they can now Juries access extra information and become biased.

•In 1986, the Crown Prosecution Service took on the responsibility of bringing trials to court. •It weigh's up the evidence and decides if there is enough evidence to prosecute. CPS •They deal with witnesses and try to get a conviction.

•In 1919, women were allowed to sit as jurors. •In 1920, Ada Summers became the first magistrate. •Now, women outnumber mens as magistrates - the work, Women however, is still unpaid.

•In 1908, juvenile courts were set up, to try children between Young the ages of 7 and 16. People

•In 1971, assize courts, local courts and quarter sessions were stopped. •They were replaced by Crown Courts - there are about 90 of Local these. Courts •The crown courts are all managed by the government.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. WHAT CHANGES TO COURTS HAVE TAKEN PLACE IN THE MODERN PERIOD? WHAT HAS STAYED THE SAME? Modern: Punishments

CHANGING ATTITUDES TO PUNISHMENT Reasons for and against For Against A dead murderer cannot kill again. The person may be innocent. Deterrent Not really a deterrent as most aren’t necessarily planned. Keeping a criminal in prison is No one has the right to take a life – just expensive as bad as them. It is what the criminal deserves. Even worst criminal can be reformed. Satisfaction for the victim’s family and Other countries don’t use capital the public. punishment. Protects future victims, including prison Can make martyrs of criminals, like staff from dangerous criminals. terrorists.

Ruth Ellis Timothy Evans Derek Bentley She was convicted of Hanged for Found guilty of the murder of her murdering his being an lover. Some argued baby daughter accomplice in the that it was a ‘crime of and wife in 1950. murder of a police passion’. She was officer. He did not It was later found hanged in 1955. actually commit the that Evans’ wife murder, but was Several appeals have was murdered by founded guilty and been made on her serial killer John sentenced to death behalf (in 2003 and Christie. Evans by hanging. 2007). Both failed. was pardoned in 1966. He was given a full pardon in 1998.

The abolition of corporal punishment

- In 1914, the use of whipping was limited. Whipped was banned by an Act in 1948.

- There was a move away from the traditional ideas of using pain to punish people.

- Using corporal punishment in schools was banned.

- From 1986, it was illegal to use physical punishment on pupils.

CHANGES TO IMPRISONMENT

Young Offenders’ Institutes Open Prisons Borstals were replaced by Open prisons were set up after Detention Centres, which WW2 to help prevent The use of overcrowding. borstals then turned into Young Offenders’ Institutes. Its main aim is to resettle prisoners into the community. - The borstal system Prisoners are expected to Accommodation is never locked was created with and work opportunities are the purpose of spend 25 hours a week in provided. Vocational and being educational education. This is to teach academic courses are also skills and increase the for juveniles and provided. youths, rather than chance of employment They have been criticised as a as just punishment. after they are released. ‘soft option’ but they are also - It was a rigid system, Youths can also be cheaper. with lots of structure sentenced to Secure and rules. Training Centres (STCs),

Local Authority Secure Prisons today - Routine, discipline, Children’s Homes, and authority. Prisoners are divided into Juvenile Prisons. categories. Adult prisoners are - Used corporal given security classification punishment until depending on the crime they 1962. have committed, the length of Women in Prison sentence and how much of a - Some inmates felt danger they pose. The prison system now includes that it was what many of the suggestions of Category A: prisoners whose they needed at the Elizabeth Fry. Conditions are escape would be highly time, others did not better for women now they have dangerous. agree. their own same-sex prisons. Category B: prisoners who do not

need maximum security but who - Had a high re- Holloway Prison in London is the most well-known women’s prison. may be likely to escape. offending rate. A variety of courses are provided. Category C: prisoners who - Abolished in 1982. Currently, there are no women cannot be trusted in open prisons prisons in Wales. Women prisoners but are also unlikely to escape. from North Wales, for example, Category D: prisoners who can are held in Liverpool. This makes it be reasonably trusted in an open

very difficult for visitors. prison.

Following the introduction of the temporary 1965 Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act, the abolition of capital punishment was made permanent in 1969. ALTERNATIVES METHODS TO IMPRISONMENT

Suspended Sentences •These have been used sincee 1967. •This means the offender does not go to prison Current unless they re-offend during the period the Initiatives sentence is 'suspended'. •If they re-offend, they have to serve the - In 2010, the suspended sentence and the new crime government sentence in prison. released new ideas of how to punish Probation/Parole criminals. - These ideas include: •The probation service beagn in 1907. - Regular working

•The offender has to follow a set of rules and keep hours in prisons - New measures to in touch/report to their probabtion officer and the police. force criminals to •From 1982, offenders have to perform set make amends to activities/day centres to discuss and combat any victims and problems they may have. communities. - ‘Payment-by- •In 1967, the Parole board was created. results’: private •Parole means letting a prisoner out early, if they providers being follow the same kinds of rules as probationers. rewarded for These rules depend on the circumstances. reducing re-

•Parole is given for good behaviour and must be offending rates. recommended by prison staff and probabtion - This is intended to officers. make prisons hard places of work, in Community Service order to encourage rehabilitation of •Community Service Orders were introduced in criminals. 1972,. •This means that the offender is required to do a number of hours of unpaid work for the community as punishment. •This is cheaper than probation.

•The work can be tough and demanding. Electronic Tagging

•Was experimental between 1995 and 1997. •Fits a tracking device to the offender in order to make sure they keep to the rules of probation/parole.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. DESCRIBE THE USE OF IMPRISONMENT IN THE MODERN PERIOD. 2. OUTLINE THE CAUSES OF CHANGE TO THE METHODS OF PUNISHING CRIMINAL OFFENDERS IN THE MODERN PERIOD (10 MARKS). 3. WRITE A CLEAR AND ORGANISED SUMMARY OF THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE PUNISHMENTS TO IMPRISONMENT DURING THE MODERN PERIOD (9 MARKS). 4. WHICH OF THESE DO YOU THINK MEDIEVAL PEOPLE CONSIDERED WHEN THEY CAME UP WITH THESE PUNISHMENTS? RETRIBUTION: MAKING CRIMINALS SUFFER. REMOVAL: TAKING CRIMINALS OUT OF SOCIETY. REHABILITATION: IMPROVING CRIMINALS SO THEY DO NOT COMMIT CRIME. DETERRENCE: FEAR OF THE CONSEQUENCES TO SCARE CRIMINALS. 5. WHY WAS THE DEATH PENALTY ABOLISHED? 6. WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT?