Erdély Zsidó Közösségei a Kezdetektől Napjainkig a Temetők Tükrében

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Erdély Zsidó Közösségei a Kezdetektől Napjainkig a Temetők Tükrében PhD DISSZERTÁCIÓ ERDÉLY ZSIDÓ KÖZÖSSÉGEI A KEZDETEKTŐL NAPJAINKIG A TEMETŐK TÜKRÉBEN DR. KISS ERIKA MÁRTA ORSZÁGOS RABBIKÉPZŐ-ZSIDÓ EGYETEM Zsidó Vallástudományi Doktori Iskola Témavezetők: Prof. Dr. Kiss Endre Prof. Dr. Gábor György BUDAPEST 2014 Tartalom BEVEZETÉS ............................................................................................................................ 6 A. Témaválasztás, módszer, tézisek, kiválasztott megyék ............................................ 6 B. Ikonográfiai bevezető ............................................................................................. 19 1. A haláljelek hitbe és kultúrába ágyazottsága ........................................................ 19 2. A zsidó temetők szimbólumvilága ........................................................................ 23 3. A zsidó sírkövek feliratainak nyelve ..................................................................... 29 C. Történelmi bevezető: Európa történelmének változásai és az erdélyi társadalom zsidósága................................................................................................................. 31 I. ELSŐ RÉSZ: SZATMÁR MEGYE .................................................................................... 48 I.1. Szatmárnémeti ....................................................................................................... 48 I.1.1. Szatmárnémeti és környéke. A zsidó letelepedés kezdetei ................................ 48 I.1.2. Zsidó intézmények kialakítása Szatmárnémetiben. A közösségi és vallási élet megszervezése. Az 1848/49-es forradalom, a kiegyezés és a zsidó kongresszus hatásai és következményei ................................................................................. 50 I.1.3. Az 1868 és 1918 közötti „aranykor”. A zsidóság szerepe a gazdasági élet fellendítésében és a szellemi életben ................................................................. 52 I.1.4. Zsidó élet a két világháború közt. A zsidó közösségek pusztulása: a holocaust 54 I.1.5. Emlékhelyek, tárgyi emlékek: temetők és zsinagógák Szatmárnémetiben ........ 57 I.1.6. Oral history: a holocaust előtti és utáni idők emlékezete ................................... 61 I.2. Nagykároly ............................................................................................................ 65 I.2.1. Nagykároly és környéke. A zsidó letelepedés kezdetei ..................................... 65 I.2.2. Zsidó intézmények kialakítása Nagykárolyban. A zsidó kongresszus hatásai .. 66 I.2.3. A zsidóság „aranykora” Nagykárolyban. Gazdasági és szellemi élet ................ 68 I.2.4. A zsidó közösségek pusztulása: a holocaust ...................................................... 69 I.2.5. Emlékhelyek, tárgyi emlékek: zsinagóga és a temetők Nagykárolyban ............ 69 I.3. Egyéb Szatmár megyei települések ....................................................................... 71 I.3.1. Hitélet Szatmár kisebb településein. A zsidók sorsa: deportálások ................... 79 II. MÁSODIK RÉSZ: MÁRAMAROS MEGYE ................................................................... 81 II.1. Máramarossziget .................................................................................................. 81 II.1.1. Máramaros és környéke. A zsidó letelepedés kezdetei. .................................... 81 II.1.2. Vallási élet a zsidó Máramarosban. A kongresszus hatásai .............................. 83 II.1.3. A zsidó „aranykor” Máramarosban. A zsidóság szerepe a gazdasági és szellemi élet fellendítésében .............................................................................. 85 II.1.4. Máramarossziget 1918-1940 között. Máramaros zsidó közösségeinek pusztulása: a holocaust ....................................................................................... 87 II.1.5. Emlékhelyek, tárgyi emlékek: miről mesél a zsinagóga és a temető Máramarosszigeten ............................................................................................ 89 II.1.6. Oral history: F. Brunea-Fox és Beke György nyomában. Spira György: Két magyar zsidó Galiciában. Zsidó elemek a máramarosi népi hiedelemvilágban 92 2 II.2. Egyéb máramarosi települések: Nagybánya, Karácsonyfalva, Nagybocskó, Borsa, Visó, Felsőróna, Alsóróna, Hosszúmező, Nagysomkút, Szaplonca, Szinérváralja ......................................................................................................... 97 II.2.1. Nagybánya ........................................................................................................ 97 II.2.2. Karácsonyfalva. ................................................................................................ 98 II.2.3. Nagybocskó. ..................................................................................................... 99 II.2.4. Borsa. ................................................................................................................ 99 II.2.5. Visó ................................................................................................................. 100 II.2.6. Felsőróna ......................................................................................................... 101 II.2.7. Alsóróna .......................................................................................................... 101 II.2.8. Hosszúmező .................................................................................................... 101 II.2.9. Nagysomkút .................................................................................................... 102 II.2.10. Szaplonca ...................................................................................................... 102 II.2.11. Szinérváralja ................................................................................................. 102 III. HARMADIK RÉSZ: BIHAR MEGYE .......................................................................... 103 III.1. Nagyvárad ......................................................................................................... 103 III.1.1. Nagyvárad és környéke. A zsidó letelepedés kezdetei .................................. 103 III.1.2. Zsidó intézmények kialakítása Nagyváradon. A zsidó kongresszus hatásai . 107 III.1.3. Nagyvárad aranykora: a zsidóság gazdasági és szellemi teljesítménye. A két világháború közötti helyzet ........................................................................... 109 III.1.4. A zsidó közösségek pusztulása: a holocaust ................................................. 115 III.1.5. Emlékhelyek, tárgyi emlékek: zsinagógák és temetők Nagyváradon ........... 117 III.1.6. Oral history .................................................................................................... 121 III.2. Margitta ............................................................................................................ 124 III.2.1. A zsidó letelepedés kezdetei Margittán ......................................................... 124 III.2.2. Zsidó intézmények kialakítása Margittán ...................................................... 125 III.2.3. Zsidó élet és hitélet Margittán ....................................................................... 126 III.2.4. A zsidó közösségek pusztulása: a holocaust ................................................. 126 III.2.5. Emlékhelyek, tárgyi emlékek ........................................................................ 127 III.2.6. Oral history .................................................................................................... 127 III.3. Érmihályfalva ................................................................................................... 128 III.3.1. A zsidó letelepedés Érmihályfalván. Zsidó intézmények kialakítása ........... 128 III.3.2. A zsidók hitélete Érmihályfalván .................................................................. 129 III.3.3. Zsidó élet, gazdasági és szellemi teljesítmény Érmihályfalván .................... 130 III.3.4. A vészkorszak Érmihályfalván ...................................................................... 131 III.3.5. Érmihályfalva zsidó emlékhelyei: a zsinagóga és a temető .......................... 131 III.3.6. Oral history .................................................................................................... 132 III.4. Nagyszalonta .................................................................................................... 133 III.4.1. Nagyszalonta és környéke. A város zsidósága .............................................. 133 III.4.2. Nagyszalonta zsidóságának hitélete .............................................................. 133 III.4.3. Nagyszalonta zsidóságának deportálása ........................................................ 134 III.4.4. Nagyszalonta zsidó emlékhelyei ................................................................... 135 IV. NEGYEDIK RÉSZ: KOLOZS MEGYE ........................................................................ 136 IV.1. Kolozsvár ......................................................................................................... 136 IV.1.1. Kolozsvár és környéke. A zsidó letelepedés kezdetei ................................... 136 3 IV.1.2. Hitélet a zsidó Kolozsváron. A kongresszus hatásai ..................................... 139 IV.1.3. A zsidó aranykor Kolozsváron. A zsidóság szerepe a gazdasági és szellemi élet fellendítésében ........................................................................................ 143 IV.1.4. Zsidó élet a két világháború közt Kolozsváron.
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