DOCSLIB.ORG

The Great Hack Teacher's Notes B1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Great Hack Teacher's Notes B1 The Great Hack Teacher’s Notes B1 Shine Bright 1re File 13 Digital democracy Objectifs AXE DU PROGRAMME : Citoyenneté et mondes virtuels / Espace privé et espace public OBJECTIFS LINGUISTIQUES : Grammaire : hypothétiques, auxilaires de modalité, expression du but, causatives Lexique : internet, les réseaux sociaux. OBJECTIFS PRAGMATIQUES : expression en continu OBJECTIFS CULTURELS : le scandale Facebook/Analytica OBJECTIF METHODOLOGIQUE : émettre des hypothèses, donner son avis personnel, comprendre un texte ironique Présentation du document INFORMATIONS SUR LE DOCUMENT Le File 13 “Digital democracy” interroge la Great Hack réalisé par Karim Amer and Jehane façon dont internet s’invite dans l’exercice Noujaim et disponible sur Netflix depuis le / de la démocratie aux États-Unis. La page mois de juillet 2019. Ce film est une enquête “Online threats to democracy” aborde au cœur du “data crime” et des ramifications notamment le fait que les réseaux sociaux du scandale Facebook-Cambridge Analytica. peuvent représenter un danger pour leurs C’est bien de l’érosion de la démocratie utilisateurs, en présentant le scandale dont il est question ici à travers l’analyse de autour de l’utilisation de data de comptes l’exploitation de données personnelles à des Facebook par Cambridge Analytica pour fins politiques. tenter d’influencer des électeurs en 2016 lors Le document sélectionné ici est l’adaptation des élections présidentielles américaines et d’une interview des deux réalisateurs qui le referendum sur le Brexit. C’est ce même évoquent les raisons du choix de ce scandale thème qui est repris dans le documentaire The pour explorer le rôle politique d’internet. www.speakeasy-news.com - August 2019 B1 The Great Hack Teacher’s Notes 1 PISTES D’EXPLOITATION 1. La lecture de la courte présentation lois en vigueur aux États-Unis. Les réponses du documentaire en guise d’introduction formulées par les réalisateurs permettent permettra de s’assurer que les élèves d’évoquer avec les élèves les limites de connaissent le scandale ‘Facebook/ l’outil internet ainsi que le rôle joué par le Analytica’. Il peut être également film de ce point de vue. intéressant d’évoquer avec les élèves le 4. Les deux questions suivantes sont partage d’informations personnelles en adressées à Jehane Noujaim et portent sur ligne et leurs propres habitudes / réflexes l’évolution du regard porté sur internet. On en la matière (géolocalisation, publicités, pourra éventuellement montrer des extraits etc.). de ses précédents films aux élèves afin de Le visionnage du trailer apportera des mettre davantage les choses en contexte. précisions à cette présentation du Notamment The Square (2013), nominé documentaire. pour un Oscar, et qui est sur la révolution https://youtu.be/iX8GxLP1FHo égyptienne de 2011, parti de Tahrir Square 2. La première question de l’interview au Caire. http://thesquarefilm.com/ débouche sur une réflexion autour du 5. La dernière question fait office de terme ‘hack’, l’idée est ici d’amener les conclusion et évoque l’impact que le film élèves à expliciter ou illustrer les propos des peut avoir sur notre rapport à internet mais réalisateurs. aussi sur notre façon d’échanger. Les pistes 3. Les deux questions suivantes portent sur contenues dans ce paragraphe pourront être le choix du scandale de Facebook comme fil développées par les élèves. directeur du documentaire ainsi que sur les GOING FURTHER En guise de tâche finale ou texte ci-dessous. Il figurait sur le site avant la d’approfondissement, vous pourriez sortie du film, lors de sa projection au festival demander aux élèves de consulter les de Sundance. Ce texte parodique est une conditions d’utilisation du site du film façon différente et humoristique d’aborder les http://www.thegreathack.com/ questions soulevées dans le film. On pourra (Privacy Policy, écrit tout petit en bas à demander aux élèves de relever le ou les gauche, comme c’est souvent le cas. Il est un passages qu’ils trouvent les plus efficaces exercice utile pour les élèves à s’habituer à pour dénoncer de façon ironique / indirecte repérer et consulter les conditions. Le texte certains travers des réseaux sociaux. qu’ils trouveront est assez classique, même These Terms make up the entire agreement plus explicite que beaucoup de sites (ils between you and The Great Hack regarding pourraient comparer…) your engagement with this survey and any Ensuite il serait intéressant de montrer le film or work product associated with it. They www.speakeasy-news.com - August 2019 B1 The Great Hack Teacher’s Notes 2 supersede any prior agreements. You hereby by check or cash to The Great Hack, and can grant permission to The Great Hack to sell, be used in any and all promotional material license, and share your personal information, in any capacity worldwide in perpetuity. We including but not limited to responses to reserve the right to track your location for the survey questions and email addresses, with entirety of your stay at Sundance. The Great or to any person or entity worldwide and in Hack reserves the right to use your music perpetuity for the rest of time. By signing this listening history and preferences to predict agreement you warrant that The Great Hack your personality for any purpose, political or and any subsidiaries or associated projects and commercial. companies have the right and permission to We reserve all rights not expressly granted to sway whom you vote for in the Primary and you. Upon receipt of email from The Great Hack General election within the United States for explaining the content of these Terms, these the next ten years. Any photographs taken in Terms and Conditions are rendered void in their or around the screening area or location will entirety. be subject to a toll of fifty dollars, payable TRAILER TRANSCRIPT Professor David Carroll: Who has seen oil in value. It is the most valuable asset on an advertisement that has convinced you Earth. We targeted those whose minds we that your microphone is listening to your thought we could change, until they saw the conversations? All of your interactions, your world the way we wanted them to. I do know credit card swipes, web searches, locations, that their targeting tool was considered a likes, they’re all collected in real time into a weapon. trillion-dollar-a-year industry. Paul Hilder (Writer): There is a possibility that Carole Cadwalladr: The real game-changer was the American public have been experimented Cambridge Analytica. They’ve worked for the on. Trump campaign and for the Brexit campaign. David Carroll: This is becoming a criminal They started using information warfare. matter. When people see the extent of the David Carroll: Cambridge Analytica claimed to surveillance, I think they’re going to be shocked. have 5,000 data points on every American Brittany Kaiser’s mother (on phone): And I still voter. fear for your life. With the powerful people Carole Cadwalladr: I started tracking down all involved. these Cambridge Analytica ex-employees. Brittany Kaiser: Yeah. But I can’t keep quiet Chris Wylie (former CA employee): Someone just because it’ll make powerful people mad. else you should be calling to the committee is Mother: I know. Brittany Kaiser. Ravi Naik (Data Rights Solicitor): Data rights Voiceover: Brittany Kaiser, once a key player should be considered just fundamental rights. inside Cambridge Analytica, casting herself as a Carole Cadwalladr: This is about the integrity whistleblower. of our democracy. These platforms which Brittany Kaiser: The reason why Google and were created to connect us have now been Facebook are the most powerful companies in weaponized. It’s impossible to know what is the world is because last year, data surpassed what. Because nothing is what it seems. www.speakeasy-news.com - August 2019 B1 The Great Hack Teacher’s Notes 3 CORRIGÉS a. Réponses possibles : d. Éléments de réponse attendus : It’s a documentary film. It was a scandal She thinks there are “many positive about a company that used data from applications of technology” (l.20) and in her Facebook users (subjects they were previous film she showed Facebook helping interested in, things they “liked”) without people make political change. But now she the users’ consent. They used the believes that the same technology can be information to try to influence voters. used for negative objectives if we aren’t b. Éléments de réponse attendus : careful. For the filmmakers, “to hack” means to find e. Éléments de réponse possibles : a vulnerability a system and exploit it. They The documentary can contribute to making imply that a vulnerability in the social media things evolve by informing people and system allows psychological manipulation encouraging them to talk and think about (“hack of the mind” l.3). They think that this the problem of privacy. It might make manipulation is dangerous for democracy, it people want to stop using social media. can change people’s opinions. c. Éléménts de réponse attendus : They want people to pay attention to the terms and conditions of online services, and see how their data is or isn’t protected. They want the law to change, to protect people’s right to privacy. www.speakeasy-news.com - August 2019 B1 The Great Hack Teacher’s Notes 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leadership Letter for Global MIL
    Consortium for Media Literacy Volume No. 115 Quarter 1, 2020 Leadership Letter for Global MIL The World According to Data: Taking a Look behind 02 the Marketing Machines Today, marketers know intimate details about consumers. If marketing companies are using heuristics – or patterns of behavior – to sell products and services, we need to provide everyone with heuristics, or habits of mind, to filter the media messages and be better equipped to decide for ourselves. Research Highlights 03 CML is pleased to introduce two outstanding national leaders in the data protection movement: Brittany Kaiser, co-founder of the OwnYourData Foundation and primary subject of the documentary The Great Hack, and Alistair Mactaggart, chair of Californians for Consumer Privacy, which is a force behind the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). CML News 14 CML bids Charlie Firestone, head of the Communications and Society Program at the Aspen Institute, congratulations upon his retirement. Media Literacy Resources 15 Brittany Kaiser’s work is featured in Targeted, a book she authored, and in the Great Hack, a documentary available through Netflix. Med!aLit Moments 16 Sleeping Giant Middle School in Livinston, Montana, was treated to a scavenger hunt that focused on media literacy. CONNECT!ONS / Med!aLit Moments • Quarter 1, 2020 • 1 The World According to Data: Taking a Look behind the Marketing Machines The voice accorded to everyday citizens, and the data that having such voice through social media and through websites yields have upended the advertising, public relations and marketing fields. Today, marketers know intimate details about consumers – details garnered through location tracking, DNA testing, health records, and Tik Tok, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Hack - Netflix Documentary Review
    The Great Hack - Netflix documentary review The Great Hack is a documentary discussing the ideas of how data and user actions on devices can create individual profiles of you and how companies can use these profiles and personality traits based on a user actions to target you on advertisements that are specifically for that type of character and drive persuasion. This is much more effective than randomly sending adverts to random users. The documentary focuses on a company that does this called Cambridge Analytica which is the worlds leading data driven communications company and David Carrol an associate professor who wokred on exposing this companies unethical and illegal ways of gaining access to users data and using it to drive votes for specific campaigns. Cambridge Analytica played a big part in the 2016 Presidential campaign. They spent 6 months sending surveys to users which were designed to create and find personailty profiles which were then sent back and would be targeted videos and other propaganda through media. This could be a video that would pop up on a persons recomended page on youtube which could be spreading shame to Hilary Clinton in this case and therefore drive the user to vote for Trump. Further on during the documentary, you are introduced to Carole Cadwalladr who was the investigative jounarlist for the Guardian. She investigated Cambridge Analytica and how it tied to the Brexit campaign. Other students should watch this as it gives you an incite on how big and important data can be and be used and manipulated and it one of the big reasons why actions like Brexit and Trump becoming president are in place today.
    [Show full text]
  • Hacking the Electorate
    Hacking the Electorate On the Use of Personal Data in Political Campaigning www.kas.de Legal notice Publisher: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e. V. 2020, Berlin Cover photo: © iStock/Orbon Alija Chapter marker: p. 10 © Adobe Stock/Gorodenkoff; p. 28 © Adobe Stock/Alexander; p. 38 © Shutterstock/mrmohock Design and typesetting: yellow too, Pasiek Horntrich GbR The print edition of this publication was printed by copy print Kopie & Druck GmbH, Berlin. Printed in Germany. Produced with financial support from the Federal Republic of Germany. The text of this publication is licensed under the terms of “Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International”, CC BY-SA 4.0 (available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.de). ISBN 978-3-95721-772-1 Hacking the Electorate On the Use of Personal Data in Political Campaigning At a Glance › Although data-driven political campaigning is not a new phenomenon, the tools used, the amount of data accessible, and the potential capacity to influence voters represent a new and challenging scenario for the rule of law. › With the arrival of participatory and social web, Internet users can now generate data in a complex network and without any obligation to the pursuit of objectivity or journalistic standards as pillars for content creation. › People in different countries are increasingly getting informed and learning about political candidates and other political issues through social networks. › In recent years political parties and campaigners around the world have invested heavily in online advertising, demonstrating all the potential to reach more people in an efficient, targeted, and accessible way.
    [Show full text]
  • Solving the Social Dilemma (Existential Threats and How to Deal with Them)
    Solving the Social Dilemma (Existential threats and how to deal with them) Cassandra Introduction Cassandra was a priestess to Apollo and sister to Hector of Troy. Apollo took a shine to her and gave her the gift of prophecy. When he realised his affections were not reciprocated he became very angry. He was not able to take back a gift from the Gods so instead he cursed her to make prophecies that were true but would never be believed. "The biggest mistake you can make is to be prematurely right" Peter Drucker In September this year a Netflix documentary called 'The Social Dilemma' (TSD) was given its worldwide release. It contains disturbing warnings about the human and societal impact of AI driven social media. Is the prophecy true or false? If true is it a tipping point or is it prematurely right? This article/paper is going to look at this in the context of two other 'existential threats', Climate Change and Pathogens. What are the patterns, how will the debate evolve, will it create change, what might the solutions be - what can we do about it? Here's what I'm going to cover:- • The meaning of 'Existential' • The Big 3 Existential Threats and the division of opinion • A dialectic process to reframe the debate • Why AI driven social media might be the priority • Some possible solutions My own personal position is irrelevant. It matters not whether my views concur with those expressed in 'The Social Dilemma' any more than it matters what I think about Climate Change or Covid 19.
    [Show full text]
  • Hacking the Electorate
    Hacking the Electorate On the Use of Personal Data in Political Campaigning www.kas.de Legal notice Publisher: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e. V. 2020, Berlin Cover photo: © iStock/Orbon Alija Chapter marker: p. 10 © Adobe Stock/Gorodenkoff; p. 28 © Adobe Stock/Alexander; p. 38 © Shutterstock/mrmohock Design and typesetting: yellow too, Pasiek Horntrich GbR The print edition of this publication was printed by copy print Kopie & Druck GmbH, Berlin. Printed in Germany. Produced with financial support from the Federal Republic of Germany. The text of this publication is licensed under the terms of “Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International”, CC BY-SA 4.0 (available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.de). ISBN 978-3-95721-772-1 Hacking the Electorate On the Use of Personal Data in Political Campaigning At a Glance › Although data-driven political campaigning is not a new phenomenon, the tools used, the amount of data accessible, and the potential capacity to influence voters represent a new and challenging scenario for the rule of law. › With the arrival of participatory and social web, Internet users can now generate data in a complex network and without any obligation to the pursuit of objectivity or journalistic standards as pillars for content creation. › People in different countries are increasingly getting informed and learning about political candidates and other political issues through social networks. › In recent years political parties and campaigners around the world have invested heavily in online advertising, demonstrating all the potential to reach more people in an efficient, targeted, and accessible way.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Hack Worksheet B1
    The Great Hack worksheet B1 The Great Hack documentary uncovers the different sides of the Cambridge Analytica/ Facebook data scandal. Award-winning filmmakers Karim Amer and Jehane Noujaim discuss their motivation to make a film about the origin of the information we consume daily and access to the personal data we share on the Internet and social media. Professor David Carroll teaches social-media design at Parsons School in New York. He decided to attack Cambridge Analytica in British courts, asking to see the data they held on him. Photos and interview: Netflix www.speakeasy-news.com - August 2019 B1 The Great Hack worksheet 1 Brittany Kaiser was the Cambridge Analytica’s business development director. She has taken on the role of whistleblower, giving detailed information to the courts, British Parliament and US Congress committees on Cambridge Analytica’s practices. Carole Cadwalladr is a British investigative journalist who broke the stories that Cambridge Analytica may have used data obtained from Facebook to try to manipulate voters in 2016 in the Presidential elections in the U.S.A. and Brexit referendum in the U.K. Photos and interview: Netflix www.speakeasy-news.com - August 2019 B1 The Great Hack worksheet 2 Q&A WITH KARIM AMER AND JEHANE NOUJAIM 1 What inspired you to make The Great Hack? For us a hack is about finding a vulnerability in the system and exploiting it. We realized that the true hack of today’s world was the hack of the mind. All the tiny manipulations that can happen through a screen and begin to warp where we go, what we do, and who we are.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    POLITICAL SCIENCE UNDERGRADUATE REVIEW VOL. 5 Winter 2020 ARTICLE 7 The Effects of Modern Data Analytics in Electoral Politics: Cambridge Analytica’s Suppression of Voter Agency and the Implications for Global Politics By Evan Oddleifson Introduction Each technological revolution, such as the advent of radio, television, the internet, and social media, has informed how politics and people engage in democratic processes. The Kennedy-Nixon presidential debate became the focal point of one such revolution when radio listeners and television viewers were perceived to be divided on the outcome of the debate. To explain this, later research suggested that television viewers weighed personality, rather than policy, more heavily than radio listeners (Gershon 2016). This changed how voters chose candidates and thus how those candidates campaigned - it changed politics. Moreover, it highlighted the importance of technology in politics. This issue has proven itself perennial, and has today reached a point where the technologies of persuasion have become so capable that their use has been construed as information warfare by senior US national security officials (Cadwalladr 2018), and as a credible cyber-threat. This paper maps the impacts of this modern technological revolution on individual, national and global politics. Specifically, this paper examines the effects of social media driven data analytics on voter micro targeting and electoral politics using Cambridge Analytica’s (CA) involvement in the 2016 US Presidential election and the 2010 Trinidad and Tobago General election to illuminate the electoral strategies and outcomes associated with their use of new data analytical processes. It hypothesizes that, if unchecked, the voter targeting technologies employed by Cambridge Analytica erodes voter agency.
    [Show full text]
  • David Carroll Q & A
    David Carroll Q & A: Data and Democracy In our first interview with David Carroll, the Courier explored the Easton native’s journey to reclaim his data from Cambridge Analytica, the now-defunct British political consulting firm that was involved in an illegal data collection scandal prior to the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Contributing editor Neil Grasso sat down (virtually) with David Carroll once again to learn more about the subject, as well as to find out how Americans can protect themselves from harmful data harvesting leading up to Election Day. This time of year is typically filled with spooky Halloween costumes and sweet candy. However, with the way things have gone so far in 2020, the American people may have had all of the scares they can handle. Aside from the ongoing COVID-19 crisis that initially spiked in early March, killing over 225,000 Americans and devastating the U.S. economy, there is another threat that may have a major impact on the lives of Americans as the presidential election nears: data collection. I spoke with David Carroll, associate professor at the Parsons School of Design and the subject of the Netflix original documentary The Great Hack, to get a better understanding of how individuals can protect themselves from invasive data collection and how such tactics could play a role in one of the most divisive presidential elections in this country’s history. NG: Is there such a thing as useless data? Would someone like my Mom or Dad possess data that is remotely as valuable as the data of a corporate executive or politician? Individuals’ data is not very valuable.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Things Netflix's 'The Great Hack' Gets Wrong About the Facebook
    7 Things Netflix’s ‘The Great Hack’ Gets Wrong About the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica Data Scandal August 27, 2019 Alec Stapp And if David finds out the data beneath his profile, you’ll start to be able to connect the dots in various ways with Facebook and Cambridge Analytica and Trump and Brexit and all these loosely-connected entities. Because you get to see inside the beast, you get to see inside the system. This excerpt from the beginning of Netflix’s The Great Hack shows the goal of the documentary: to provide one easy explanation for Brexit and the election of Trump, two of the most surprising electoral outcomes in recent history. Unfortunately, in attempting to tell a simple narrative, the documentary obscures more than it reveals about what actually happened in the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data scandal. In the process, the film wildly overstates the significance of the scandal in either the 2016 US presidential election or the 2016 UK referendum on leaving the EU. In this article, I will review the background of the case and show seven things the documentary gets wrong about the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data scandal. Background In 2013, researchers published a paper showing that you could predict some personality traits — openness and extraversion — from an individual’s Facebook Likes. Cambridge Analytica wanted to use Facebook data to create a “psychographic” profile — i.e., personality type — of each voter and then micro-target them with political messages tailored to their personality type, ultimately with the hope of persuading them to vote for Cambridge Analytica’s client (or at least to not vote for the opposing candidate).
    [Show full text]
  • Wednesday, Nov 6 // 7:00Pm Rashid Auditorium Refreshments to Be Served
    A SCREENING OF THE NETFLIX ORIGINAL DOCUMENTARY THE GREAT HACK THEY TOOK YOUR DATA. THEN THEY TOOK CONTROL. Data has surpassed oil as the world’s most valuable asset. It’s being weaponized to wage cultural and political warfare. People everywhere are in a battle for control of our most intimate personal details. From award-winning filmmakers Karim Amer and Jehane Noujaim, THE GREAT HACK uncovers the dark world of data exploitation with astounding access to the personal journeys of key players on different sides of the explosive Cambridge Analytica/ Facebook data scandal. Academy-Award nominees Amer and Noujaim (The Square, Control Room, Startup.com) continue their tradition of exploring the seismic ripples of social media with this riveting, complex film. THE GREAT HACK forces us to question the origin of the information we consume daily. What do we give up when we tap that phone or keyboard and share ourselves in the digital age? Q&A SESSION TO FOLLOW DAVID CARROLL ASSOC. PROFESSOR OF MEDIA DESIGN PARSONS SCHOOL OF DESIGN David Carroll is associate professor of media design and former Director of the MFA Design and Technology graduate program at the School of Art, Media and Technology at Parsons School of Design at The New School. He is known for legally challenging Cambridge Analytica and related companies in the UK courts to recapture his 2016 voter profile using European data protection law. Featured in The Great Hack (2019) on Netflix, his data quest has appeared in WIRED, The Guardian, Motherboard, The Boston Review, Slate, Mother Jones, and the international press more widely.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating an Enabling Environmento for E-Government and the Protection
    ISSN 1728-5445 SERIES STUDIES AND PERSPECTIVES 94 ECLAC SUBREGIONAL HEADQUARTERS FOR THE CARIBBEAN Creating an enabling environment for e-government and the protection of privacy rights in the Caribbean A review of data protection legislation for alignment with the General Data Protection Regulation Amelia Bleeker Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps ECLAC - Studies and Perspectives series-The Caribbean No. xxx Trade integration and production sharing... 1 94 Creating an enabling environment for e-government and the protection of privacy rights in the Caribbean A review of data protection legislation for alignment with the General Data Protection Regulation Amelia Bleeker This document was prepared by Amelia Bleeker, Associate Programme Management Officer of the Caribbean Knowledge Management Centre (CKMC) of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) subregional headquarters for the Caribbean. The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. United Nations publication ISSN: 1728-5445 (electronic version) ISSN: 1727-9917 (print version) LC/TS.2020/126 LC/CAR/TS.2020/4 Distribution: L Copyright (c) United Nations, 2020 All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Santiago S.20-00657 This publication should be cited as: A.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Media & US Democracy
    MISINFORMATION, SOCIAL MEDIA & THE CRISIS OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY HI501-04 Senior Seminar: Media Studies & Popular Culture Graduation Dissertation | Fall 2020 1M150290 KWON, Soongyu School of International Liberal Studies | Waseda University ABSTRACT The main objectives of this paper are as follows: (1) explain the concept of tribalism and describe the relationship that it possesses with American society and politics, (2) discuss how present-day developments in the world of contemporary media have been accelerating the phenomenon of polarization within the United States, (3) present different case studies in which social media has and still continues to have a significant impact on public discussion surrounding current events in America and (4) propose a variety of solutions to the relevant stakeholders who should be held accountable for the problematic status quo so as to help restore the key values of democracy upon which the United States has been founded. The paper will include a personal analysis of certain Netflix documentaries that have reference to two of the recently contested events: Karim Amer and Jehane Nouhaim’s The Great Hack for the 2016 presidential election involving Hillary Rodham Clinton and Donald John Trump, and Jeff Orlowski’s The Social Dilemma for the 2020 presidential election involving Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. and Donald John Trump. Not only will it be of assistance to one’s comprehension concerning the background information of what had happened during the entire course of the election, but it will also give strength to the reasoning that social media plays an undeniably important role in shaping the circumstances of the American public sphere.
    [Show full text]