Gendermandering: The Impact of Redistricting on the Success of Women Candidates Dennis Simon Department of Political Science Southern Methodist University
[email protected] Barbara Palmer Department of Political Science Baldwin Wallace University
[email protected] Sara Villarreal Department of Political Science Baldwin Wallace University
[email protected] Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Orlando, Florida. January 5, 2013. INTRODUCTION It is a political ritual as old as the Republic. Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution assigns two tasks to the national government. First, a census is to be conducted every ten years. Second, based upon population changes from the census, Congress is assigned the task of reapportionment – redistributing seats in the House of Representatives among the states. Once this is completed, the process moves to the individual states where the geographic boundaries of the congressional districts are redrawn. For incumbents of both parties, this process is potentially disruptive. Entirely new districts appear and old districts are dissolved. In addition, the partisan and demographic composition of members’ home districts may be substantially altered. Beginning in 1972, for example, we find significantly more incumbents lost primaries in redistricting years compared to other election years; when combined with the creation of new seats from reapportionment, the average number of open seats in redistricting years was 64 compared to an average of 41 in other years.1 Although the work on redistricting is considerable,2 its impact on the political fortunes of female candidates has received very little, if any, systematic attention. Our analysis is designed to examine whether the round of redistricting following the 2010 census had a disproportionate impact on the female incumbents who served in the 112th Congress (2011-2013).