DOCSLIB.ORG

Federal Election Results 1901–2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Federal Election Results 1901–2016 RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, 2016–17 31 MARCH 2017 Federal election results 1901–2016 Stephen Barber Statistics and Mapping Section Executive summary During the period 1901 to 2016, there have been 45 general elections for the House of Representatives and 43 Senate elections. This paper contains a brief commentary on each election along with statistical summary information and results for each state and territory at each election. Contents Executive summary ..................................................................................... 1 Election dates .............................................................................................. 2 Introduction ................................................................................................ 3 Statistical highlights of the elections ............................................................ 4 Comments on individual elections ................................................................ 5 Tables ........................................................................................................15 Party abbreviations and symbols ..................................................................... 15 Detailed results: House of Representatives ..................................................... 16 Detailed results: Senate .................................................................................... 61 State summaries: House of Representatives .................................................. 103 State summaries: Senate ................................................................................ 122 Senate compositions ...................................................................................... 138 Two-party preferred votes: House of Representatives 1949–2016 ............... 143 Informal votes: House of Representatives ..................................................... 145 Informal votes: Senate ................................................................................... 146 Turnout: House of Representatives ................................................................ 147 Turnout: Senate .............................................................................................. 148 Sources .................................................................................................... 149 ISSN 2203-5249 Election dates Unless otherwise specified, elections were held for the House of Representatives and half of the Senate on the following dates: 1901 29-30 March House of Representatives and Senate 1903 16 December 1906 12 December 1910 13 April 1913 31 May 1914 5 September Double dissolution 1917 5 May 1919 13 December 1922 16 December 1925 14 November 1928 17 November 1929 12 October House of Representatives 1931 19 December 1934 15 September 1937 23 October 1940 21 September 1943 21 August 1946 28 September 1949 10 December 1951 28 April Double dissolution 1953 9 May Half-Senate 1954 29 May House of Representatives 1955 10 December 1958 22 November 1961 9 December 1963 30 November House of Representatives 1964 5 December Half-Senate 1966 26 November House of Representatives 1967 25 November Half-Senate 1969 25 October House of Representatives 1970 21 November Half-Senate 1972 2 December House of Representatives 1974 18 May Double dissolution 1975 13 December Double dissolution 1977 10 December 1980 18 October 1983 5 March Double dissolution 1984 1 December 1987 11 July Double dissolution 1990 24 March 1993 13 March 1996 2 March 1998 3 October 2001 10 November 2004 9 October 2007 24 November 2010 21 August 2013 7 September 2014 5 April Half-Senate, Western Australia 2016 2 July Double dissolution Federal election results 1901–2016 2 Introduction This Research paper updates the Parliamentary Library’s Federal Election Results 1901–2014 paper published in 2014.1 It contains a summary of the federal elections—House of Representatives and Senate—held from 1901 to the latest in 2016. Brief comments on each election are provided in this paper, along with a series of statistical tables. Tables showing detailed state and territory results for each House of Representatives and Senate election contain: • figures for the number of electors enrolled • the number and percentage of votes received by party and • seats won by party. Votes received by party are expressed as a percentage of formal votes, while formal and informal votes are expressed as a percentage of total votes. Total votes are expressed as a percentage of electors enrolled in contested divisions. Enrolled figures represent the total number of electors enrolled in each state, while enrolled division figures represent the number of electors enrolled in contested divisions only. Other individual state and territory tables summarise the results for that state and territory at every House of Representatives and Senate election. These show, by party, the percentage of formal votes and seats won. Further tables showing Senate compositions, two-party preferred votes, informal votes and turnout at each Senate and House of Representatives election in the period are also included.2 This paper does not show by-election results. Information on by-elections since 1901 can be found in S Barber, 3 House of Representatives By-elections 1901–2015. 1. S Barber and S Johnson, Federal election results 1901–2014, Research paper, 2014–15, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 17 July 2014, accessed 31 January 2017. 2. Turnout is the proportion of enrolled electors that voted; calculated by expressing the total number of votes (formal and informal) as a percentage of enrolled electors. 3. S Barber, House of Representatives by-elections 1901–2015, Research paper, 2015–16, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 4 April 2016, accessed 31 January 2017. Federal election results 1901–2016 3 Statistical highlights of the elections Since 1901 there have been 45 House of Representatives Highlights elections and 43 Senate elections. The average length of time between House of Representatives elections has been 2 years Per cent Election and 7 months. Highest House of Representatives votes: Of the House of Representatives elections, non-Labor parties or ALP 50.9 1914 coalitions have won 31 and the Australian Labor Party (ALP) has LP 41.8 1975 won 14. Australian politics has been characterised by relatively NP 12.6 1922 long periods in government. Since 1930 there have been only DEM 11.3 1990 nine changes of government: 1932, 1941, 1949, 1972, 1975, GRN 11.8 2010 1983, 1996, 2007 and 2013. Lowest House of Representatives votes: Double dissolutions of both houses have occurred seven times, ALP 26.8 1934 resulting in full Senate elections being held in 1914, 1951, 1974, LP 28.1 1972 1975, 1983, 1987 and 2016. Half-Senate only elections were NP* 3.7 2010 held in 1953, 1964, 1967 and 1970. House of Representatives * Previously 5.3 per cent in 1998; 2010 result affected only elections were held in 1929, 1954, 1963, 1966, 1969 and by the NP and LP now running as a joint team, LNP, in 1972. Queensland. Since the introduction of proportional representation (PR) for Highest House of Representatives seats: Senate elections in 1949, the government of the day has only ALP 60.0 1983 had control (a majority) in the Senate during 1951–1956, 1959– LP 53.5 1975 1962, 1975–1981 and 2005–2007. On each occasion the NP 21.6 1937 Liberal/National (Country) Party Coalition was in government. An ALP government has not controlled the Senate since 1944– Government won with less than 50 per cent 1949, though the party did control the Senate during the period of the two-party preferred vote: 1949–1951 while in opposition. LP/NP 49.0 1998 LP/NP 49.3 1954 LP/NP 49.5 1961 LP/NP 49.8 1969 ALP 49.9 1990 Highest two-party preferred vote: ALP 53.2 1983 LP/NP 56.9 1966 Largest two-party preferred swing: ALP 7.1 1969 LP/NP 7.4 1975 Highest Senate votes (PR): ALP 50.6 1953 LP/NP 51.7 1975 DLP 11.1 1970 DEM 12.6 1990 GRN 13.1 2010 Lowest Senate votes (PR): ALP 29.6 2013 LP/NP 35.2 2016 Federal election results 1901–2016 4 Comments on individual elections (Simultaneous House of Representatives and half-Senate unless specified) 1901, 29 and 30 March Australia’s first Commonwealth election was essentially six separate elections held over two days, as each state conducted an election in accordance with its own electoral laws and practices. Three loosely-affiliated political groups contested the election: the Protectionists led by Edmund Barton, the Free Traders led by George Reid and a collection of Labor candidates. Of the 75 seats contested in the House of Representatives no one group attained the majority required to form government outright, with the Protectionists taking 32 seats, the Free Traders 26 seats, Labor candidates 15 seats and independents two seats. The Barton Protectionists formed government reliant upon the support of the Labor members. Reid and the Free Traders formed the official opposition. Labor candidates similarly held the balance of power in the Senate claiming eight seats to the Free Traders’ 17 seats and the Protectionists’ 11 seats. Labor’s general preference for Protectionist policy ensured a Senate that was generally supportive of the government. 1903, 16 December This was the first election held under Commonwealth electoral legislation. ‘First past the post’ was the electoral system. Once again no one political group gained a majority of Representative seats, with the Protectionists winning 26 seats, the Free Traders 25 seats and Labor 23 seats. One independent candidate also claimed a seat. The relative equality
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Senate Crossbench Background 2016
    Barton Deakin Brief: Senate Crossbench 4 August 2016 The 2016 federal election resulted in a large number of Senators elected that were not members of the two major parties. Senators and Members of the House of Representatives who are not part of the Coalition Government or the Labor Opposition are referred to collectively as the Senate ‘crossbench’. This Barton Deakin Brief outlines the policy positions of the various minor parties that constitute the crossbench. Background Due to the six year terms of Senators, at a normal election (held every three years) only 38 of the Senate’s 76 seats are voted on. As the 2016 federal election was a double dissolution election, all 76 seats were contested. To pass legislation a Government needs 39 votes in the Senate. As the Coalition won just 30 seats it will have to rely on the support of minor parties and independents to pass legislation when it is opposed by Labor. Since the introduction of new voting reforms in the Senate, minor parties can no longer rely on the redistribution of above-the-line votes according to preference flows to satisfy the 14.3% quota (or, in the case of a double dissolution, 7.7%) needed to win a seat in Senate elections. The new Senate voting reforms allowed voters to control their preferences by numbering all candidates above the line, thereby reducing the effectiveness of preference deals that have previously resulted in Senators being elected with a small fraction of the primary vote. To read Barton Deakin’s Brief on the Senate Voting Reforms, click here.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategy-To-Win-An-Election-Lessons
    WINNING ELECTIONS: LESSONS FROM THE AUSTRALIAN LABOR PARTY 1983-1996 i The Institute of International Studies (IIS), Department of International Relations, Universitas Gadjah Mada, is a research institution focused on the study on phenomenon in international relations, whether on theoretical or practical level. The study is based on the researches oriented to problem solving, with innovative and collaborative organization, by involving researcher resources with reliable capacity and tight society social network. As its commitments toward just, peace and civility values through actions, reflections and emancipations. In order to design a more specific and on target activity, The Institute developed four core research clusters on Globalization and Cities Development, Peace Building and Radical Violence, Humanitarian Action and Diplomacy and Foreign Policy. This institute also encourages a holistic study which is based on contempo- rary internationalSTRATEGY relations study scope TO and WIN approach. AN ELECTION: ii WINNING ELECTIONS: LESSONS FROM THE AUSTRALIAN LABOR PARTY 1983-1996 By Dafri Agussalim INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA iii WINNING ELECTIONS: LESSONS FROM THE AUSTRALIAN LABOR PARTY 1983-1996 Penulis: Dafri Agussalim Copyright© 2011, Dafri Agussalim Cover diolah dari: www.biogenidec.com dan http:www.foto.detik.com Diterbitkan oleh Institute of International Studies Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Gadjah Mada Cetakan I: 2011 x + 244 hlm; 14 cm x 21 cm ISBN: 978-602-99702-7-2 Fisipol UGM Gedung Bulaksumur Sayap Utara Lt. 1 Jl. Sosio-Justisia, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281 Telp: 0274 563362 ext 115 Fax.0274 563362 ext.116 Website: http://www.iis-ugm.org E-mail: [email protected] iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is a revised version of my Master of Arts (MA) thesis, which was written between 1994-1995 in the Australian National University, Canberra Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Election 1996
    DEPARTMENT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY Parliamentary Research Service Federal Elections 1996 Background Paper NO.6 1996-97 • ~ l '-\< ~.r /~( . ~__J .. ~r:_~'_r.T-rr-Ji,_.~:;~;.~:~~;:;;~~~5!~'~ ;aft~::.u...- ... ~ . ..x-"\.~. ~'d__~ 4 ...,,--.;." .. _"'J,.gp. ..... !:l,;:.1t ....... ISSN 1037-2938 © Copyrigbt Commonwealth of Australia 1996 Except to the extent of the uses pemtitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written consent of the Department of the Parliamentary Library, other than by Senators and Members of the Australian Parliament in the course of their official duties. Tbis paper bas been prepared for general distribution to Senators and Members of the Australian Parliament. Wbile great care is taken to ensure that the paper is accurate and balanced, the paper is written using information publicly available at the time of production. Tbe views expressed are those of the author and sbould not be attributed to the Parliamentary Researcb Service (PRS). Readers are reminded that the paper is not an official parliamentary or Australian government document. PRS staff are available to discuss the paper's contents with Senators and Members and their staff but not with members of the public. Publisbed by the Department of the Parliamentary Library, 1996 Parliamentary Research Service Federal Elections 1996 Gerard Newman Andrew Kopras Statistics Group 4 November 1996 Background Paper No.6 1996-97 Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Brien Hallett, Australian Electoral Commission, and JanPearson for their assistance in preparing this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Career of Senator Paddy Lynch (1867-1944)
    With an Olive Branch and a Shillelagh: the Political Career of Senator Paddy Lynch (1867-1944) by Danny Cusack M.A. Presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Murdoch University December 2002 I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not been previously submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. ……..…………………………… Danny Cusack ABSTRACT As a loyal Empire man and ardent conscriptionist, Irish-born Senator Paddy Lynch swam against the prevailing Irish Catholic Labor political current. He was one of those MP’s who followed Prime Minister W.M. Hughes out of the Federal Labor caucus in November 1916, serving out the rest of his political career in the Nationalist ranks. On the face of things, he represents something of a contradiction. A close examination of Lynch’s youth in Ireland, his early years in Australia and his subsequent parliamentary career helps us to resolve this apparent paradox. It also enables us to build up a picture of Lynch the man and to explain his political odyssey. He emerges as representative of that early generation of conservative Laborites (notably J.C. Watson, W.G. Spence and George Pearce) who, once they had achieved their immediate goals of reform, saw their subsequent role as defending the prevailing social order. Like many of these men, Lynch’s commitment to the labour movement’s principles of solidarity and collective endeavour co-existed with a desire for material self-advancement. More fundamentally, when Lynch accumulated property and was eventually able to take up the occupation which he had known in Ireland – farming – his evolving class interest inevitably occasioned a change in political outlook.
    [Show full text]
  • Prime Ministers of Australia
    Prime Ministers of Australia No. Prime Minister Term of office Party 1. Edmund Barton 1.1.1901 – 24.9.1903 Protectionist Party 2. Alfred Deakin (1st time) 24.9.1903 – 27.4.1904 Protectionist Party 3. John Christian Watson 27.4.1904 – 18.8.1904 Australian Labor Party 4. George Houstoun Reid 18.8.1904 – 5.7.1905 Free Trade Party - Alfred Deakin (2nd time) 5.7.1905 – 13.11.1908 Protectionist Party 5. Andrew Fisher (1st time) 13.11.1908 – 2.6.1909 Australian Labor Party - Alfred Deakin (3rd time) 2.6.1909 – 29.4.1910 Commonwealth Liberal Party - Andrew Fisher (2nd time) 29.4.1910 – 24.6.1913 Australian Labor Party 6. Joseph Cook 24.6.1913 – 17.9.1914 Commonwealth Liberal Party - Andrew Fisher (3rd time) 17.9.1914 – 27.10.1915 Australian Labor Party 7. William Morris Hughes 27.10.1915 – 9.2.1923 Australian Labor Party (to 1916); National Labor Party (1916-17); Nationalist Party (1917-23) 8. Stanley Melbourne Bruce 9.2.1923 – 22.10.1929 Nationalist Party 9. James Henry Scullin 22.10.1929 – 6.1.1932 Australian Labor Party 10. Joseph Aloysius Lyons 6.1.1932 – 7.4.1939 United Australia Party 11. Earle Christmas Grafton Page 7.4.1939 – 26.4.1939 Country Party 12. Robert Gordon Menzies 26.4.1939 – 29.8.1941 United Australia Party (1st time) 13. Arthur William Fadden 29.8.1941 – 7.10.1941 Country Party 14. John Joseph Ambrose Curtin 7.10.1941 – 5.7.1945 Australian Labor Party 15. Francis Michael Forde 6.7.1945 – 13.7.1945 Australian Labor Party 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Voting in AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA Contents
    Voting IN AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA Contents Your vote, your voice 1 Government in Australia: a brief history 2 The federal Parliament 5 Three levels of government in Australia 8 Federal elections 9 Electorates 10 Getting ready to vote 12 Election day 13 Completing a ballot paper 14 Election results 16 Changing the Australian Constitution 20 Active citizenship 22 Your vote, your voice In Australia, citizens have the right and responsibility to choose their representatives in the federal Parliament by voting at elections. The representatives elected to federal Parliament make decisions that affect many aspects of Australian life including tax, marriage, the environment, trade and immigration. This publication explains how Australia’s electoral system works. It will help you understand Australia’s system of government, and the important role you play in it. This information is provided by the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC), an independent statutory authority. The AEC provides Australians with an independent electoral service and educational resources to assist citizens to understand and participate in the electoral process. 1 Government in Australia: a brief history For tens of thousands of years, the heart of governance for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was in their culture. While traditional systems of laws, customs, rules and codes of conduct have changed over time, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples continue to share many common cultural values and traditions to organise themselves and connect with each other. Despite their great diversity, all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities value connection to ‘Country’. This includes spirituality, ceremony, art and dance, family connections, kin relationships, mutual responsibility, sharing resources, respecting law and the authority of elders, and, in particular, the role of Traditional Owners in making decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents Chronology of Events
    Table of Contents Chronology of Events .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 History- 1788 to 1900 .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Plenary ‘sovereign’ Parliaments ........................................................................................................................................ 5 History- Towards Federation- 1880 to 1990 ................................................................................................... 6 Federation (1901)...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp) ...................................................................................... 7 Post Federation- 1901 to 1986 (Parliamentary Sovereignty) ................................................................... 8 ‘Balfour Declaration 1926’ [1.3.9E] .................................................................................................................................. 8 Statute of Westminster 1931 (UK) [1.3.11E] ................................................................................................................ 8 The Australia Acts ..................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • EAST METROPOLITAN REGION Group a - Independent - LARSEN
    2021 WA Election – Legislative Council Tickets EAST METROPOLITAN REGION Group A - Independent - LARSEN Grp/Order Candidate Party 1 A 1 David Wayne Larsen Independent 2 A 2 Brian Brightman Independent 3 S 1 Hayley Doan Independent 4 T 1 Peter Lyndon-James Independent 5 R 1 Charles Smith Western Australian Party 6 R 2 James Anthony Western Australian Party 7 B 1 Brian Walker Legalise Cannabis WA 8 B 2 Karl Reinmuth Legalise Cannabis WA 9 C 1 Lidia Skorokhod Health Australia Party 10 C 2 Lisa Rowe Health Australia Party 11 D 1 Trevor Ruwoldt Shooters Fishers Farmers 12 D 2 Coby Thomas Shooters Fishers Farmers 13 E 1 Benny Tilbury Great Australian Party 14 E 2 Bradley Ward Great Australian Party 15 F 1 James McManus Daylight Saving Party 16 F 2 Mark Bradley Daylight Saving Party 17 H 1 Dale Grillo One Nation 18 H 2 Tim Orr One Nation 19 I 1 Patricia Ayre No Mandatory Vaccination 20 I 2 Daniel Hall No Mandatory Vaccination 21 J 1 Satinder Samra WAXit Party 22 J 2 Robin Singh WAXit Party 23 J 3 Monty Singh WAXit Party 24 K 1 Marilyn Lottering Liberals for Climate 25 K 2 R Smith Liberals for Climate 26 L 1 Amanda Dorn Animal Justice 27 L 2 Nicole Arielli Animal Justice 28 M 1 Craig Buchanan Liberal Democrats 29 M 2 Neil Hamilton Liberal Democrats 30 N 1 Maryka Groenewald Australian Christian 31 N 2 Jamie Van Burgel Australian Christian 32 O 1 Donna Faragher Liberal Party 33 O 2 Phil Twiss Liberal Party 34 O 3 Greg Halls Liberal Party 35 O 4 Daniel Newman Liberal Party 36 O 5 Jeremy Quinn Liberal Party 37 P 1 Tim Clifford The Greens 38 P 2 Caroline
    [Show full text]
  • Australia's System of Government
    61 Australia’s system of government Australia is a federation, a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. This means that Australia: Has a Queen, who resides in the United Kingdom and is represented in Australia by a Governor-General. Is governed by a ministry headed by the Prime Minister. Has a two-chamber Commonwealth Parliament to make laws. A government, led by the Prime Minister, which must have a majority of seats in the House of Representatives. Has eight State and Territory Parliaments. This model of government is often referred to as the Westminster System, because it derives from the United Kingdom parliament at Westminster. A Federation of States Australia is a federation of six states, each of which was until 1901 a separate British colony. The states – New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania - each have their own governments, which in most respects are very similar to those of the federal government. Each state has a Governor, with a Premier as head of government. Each state also has a two-chambered Parliament, except Queensland which has had only one chamber since 1921. There are also two self-governing territories: the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The federal government has no power to override the decisions of state governments except in accordance with the federal Constitution, but it can and does exercise that power over territories. A Constitutional Monarchy Australia is an independent nation, but it shares a monarchy with the United Kingdom and many other countries, including Canada and New Zealand. The Queen is the head of the Commonwealth of Australia, but with her powers delegated to the Governor-General by the Constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Redistribution Committee
    The 2009 Proposed Redistribution of Queensland into Electoral Divisions Report of the Redistribution Committee Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 Section 68 Table of contents Executive Summary 1 Direction for a redistribution of Queensland electoral divisions 2 Quota 2 Enrolment projections 3 Appointment of the Redistribution Committee for Queensland 4 Invitations to submit public suggestions and comments 4 Statutory requirements for the making of a proposed redistribution 6 Technical procedures 8 Analysis of population trends 8 Enrolment in existing divisions as at 19 February 2009 9 Analysis of enrolment trends 10 Enrolment projections for existing divisions as at 9 July 2012 12 General strategy 15 Public suggestions and comments 17 Guidelines for the naming of divisions 19 Name of new division 19 Proposed redistribution of Queensland – by division: 20 Proposed South-East Queensland (South) divisions 22 Proposed South-East Queensland (North) divisions 27 Proposed Country divisions 30 Conclusion 34 Table 1 – Determination of the quota 2 Table 2 – Enrolment projections at 9 July 2012 3 Table 3 – Queensland regions for proposed redistribution 16 Table 4 – Summary of movement of electors between divisions 17 Table 5 – Themes 18 Table 6 – Divisions in order of discussion 21 Table 7 – Enrolment of existing divisions 35 Table 8 – Summary of proposed divisions 36 Table 9 – General description of how proposed divisions are constituted 37 Graph 1 – Queensland population quotas from 1997 to 2009 9 Graph 2 – Variation from the enrolment quota as at end 19 February 2009 for existing divisions 11 Graph 3 – Variation from projected average enrolment as at 9 July 2012 for existing divisions 13 Map Projected enrolment for existing divisions as at 9 July 2012 14 Enclosures Sheet 1 – Maps 1 and 2 Sheet 2 – Map 3 Sheet 3 – Map 4 CD – Containing the public suggestions received and comments received on those suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Joseph Carruthers in the History of Australian Liberalism
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 Sir Joseph Carruthers in the history of Australian liberalism Zachary Kevin Kearney Gorman University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Gorman, Zachary Kevin Kearney, Sir Joseph Carruthers in the history of Australian liberalism, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Boundaries
    The importance of boundaries Colin Hughes Emeritus Professor of Politic Science, University of Queensland Research Paper 1 (November 2007) Democratic Audit of Australia Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia http://democratic.audit.anu.edu.au The views expressed are the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Democratic Audit of Australia. If elections are to be thought fair, their outcomes should correspond as closely as possible to the inputs of voter preferences. A particular percentage of the votes counted for a party should produce close to the same percentage of the seats won by that party. Down that path lie the topics of partisan bias and proportional representation with multi-member electoral districts as the most common solution. But there is a second criterion of fairness which is that outcomes should correspond to the numbers of electors or people to be represented. That criterion is often called equality, and down that path lie the topics of malapportionment and enforced equality as a solution. The two criteria may not work in the same direction.1 In Australia the problem of equality has been debated mainly with respect to the dichotomy of town and country, ‘town’ usually meaning the State capital(s) which have been invariably by far the largest urban center in each State and ‘country’ the rest, though sometimes the larger provincial cities and towns get lumped in with their local metropolis. Should town voters have the same quantity of representation, measured by the number of electors in the electoral districts, as country voters? There has also been a sub-plot, which is what this paper is about, that concerns the existence of a small number of electoral districts spread over exceptionally large areas in which the population, and consequently the numbers of electors, is relatively thin on the ground and widely scattered.
    [Show full text]