Redalyc.A NEW ORBIT for COMET C/1819 N1 (GREAT COMET OF

Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica ISSN: 0185-1101 [email protected] Instituto de Astronomía México

Branham Jr., Richard L. A NEW ORBIT FOR COMET C/1819 N1 (GREAT COMET OF 1819) Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, vol. 53, núm. 1, abril, 2017, pp. 53-57 Instituto de Astronomía Distrito Federal, México

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How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative © Copyright 2017: Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México utb hce gis htmdr computing modern what say. to against has checked be conclusion this must cen- a nevertheless, places, deleterious a but normal ago necessary tury on almost analysis expediency his but computational based he 1907), was (Peck as orbit parabola seeing the a worth- that from concluded a indistinguishable Peck seems endeavor. analysis computing while modern statistical of and use by techniques orbit the recompute Small- to JPL ( the Browser gov/sbdb.cqi and Database (2003) Body catalog Williams and passing was comet actual an surface. solar that tran- the the knew over of rather one day the no observed on sit observed; actually be discusses to was thought also than shortly transit Hind visual June, the a 26 1876). whether being on (Hind of Sun, discovery distinction the before the transited polarimetry has that also with comet was p. It observed 1999, year, Levasseur-Regourd be 380). that & to of Hough comet (Kolokolova, October first 15 1819 July the until 2 followed on discovered and Tralles, Comet as known eit eiaad srnmı Astrof´ısica Astronom´ıa y de Mexicana Revista eas h ri otie nteMarsden the in contained orbit the Because also N1), (C/1819 1819 of Comet Great The E RI O OE /89N GETCMTO 1819) OF COMET (GREAT N1 C/1819 COMET FOR ORBIT NEW A nr ui cur e11.L obt suaeis o gra con elipse una es ´orbita La nue declin en La 1819. 294 de y 1906. octubre recta ascensi´on dad. y de parab´olica en ´orbita julio observaciones la entre 402 reemplaza en que basa 1819) de we uyadOtbro 89 h ri sahg eccentrici high a is is orbit orbit The The declinat in 1819. 1906. 294 Words: of of Key and October ascension orbit and right lipse. parabolic in July Peck’s observations tween 402 replace upon to 1819) a acltdi 96(ek1906), (Peck 1906 in calculated was ) .INTRODUCTION 1. e ri scluae o oe /89N GetCmtof Comet (Great N1 C/1819 Comet for calculated is orbit new A Gran (el N1 C/1819 Cometa el ´orbita para nueva una calcula Se eeta ehnc oes niiul(/89N)—meth — N1) (C/1819 individual analysis comets: data — mechanics celestial http://ssd.jpl.nasa. eevdAgs 06 cetdOtbr1 2016 10 October accepted 2016; 5 August Received AIL,CC 3,Mnoa Argentina Mendoza, 330, C.C. IANIGLA, ihr .Bahm Jr. Branham, L. Richard , 53 ABSTRACT RESUMEN 35 (2017) 53–57 , iain( lination bevtos 3 in 135 observations, aey ek(96 ulse ito l fteob- the of ( all ascension of right in list 402 a servations, published (1906) Peck nately, ADS ( the in database available not observatories various of nals assc as such nals ra ie o ilteosrain efre into directly. formed used rather be observations but the places, normal will Nor terres- time. and trial time the mean Greenwich for between also for difference and corrected difference be day must astronomical-civil observations the All refer- Peck’s list. and star Tycho-2 ence precise, the more could between presumably observations difference catalog, the the et of for (Høg was catalog corrected 100 Tycho-2 I be Therefore, the 29, in 2000). these 3 Of but al. all stars 1819. find reference of to able equinox 29 non- the lists the to of He referred some for observations. iden- stars meridian to reference managed individual also tify Peck instruments. meridian oe r icl ooti.Mn r otie in contained the are as Many such sources obtain. to difficult are Comet Nachrichten eas twsdsoee eoesadr jour- standard before discovered was it Because .TEOSRAIN N THEIR AND OBSERVATIONS THE 2. δ .Bcuetecmtwsbih,many bright, was comet the Because ). http://adswww.harvard.edu/ eefudd bevtoso h Great the of observations founded, were otl Notices Monthly elnrJahrbuch Berliner TREATMENT α c´ n realizadas aci´on, o,md be- made ion, n 0 in 106 and a´riase ´orbita va excentrici- n Cometa yel- ty and based α ods: δ n 9 ndec- in 294 and ) eemd by made were , Astronomische n ntean- the in and .Fortu- ). 53 © Copyright 2017: Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 54 e h ore o l fteobservations. the of all identi- for (1906) Peck sources because the Ta- references fies no observatories. gives 1 among ble distribution their shows oa 0 294 402 25 29 31 34 34 2 27 29 31 35 14 27 2 Total 1 9 Russia Dorpat, Lithuania (Vilnius), 19 Wilno 14 Italy Palermo, 1 8 Italy 9 Padua, 9 25 Italy 32 47 Milan, Italy Florence, Germany 9 Munich, 26 9 50 Germany 14 Mannheim, 0 Germany Leipzig, 0 Germany Gotha, 14 G¨ottingen, Germany 41 Germany Bremen, 0 Germany 25 Berlin, France Paris, England Greenwich, 14 Czechoslovakia Prague, Austria Vienna, Kremsm¨unster, Austria iue1gah h bevtos n al 1 Table and observations, the graphs 1 Figure BEVTOSO OE /89N1 C/1819 COMET OF OBSERVATIONS bevtr b.in Obs. Observatory i.1 h observations. The 1. Fig. GETCOMET) (GREAT AL 1 TABLE α b.in Obs. BRANHAM δ nilcreto a ae nterbs L robust the differ- on first based The was example. correction for ential (2005), mine. of Branham publications correc- See previous differential in given for been has derivatives tions partial and ities, xrml ag residuals, large extremely l,s o st eoels hntemachine the than less become residu- to large as to low weight so low als, accepts assigns weighting but Welsch residuals, all (2014). Branham kinemat- Galactic see with ics; results good yields it because hs h esh(rna 1990, (Branham Welsch im- weightings the but robust chose genuine these I than Among rather recog- residuals. errors residuals, probable smaller as large to to them weight weight nizing zero higher and correction. assign residuals differential schemes a from Modern residuals post-fit has condition. data, of discordant of equations 696 to values leaving insensitive absolute and the being of residuals, sum the the minimizing rion, h enerro ntweight, unit of error mean The condition. applied of were equations (1) the equation to from calculated Weights 11. o 9hcnuycmt;seTbeA nBranham in A1 Table see (2012). comets; century 19th for ′′ h rcdr o acltn oriae,veloc- coordinates, calculating for procedure The aiu egtn cee r osbeoc one once possible are schemes weighting Various iue2sosahsormo h weights. the of histogram a shows 2 Figure .EHMRDSADDIFFERENTIAL AND EPHEMERIDES 3. 23 , oehthg u tl nanra range normal a in still but high somewhat i.2 itga fWlc weights. Welsch of Histogram 2. Fig. wt exp( = CORRECTIONS − r i / 2 . 985) 2 ; | r i | < σ § (1) ∞ .) largely 5.5), . , becomes 1 crite- ǫ (1) for © Copyright 2017: Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México z ua coordinates, gular ih h ihs en 9.%between are -97.7% correlation being All highest covari- the matrices. corresponding high, correlation the gives and 3 ance Table comet. the eeteesd o ml nusal ouinbe- 3 solution of number unstable condition an the imply cause not do correlations nevertheless these significant, statistically Although etiiyelpeatal geswt eksorbit, 0.999792 of Peck’s eccentricity with an finds agrees which actually ellipse centricity (2005). Rice’s Branham of See version el- (1902). orbital modernized procedure the a parabola. of via errors a proceeds mean ements than the rather of calculation ellipse The eccentricity represents high orbit a The counterparts. with the rectangular rectangular elements their using orbital the linking elements expressions converts known orbital well 4 elliptical or- Table to the coordinates elliptical. that is indicate conditioned. bit poorly coordinates from rectangular far is The it that shows matrix 00210097-.05 000000040.80136 0.00094 -0.00070 -0.00957 0.01927 -0.01241 -0.84983 0.60575 -0.81347 -0.89414 1.0694 -0.58009 RA OE F11:EOHJ 2385640.5 JD EPOCH 1819: OF COMET GREAT ˙ x .16 005600180006-.07 0.00081 -0.00070 0.00066 0.01128 0.92556 -0.02506 0.01469 -0.91950 0.00062 0.93107 0.00928 -0.73247 0.87669 -0.02097 0.01269 0.18041 0.89723 -0.39275 0.22846 -0.70238 0.88656 0.93688 -0.97708 0.32960 y z 0 ORIAE N EOIISFRTHE FOR VELOCITIES AND COORDINATES ˙ ˙ ˙ 0 , 0 0 RAGE N ORLTO (UPPER CORRELATION AND TRIANGLE) RAGE ARCSFRTEGREAT THE FOR MATRICES TRIANGLE) OAINE(IGNLADLOWER AND (DIAGONAL COVARIANCE al hw h nlslto o h rectan- the for solution final the shows 2 Table h atta h acltdobti ihec- high a is orbit calculated the that fact The ln ihterma rosadalso and errors mean their with along nnw au enError Mean Value Unknown ( ( ( x y z Uday AU Uday AU Uday AU 0 0 0 σ ( ( ( OUINFRRECTANGULAR FOR SOLUTION 1 11. (1) AU AU AU 2 UY11) QIO J2000 EQUINOX 1819), JULY (25 .983e012.3118544e-005 7.7948830e-001 ) 21549-0 5.6286005e-005 -2.1854439e-002 ) .183e023.1247522e-005 8.7118333e-002 ) − − − 1 1 1 .263e021.5521707e-006 2.1296637e-002 ) .305e021.6746598e-006 1.7300751e-002 ) 57895-0 1.3568693e-006 -5.7387965e-004 ) .TESOLUTION THE 4. OE F1819 OF COMET x 0 AL 2 TABLE AL 3 TABLE y , 0 z , ′′ 23 0 n eoiis ˙ velocities, and , . 2 × 10 ± 2 0 o h data the for . x 000079 0 RA OE 1819 COMET GREAT σ and 1 for (1) x 0 ˙ , . y y In 0 0 , . ot17,p.409-411) pp. 1972, cott shows. section next the eccentricity as high better, A is literature Comet. however, Great the ellipse, the entered of has orbit as the parabola just for a observations thus the and suggests represents well, (1907) parabola Peck a however, that publication, later a ongtv rngtv opstv,tern,which runs, the for positive, mean to a plus have negative from or sign negative changes random- variable, to mean, a the the often of how about statistic measures distributed these residuals, a for the original test, of cause the ness runs a to A for access search anomalies. no cannot have I I observations, some solu- evidently Because are L1 there first 3; outliers. Figure the in from plotted are residuals tion The residuals. the itga ftetimdL a trimmed shows for 4 the 2.11 Figure of versus histogram lighter-tailed. 0.36 thus factor for and Q normal 3 a the versus with and 1.57 normal, of the dis- normal kurtosis a platykurtic, for 0 tribution, versus 0.11 skewed, skewness are residuals of the coefficient that show residuals, 680 ing o rsn rmanra itiuin ttsison under Statistics to used distribution. trimmed normal residuals be a but from can Random, arising weights. and not calculate to random (1) indeed equation with that of are state probability residuals to The sufficient the 348. 28.9%, anticipated becomes an randomness of out runs neof ance ,tesaitc hne iue5posteresidu- the plots 5 Figure and 2 change. Tables statistics in the given 4, solution the weights, Welsch PC D28605(5JL 89,EQUINOX 1819), JULY (25 2385640.5 JD EPOCH LITCOBTLEEET N MEAN AND ELEMENTS ORBITAL ELLIPTIC ROSFRTEGETCMTO 1819: OF COMET GREAT THE FOR ERRORS nnw au enError Mean Value Unknown a q P ocekhwgo ouini,oesol study should one is, solution a good how check To fe e ouinhsbe acltdwt the with calculated been has solution new a After ( ( T AU 279. Ω AU ( ω e i yr 0 n 642 14.47 4634.22 ) .4870.000224 0.341817 ) 7.50 0.56372 277.95408 ) ( n − 2) 28 JD n / . .DISCUSSION 5. 05 ue1819 June 20350 4( aapit of points data 2385613 83. 87. n .9700.249081e-005 0.998770 AL 4 TABLE − ◦ ◦ ◦ J2000 . 69 0. 96591 86 0. 38860 72 0. 37226 )(onct n Wonna- and (Wonnacott 1) h L The . 70350

1 0 residuals. . 5 1 · eiul vne362 evince residuals n/ 10 − n vari- a and 1 + 2 3

◦ ◦ ◦ 14. ain leav- radian, 62361e-002 32762e-002 11782e-001 d 72752 55 © Copyright 2017: Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México rmteErho 8Fb 04 u h separa- the but 5044, separation Feb. closest 18 its on Earth to the return The from the will “no.” in is Comet Earth answer the The Great to answered. danger be should a future be could Comet Great well. eccen- data high the a fits low that ellipse with show tricity but statistics randomness These infer normality. becomes to statistic sufficient Durbin-Watson residu- the 19.7%, the 5 For successor Figure of distribution. its als normal with a residual assumes one and of the correlation measures serial statistic, Durbin-Watson the difference as also known 411-413), successive 1972, squared Wonnacott and as mean (Wonnacott such test A statistic a kurtosis. distorts the and flat- distribution weighting the Welsch the tens them- because residuals little expected the mean but on selves Random, an Statistics random. of non- non-normal. being out of the again chance on runs 64.5% test a 333 runs 339, shows A residuals solution. zero new the from als 56 aigteobt h usino hte the whether of question the orbit, the Having i.4 itga ftimdL residuals. L1 trimmed of Histogram 4. Fig. i.3 h 1residuals. L1 The 3. Fig. BRANHAM hnteageo iiu eaain Although separation. minimum of angle the than 2 a 15 was sdAgbr entm n oeta 1 than more and time he that mean assume we Augsburg if approach used closest of time the fore ugma ie eswarmral pt15 spot remarkable a saw he time, mean burg evdws1 was served rtcnatwt h u’ iba 5 at made limb comet Sun’s the the with that geographi- contact Augsburg, the spot first of using the coordinates noon calculate, at cal I again disappeared. Sun had the observed he When stecmt tr bevdteslrsraefrom his Jahrbuch surface in ogisches solar published the and identifiable Germany, observed of probably Augsburg, Stark that most comet. dis- one credits the the been as he as had observations be- comet Stark these new Canon occurred Of a they that because known covered. was Sun on it the ob- anomalies fore of supposed stated surface analyzed better the has perhaps (1876) or Hind servations, Sun. the Eastern Near possibility. the in mention experts merely for I This, question studies. chronicles. in a Sumerian is star maybe however, bright Or some new, heavens. Perhaps a the Egypt. mention construc- in chronicles of Pyramid time Egyptian Great the to the from close of is AU tion date 0.790 This 4 within also earth. On passed is the comet It backwards. the orbit threat. -2551 no the June thus integrate and to AU interesting 0.986 be will tion tpsto nl 171. angle position at rmtewsenlm n 14 and limb western the from n oiinage9. angle position and ′ 23 tr’ esrmnsipyta h pth ob- he spot the that imply measurements Stark’s n2 ue11 h ra oe transited Comet Great the 1819 June 26 On . ′′ t7 at 6 ′ i.5 eiul rmWlc weighting. Welsch from Residuals 5. Fig. 43 .TETASTO H SUN THE OF TRANSIT THE 6. . ′′ 9 h . ′ 8 15 m . 53 ′′ rmteSnscne 31. center Sun’s the from 9 s hta 7 at that M.TeSnssemidiameter Sun’s The GMT. ◦ ◦ 9 1 , , atcnata 8 at contact last n lss prahof approach closest and h 15 ′ 30 m ′′ rsmbyAugs- presumably , rmtenorthern. the from h 21 m 13 Meteorol- h 56 s ′ m closer GMT be- 4 m ′ 25 46 ′′ s © Copyright 2017: Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México eue oipoeteobto h comet. the of orbit the improve to cannot used unfortunately be by agree- given observation close data the of the computation, and lack similar observation it the his a as of between at ment comet because arrives But the (1876) saw Hind conclusion. indeed Sun. he the that transited noon, likely by disappeared seems had found it he journal?) spot meteorological the that a and in publishing why (or be Canon observer he that astrometric would fact trained a the not closely, was agree Stark not do data these a encluae yueo 0 bevtosin observations 402 in of 294 use and by calculated been has .L rna,J. AIL,CC 3,50 edz,Argenti Mendoza, 5500 330, C.C. IANIGLA, Jr.: Branham, L. R. transited comet earlier The an Comet. mention Great the may Eastern of BCE Near passage that 2550 possible around is It records no comet Earth. represents The the and years to 3,000 ellipse. threat over eccentricity for return high not a will is orbit The nobto h ra oe f11 C11 N1) (C/1819 1819 of Comet Great the of orbit An δ aebtenJl n coe 1819. October and July between made .CONCLUSIONS 7. RA OE 1819 COMET GREAT α onct,T . onct,R .17,Introductory 1972, J. R. Wonnacott, 149 H., 22, T. AJ, Wonnacott, 1902, L. H. Rice, 61 25, of AJ 1906, Catalog A. 2003, H. Peck, V. G. Williams, & G. B. Marsden, A-C Levasseur-Regourd, & J., Hough, L., Kolokolova, The 2000, al. et V., V. Markarov, C., 309 Fabricius, 36, E., MNRAS, Høg, 1876, R. J. Hind, rna,R .J.19,SinicDt nlss(New Analysis Data Scientific 1990, Jr. L. R. Branham, least astronomical at by first seen the likely observer. was before one and July, June, 2 of 26 observation on Sun the ttsis n d,Jh ie:NwYork New Wiley: John ed., 2nd Statistics, Astrophysical Mass. Smithsonian Cambridge, Obs., 2003, Orbits Cometary Systems Planetary and Press) Stars U. (Cambridge, of Polarimetry 1999, D.C. Washington, Stars, Observatory, Brightest Naval Million U.S. 2.5 the of Catalogue Tycho-2 ok Springer) York, a([email protected]). na 97 J2,137 25, AJ 1907, . 179 353, Sc. Sp. & Astrophys. 2014, 118 . 333, AN, 2012, 87 . 41, RMxAA, 2005, . REFERENCES 57