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Barbara Idaerla Santos Calderon REDE TOR E ATORES NÃO

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Barbara Idaerla Santos Calderon REDE TOR E ATORES NÃO Barbara Idaerla Santos Calderon REDE TOR E ATORES NÃO-ESTATAIS: UMA ANÁLISE DE DIFUSÃO DE PODER EM TRÊS DIMENSÕES Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Iara Costa Leite Florianópolis 2018 Ficha de identificação da obra elaborada pelo autor através do Programa de Geração Automática da Biblioteca Universitária da UFSC. Barbara Idaerla Santos Calderon REDE TOR E ATORES NÃO-ESTATAIS: UMA ANÁLISE DE DIFUSÃO DE PODER EM TRÊS DIMENSÕES Esta Dissertação foi julgada adequada para obtenção do Título de “Mestre” e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, 26 de junho de 2018. ________________________ Prof. Helton Ricardo Ouriques, Dr. Coordenador do Curso Banca Examinadora: ________________________ Prof.ª Iara Costa Leite, Dr.ª Orientadora Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Prof. Marco Cepik, Dr. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Videoconferência) ________________________ Prof. Jaime Coelho, Dr. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Prof. Gilson Geraldino Silva Júnior, Dr. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Este trabalho é dedicado aos meus pais. AGRADECIMENTOS Eu não poderia iniciar estes agradecimentos sem, sobretudo, agradecer extensamente ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina por ter confiado no tema desta pesquisa e permitido que eu pudesse ocupar uma das vagas do mestrado. Eu, igualmente, gostaria de agradecer a Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina por ter me oferecido, desde a graduação, ensino superior gratuito e de qualidade. Como cidadã brasileira, eu me empenho, diariamente, em fornecer à sociedade o retorno desta educação a mim concedida e que considero grande privilégio. Agradeço também aos meus pais, Jorge e Japonaira, sem os quais nada disto seria possível. Meu pai, que desde pequena idade, me ensinou a relevância da educação para a vida em sociedade e soube, com paciência, mostrar-me o caminho das respostas para as dúvidas mais inquietantes. Como engenheiro, abriu-me os olhos para as ciências exatas: quando pequena, questões sobre a luz e buracos negros; quando adolescente, fórmulas matemáticas e a física da ficção científica; quando adulta, física quântica e universos paralelos. Minha mãe, desde muito cedo, conduziu-me ao caminho dos valores, propósitos e das emoções. Como professora, abriu-me os olhos para as ciências sociais: quando pequena, questões sobre o amor ao próximo e a família; quando adolescente, o valor do perdão e do convívio em sociedade; quando adulta, o aprendizado que deriva dos erros e o equilíbrio da liberdade. Eu sei que, onde quer que eu esteja, carregarei comigo traços de ambos – razão e emoção; exatidão e transbordamento; cérebro e coração. Obrigada por confiarem em mim e permitir-me sonhar tão alto quanto um pássaro, sem desconsiderar a importância da terra. Meus agradecimentos também se estendem aos meus irmãos Maggie e Júlio. Devo agradecer a minha orientadora, Prof. Dra. Iara Costa Leite, por ter concordado em orientar-me em tema desafiador e ter mostrado- me os princípios do ator de pesquisar. Sua críticas relevantes conduziram me ao desenho desta dissertação. Sou muito agradecida por seu apoio, pelas reuniões que tivemos e experiência comigo compartilhada. Muito obrigada. Agradeço também ao prof. Dr. Gilson Geraldino Silva que compartilhou comigo um pouco de seu conhecimento estatístico e ofertou-me uma parte de seu tempo para que eu pudesse aprender um pouco mais. Isto mostrou-se fundamental para o caminhar desta pesquisa. Meus sinceros agradecimentos. Agradeço também ao prof. Dr. Jaime Coelho por participar como membro da banca de defesa e retirar um pouco do seu tempo para leitura do trabalho e ofertar contribuições. Prof. Dr. Jaime, amigo desde os tempos da minha graduação, foi quem me permitiu, pela primeira vez, trabalhar com o tema que hoje segue. Obrigada mais uma vez. Meus agradecimentos também se estendem ao prof. Dr. Marco Cepik por, também, participar como membro da banca de defesa e, assim, dedicar tempo de leitura e brindar-me com críticas e contribuições. Sou bastante agradecida pela sua presença desde a banca de qualificação – momento importante para esta pesquisa pois permitiu-me refletir com paciência sobre suas colocações. Obrigada, professor. Agradecimento especial aos meus queridos amigos da vida que, com bastante paciência, carinho e apoio, me proporcionaram um chão especialmente importante durante esta caminhada acadêmica. Vocês sabem quem são. Eu não poderia deixar de mencionar: Bianka Zimmer, sua importância e apoio não podem ser mensurados – minha melhor amiga, nos dias de chuva e sol, você sempre esteve lá e serei eternamente grata. Seu apoio diário foi fundamental para a produção desta dissertação e concretização de um sonho. Fernando de Bona Santiago, meu queridíssimo amigo que sempre me ofereceu apoio e a quem eu sei que posso contar para o que der e vier, que caminha nesta jornada comigo desde a graduação em Relações Internacionais pela UFSC e que, com maestria, sempre tem as melhores palavras pra acalmar um coração ansioso. Rulza da Silva, minha amiga há anos e quem sempre me proporciona conversas que me lembram o que é realmente importante na vida, muito obrigada, amiga minha. E à todos os demais que de alguma forma estiveram comigo nesta caminhada feliz e árdua: Ana Paula Althoff, sempre presente, longe ou perto; Camila Antunes da Luz, pelas noites de Masterchef que me trouxeram calmaria e bom-humor durante este trabalho; Luiz Fernando Guerreiro, meu amigo Loki, que sempre apareceu quando menos esperava-se e trouxe alegria e bom-humor no meio de conversas profundas sobre a vida; e a todos os meus outros amigos que de alguma forma me apoiaram durante esta pesquisa. Agradeço também aos queridos amigos e colegas do prédio da pós-graduação que durante bom tempo dividiram o espaço comigo, as risadas, a alegria e o privilégio de aprender a pesquisar. Obrigada Lúcia da Secretaria, uma pessoa iluminada e que com bastante carinho ofertou aconchego, cafezinho e apoio a mim e todos os demais que, em algum momento, precisaram. Obrigada a Dona Bete que tornou as tardes mais divertidas e compartilhou comigo almoços e cafés. Agradecimento aos meus colegas de laboratório, Mamadou de Guiné Bissau, e meu ex- veterano da graduação em RI, Júlio. Obrigada vocês dois pelas conversas instigantes e curiosas acerca do mundo social, pela companhia no laboratório (especialmente no período de férias acadêmicas) e, sobretudo, pelo apoio nesta jornada de pesquisa. Muito obrigada. Obrigada aos meus amigos e colegas de mestrado que me apoiaram durante esta pesquisa e, principalmente, durante os dois anos em que recebi educação de qualidade neste programa de pós-graduação. Juntos nós crescemos, aprendemos, rimos e choramos com os prazeres e dissabores da vida acadêmica. Vocês contribuíram e foram essenciais para esta caminhada – marcaram este período de extenso aprendizado com as alegrias que surgem dos sonhos, anseios e expectativas. Obrigada aos queridos: Ana Luci, Alice Borba, Bruno Haeming, Karol Krespi, Diogo Oliveira, Guilherme Fasolin, Guilherme Mattos, Jonathan Hassel, Jozi Lawrence, Mari Almeida, Renan Jark, Roberta Prata, Terecita Gill, Tiago Mocellin, Tom dos Santos e Ricardo Kotz. Finalmente, agradeço todos aqueles que direta ou indiretamente contribuíram para que esta pesquisa fosse realizada. They are [these examples], by way of being, a signpost pointing not along an open well-trodden track but rather into a mysterious forest of the unknown. Just where the path will lead, I am not sure. That is the nature of exploration – and its appeal to the mentally adventurous. (Susan Strange, 1996) RESUMO A difusão de poder foi um fenômeno primeiramente descrito por Susan Strange no contexto da Economia Política Internacional (EPI) em 1996. O fenômeno abarca em si os conceitos de poder relacional e estrutural, relevantes para o entendimento da disciplina de EPI. Embora descrito na década de 1990, a difusão de poder não discorreu acerca do domínio cibernético e muito menos, explicitamente, sobre as revoluções tecnológicas que culminaram com a rede mundial de computadores. No domínio do ciberespaço, diversos atores operam de modo a impor sua autoridade sobre indivíduos e serviços. Neste contexto, no começo do século XXI, surgiu a rede anônima de baixa latência “The Onion Router” que compõe a chamada “Dark Web”, região do ciberespaço onde ocorre esforço ativo de blindagem da comunicação, privacidade e usuários específicos. Esta pesquisa busca, por meio de artigos jornalísticos publicados entre os anos de 2007 e 2017, analisar a difusão de poder na rede TOR em três dimensões: autoridade, controle e resultados. Palavras-chave: Difusão de Poder. Dark Web. Rede TOR. Poder Estrutural. Poder Relacional. Economia Política Internacional. ABSTRACT The diffusion of power was a phenomenon firstly described by Susan Strange in the context of International Political Economy (IPE) back in 1996. The phenomenon encompasses concepts of relational and structural power relevant to the understanding of the IPE discipline. Although described in the 1990s, the diffusion of power did not address the cyber domain, much less explicitly the technological revolutions that culminated in the global computer network.
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