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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND

American Humanist Association, | Case No. 8:14-cv-00550-DKC Fred Edwords, Bishop McNeill, | and Steven Lowe | | | Plaintiffs, | | v. | | Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning | Commission, | |

Defendant.

Expert Report of G. Kurt Piehler, Ph.D.

I have been asked by attorneys at the American Humanist Association to offer expert opinions concerning the Defendant Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission’s Cross monument situated in the Town of Bladensburg, Maryland, which is referred to in the case as the “Bladensburg Cross” or the “Peace Cross,” and which purports to be a World War I memorial. Some of the materials I have reviewed and/or relied upon in preparation of this report are listed in the footnotes as well as the attached Bibliography. I have also reviewed the Complaint and some of the exhibits attached thereto. I reserve the right to supplement or amend the opinions expressed in this report should additional materials or facts be presented to me that would warrant the supplementation or amendment of this report.

Compensation

I am being compensated at a rate of $100 per hour for research and preparation of this report and for any testimony. I will be reimbursed for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, including travel expenses, incurred in connection with this engagement. My compensation has not influenced my views in this matter and does not depend in any way on the outcome of this lawsuit.

Qualifications

I am Director of the Institute of World War II and the Human Experience and Associate Professor of History at Florida State University, and I am the author of Remembering War the American Way (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995, reprint ed., 2004/Japanese translation 2013) and World War II

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(Greenwood Press, 2007) in the American Soldiers’ Lives series. I am the editor of Encyclopedia of Military Science (Sage, 2013), The United States in World War II: A Documentary Reader (Wiley- Blackwell, 2013) and also co-edited The United States and the Second World War: New Perspectives on Diplomacy, War, and the Home Front (Fordham University Press, 2010), The Atomic Bomb and American Society: New Perspectives (University of Tennessee Press, 2009) and Major Problems in American Military History (Houghton Mifflin, 1999). I edit two book series: World War II: The Global, Human, Ethical Dimension (Fordham University Press) and Legacies of War (University of Tennessee Press). A full list of all publications I authored in the previous 10 years is included in the CV attached to this report and is incorporated herein by reference.

I have held academic positions at the City University of New York, Drew University, Rutgers University and the University of Tennessee. In 2008, I served as Fulbright Lecturer in American Studies at Kobe University and Kyoto University. As founding director (1994-1998) of the Rutgers Oral History Archives, I conducted more than 200 interviews with veterans of World War II. My televised lecture, “The War That Transformed a Generation,” which drew on the Rutgers Oral History Archives, appeared on the History Channel in 1997.

My current research project focuses on the religious life of the American GI in World War II. Research for this project has been supported with funding from the American Jewish Archives at Hebrew Union College, Cushwa Center at the University of Notre Dame, Mary Baker Eddy Library, the Presbyterian Historical Society, and the Rockefeller Center Archives. I presented research for this on- going book project at the American Historical Association. My article “World War II and America’s Religious Communities” appeared in The Cambridge History of Religions in America in 2012. In 2012 I along with Professor John Corrigan of the Department of Religion at Florida State convened at a four- day international conference examining Religion and World War II.

In December 2012, I co-organized a four-day international conference focusing on religion and World War II. The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Madel Center of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum selected me to attend week long Seminar for Seminary Faculty and Professor of Religious Studies: “Moral Dilemmas and Moral Choice in the Holocaust: Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Pius XII as Case Studies in Religious Leadership” held in June 2014.

As a teacher I have supervised doctoral and master’s students on a variety of topics related to U.S. military history, as well as Twentieth Century U.S. History. Several of my current and past students are either active duty members of the armed services or veterans of the recent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Born in Nyack, New York, I attended public schools in the Fresh Meadows neighborhood of Queens, New York, and later Mount Arlington and Roxbury, New Jersey. I am a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Drew University, where I majored in history, religion, and political science. I hold a master’s degree and doctorate in history from Rutgers University. In 2009, I was a member (competitive award with stipend) of the National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Seminar “Religious Diversity and the Common Good,” sponsored by the Boisi Center for Religion and American Public Life at Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.

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I previously served as a testifying expert in Trunk v. City of San Diego, Nos. 06cv1597/1728- LAB (S.D. Cal.). On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit relied extensively on my testimony regarding the use of religious symbols in veterans’ memorials. Trunk v. City of San Diego, 629 F.3d 1099, 1112–16 (9th Cir. 2011). I am currently serving as a testifying expert in Hewett v. City of King, No. 1:12-CV-1179, concerning the City of King’s statue of a soldier kneeling before a Cross, which is part of the City’s Veterans’ Memorial.

SUMMARY OF OPINION

The Bladensburg Peace Cross is a sectarian monument that features a Christian symbol that excludes non-Christians (as well as certain Christians who view the Cross as a graven image). Of the thousands of war memorials that exist in the form of statues, bas-relief, arches and other works of art and sculpture, most do not include the symbol of the Cross. Even fewer memorials are free standing sculptural renderings of the Latin Cross.

The Cross is widely considered by most Christians and non-Christians as a symbol of Christianity. The Cross excludes non-Christians including, but not limited to Muslims, Atheists and Humanists, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists and Taoists. Some non-Christians even view the Cross as hostile to their beliefs. Until the late Nineteenth Century, many Protestants did not consider the Cross as a legitimate symbol of Christianity and saw it as a sectarian symbol of the Roman Catholic Church. Similarly, many Protestants, especially those from Calvinist traditions did not use the Cross on their gravestones.

The absence of Crosses on war memorials mirrors the sensitivity displayed by the American military respecting religious pluralism and diversity. When the U.S. Army began to systematically mark the graves of fallen soldier after the Civil War, it used non-sectarian grave markers for all Union soldiers buried in national cemeteries.

The decision after World War I and World War II to mark the graves of non-Jewish soldiers with a free standing Latin Cross in overseas cemeteries maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission is an aberration to the general pattern of memorialization. During both of these wars, the free standing Latin Cross (or the Star of David for Jewish soldiers) was not adopted for use in national cemeteries for the war dead and veterans maintained in the continental United States. For members of the armed forces buried in the United States, the U.S. Army continued to use a uniform slab gravestone. Religious symbols were, if requested by the family, engraved on an individual gravestone, but the option also existed to have no religious symbol on a gravestone. Moreover, the religious symbol engraved on these government-supplied gravestones were small and did not dominate the surface.

The use of the Cross in war memorials and gravestones has never been generally accepted. For instance, there existed opposition over the use of the free standing Cross in the overseas cemeteries and the chapels constructed after World War I by the American Battle Monuments Commission. Moreover, the Bladensburg Peace Cross was erected in an era when the Cross would be appropriated by the Ku Klux Klan as a sectarian symbol designed to intimidate Jews, Roman Catholics, and African Americans.

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The Bladensburg Peace Cross is also striking because it differs from prevailing monuments erected by most communities within the United States after World War I: images featuring an American soldier.

Designs for monuments commemorating the war memorials have changed over time. The obelisk served in the early Republic and the antebellum era the most common way to mark the graves of fallen soldiers and monuments to memorialize the American Revolution and later War of 1812. In the aftermath of the Civil War, the “soldier monument” depicting the “average” common soldiers dominated the landscape until World War II. After 1945, the “statues” as a form of remembrance after 1945 fell out of favor and many communities opted for to build such utilitarian structures as parks, schools, hospitals, highways, and other utilitarian structures as “living memorials” to memorialize the war dead commemorate World War II. Monuments as war memorials came back in favor after 1975 and the architecturally many war memorials in the 1980s and 1990s built in the United States were heavily influenced by the modernist design of the National Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

ANALYSIS

A. The Cross is a Religious Symbol

The Latin Cross is widely used as the symbol of Christianity and has been used to symbolize Christianity since 300 A.C.E. Under cannon law the Roman Catholic Church mandated the incorporation of the Cross and crucifix into the architecture of Roman Catholic houses of worship.

The Latin Cross has also divided Christians. As a result of the Reformation and splintering of Western Christendom, divisions emerged among Christians over the use of the Cross. Although Lutherans and the Church of England continued to use the Cross along with Church altars in their houses of worship, many Protestants, especially those from Calvinist traditions rejected them. Calvinists, such as the Puritans, deemed crosses, statues of saints, and other symbols widely used in Roman Catholic Churches as violating the second commandment of the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) that prohibited false idols and graven images. As a result, the Cross was seen by many of the colonists who settled in British American as a rejected contentious sectarian symbol that associated with Roman Catholicism.1

The Cross has never been a universal grave marker for the dead and generally only began to appear in some Church cemeteries as a grave marker in the Thirteenth Century. Beginning in the Seventeenth Century it began to appear more widely on individual graves.2 Many Protestants from Calvinist traditions did not use the Cross and favored other such symbols as the winged deathhead or the

1 Ryan K. Smith, Gothic Arches, Latin Crosses: Anti-Catholicism and American Church Designdes in the Nineteenth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp., 1-18; Allan I. Ludwig, Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and its Symbols (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), p. 258 2 Michael Ragon, The Space of Death: A Study of Funerary Architecture, Decoration, and Urbanism. Translated by Alan Sheridan (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), p. 78.

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skulls and crossbones motif that reflected their belief in predestination (i.e., that God had determined even before birth who would be part of the elect and those who would suffer eternal damnation).3

The view of the Latin Crosses in Nineteenth Century as sectarian of Roman Catholicism remained a prevailing attitude until the late Nineteenth Century. Anti-Catholic theological tracts denounced the use of the Cross. The depth of nativist sentiment in the antebellum era remained so strong it even led to mob violence aimed at Roman Catholics and their institution. In 1854, a nativist mob in Philadelphia reveled in pulling down and burning a Cross from a Roman Catholic Church they were vandalizing.4

The Protestant response to the growing demographic strength of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States also led to imitation and influenced a shift in views of the Cross and other sectarian Roman Catholic symbols. Over the course of the Nineteenth Century, many Protestants began to incorporate the Cross into the architecture of their houses of worship.5

The vast majority of non-Christians view the Cross as a sectarian symbol of Christianity. The various strands of mainstream Judaism (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist) do not incorporate the Cross in their synagogues and their adherents to not place this symbol on their gravestones.6 The State of Israel while a member of the International Red Cross movement does not use the Cross for their national organization, but instead substitutes the Star of David. The Red Crescent is the symbol used by most Muslim countries that are part of the International Red Cross movement.7

B. Historical Background on Use of Cross in War Memorials

The vast majority of war memorials built within the United States do not make use of the Latin Cross. Thousands of war memorials have been dedicated since the end of the American Revolution, but most do not use any religious iconography.8 When the Cross has been used, it is seldom a dominant feature of the memorial. For instance, the Confederate Memorial in Tarboro, North Carolina dedicated























































3 Debra Meyers, Common Whores: Vertuous Women, and Loveing Wives: Free Will Christians in Colonial Maryland (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), pp.73-74; David E. Stannard, The Puritan Way of Death: A Study in Religion, Culture, and Social Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 116-17; Allan I. Ludwig, Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and its Symbols, 1650-1815 (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), 258; Diana Williams Combs, Early Gravestone Art in Georgia and South Carolina (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1986), pp. 1-80. 4 Smith, Gothic Arches,p.52. 5 Smith, Gothic Arches, passim. 6 Roberta Halporn, “American Jewish Cemeteries: A Mirror on History,” in Ethnicity and the American Cemetery. Edited by Richard E. Meyer (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University, Popular Press, 1993), pp. 131-55. 7 Hillary Jean Sebeny, “International Committee of the Red Cross” in Encyclopedia of Military Science. Edited by G. Kurt Piehler and M. Houston Johnson V (Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2013): 1205-6. 8 G. Kurt Piehler, The American Memory of War in The American Experience of War. Edited by Georg Schild. Munich: Ferdinand Schoning), p. 229.

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in 1906, does include a small cross above an inscription. But the dominant feature in the memorial is the sculptural representation of typical Confederate soldiers (see EXHIBIT 1 below).

Exhibit 1. “Confederate Monument, (sculpture).” Date: Oct. 29, 1904. Medium: bronze with black patina with green patches; Base: granite. Dimensions: Figure: approx. 9 x 3 x 4 ft.; Base: approx. 30 x 9 x 9 ft. Owner/Location: Administered by City of Tarboro Parks Department P. O. Drawer #220 Tarboro North Carolina 27886. Located Town Commons Main & Wilson Streets Tarboro North Carolina. Description: Confederate soldier in uniform stands at parade rest, holding the barrel of his rifle with both hands. The butt of the gun rests on the ground in front of him. He wears a moustache and a hat and he has a bedroll draped over his proper left shoulder. He carries a satchel and canteen on his back and a sword hangs from his belt on his proper left side. He stands atop a multitiered base with inscriptions. A cross is carved above the inscriptions.

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Towards the bottom of the base is a carved medallion featuring a horse and rider surrounded by garlands of leaves and another inscription. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS NC000115.

When free standing Latin Crosses have been built as war memorials they have generally been located in cemeteries, such as the French Cross and the Canadian Cross of Sacrifice at Arlington National Cemetery. (See EXHIBIT 2 below).

Exhibit 2. “French Cross” Sculpture. Medium: Granite. Dimensions: Approx. H. 15 ft. x W. 4 ft. Description: A tall granite cross mounted on a square base inscribed in honor of twenty-five sailors of the French fleet who died while on duty in American waters during World War I. Owner/Location: Administered by United States Department of Veterans Affairs, National Cemetery Administration, 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Washington, District of Columbia 20420. Located Cypress Hills National Cemetery, 625 Jamaica Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11208. Remarks: The monument was erected by the France American Society in honor of the twenty-five sailors of the French fleet who died while on duty in American waters during World War I. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS 68000014.

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But even at Arlington National Cemetery and other national cemeteries, most war memorials do not make use of the Cross. In cases where Crosses have been used on war memorials built outside of national cemeteries, they have often served as distinctive ethnic maker for soldiers being memorialized. For instance, one of the few major memorials of the hundred erected at Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania to use the Cross as a central symbol is the Irish Brigade Monument erected to commemorate the service of three New York regiments. The memorial includes a Celtic Cross bearing the seal of Ireland, as well as an image of an Irish bloodhound.9

The federal government only systematically sought to identify, bury, and properly mark the graves of fallen soldiers after the Civil War. Many individuals, private organizations, and communities did mark the graves of fallen soldiers from the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican American War, generally with obelisks and gravestones. Obelisks were the most common form used for war memorials to commemorate such major battles as Bunker Hill.10

Baltimore, Maryland, earned the title of Monumental City as a result of major monuments to mark the memory of those who fell in the defense of Baltimore in the War of 1812 and to George Washington. The Battle Monument dedicated in 1825, while listing the names of both officers and enlisted men who died in battles in defense of the city in 1814, bears no Christian symbolism. Designed by Maximilian Godefroy, it draws on architectural feature modeled after forms commonly used in Ancient Egypt and Roman Republic/Empire. (See EXHIBIT 3 below). A National Historic landmark it is described as:

The 52-foot high marble Battle Monument which is located at the southern edge of Monument Square features an Egyptian base surmounted by a shaft with Roman detailing, and is capped by a statue of Victory. The monument stands on a marble platform surrounded by a decorative iron railing. The base is made up of 18 layers of marble designed as an Egyptian tomb with blank openings and winged disc ornamentation. Four griffins are perched over the base. At the bottom of the shaft, which rises from the base, are two bas reliefs of the Battle of North Point and the Bombardment of Fort McHenry. The shaft is sculptured to resemble a fasces, made of vertical rods held together by broad bands at the top and bottom displaying the names of 36 soldiers who died in the defense of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Engraved at the top of the column are the names of the three officers that died in the battle. The statue itself, a "Lady Baltimore" holding a wreath of victory, is flanked by a cannonball and antique rudder on the left, and a bronze laurel wreath and eagle on the right.11

9 Piehler, American Memory of War pp. 229-30. 10 G. Kurt Piehler, Remembering War the American Way (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2004), chapter. 1. 11 http://mht.maryland.gov/NR/NRDetail.aspx?HDID=174&FROM=NRMapWA.html (accessed November 1, 2014).

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Exhibit 3. “The Battle Monument, (sculpture).” Dates: 1815-1825. Medium: Vermont Marble. Dimensions: Overall: approx. H. 52 ft.; Figure: approx. H. 8 1/2 ft. Owner/Location: Administered by City of Baltimore, Recreation and Parks, 2600 Madison Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21217. Located Calvert & Fayette Streets, Baltimore, Maryland. Repository:

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Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS 75005996.

After the Civil War, statues depicting the average and nameless common soldier graced thousands of town squares and county courthouses across the North and South. Many communities erected monuments from commercial firms that mass-produced blue and grey soldier figures.12 (See EXHIBITS 4 and 5 below).

Exhibit 4. “The Confederate Soldier, (sculpture).” Medium: Sculpture: bronze; Base: stone. Dimensions: approx. 65 x 27 x 27 in.; Base: approx. 99 x 84 x 84 in. Owner/Location: Administered by City of Rockville Art in Public Places Maryland Avenue at Vinson Street Rockville Maryland 20850. Located Rockville Courthouse Jefferson Street Rockville Maryland. Description: A standing figure of a Confederate soldier with his arms folded across his chest. On his belt a sword hangs on his proper left side and a revolver hangs on his proper right side. The























































12 Piehler, Remembering War, chapter 2.

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sculpture stands atop a square granite base with rough-hewn sides. Remarks: The sculpture honors Civil War soldiers from Montgomery County. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS 75006386.

Exhibit 5. “Maryland Naval Monument.” Dates: Dedicated Nov. 26, 1896. Medium: Granite. Dimensions: Overall: approx. 23 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. x 7 ft. Description: A granite figure of a ship's quartermaster on watch, with a spyglass held in front of him with both hands, and his right leg forward. The figure stands atop a granite shaft adorned with relief carvings of a compass and crossed cannons, a ship's wheel, and an anchor and chain. Owner/Location: Administered by United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Cemetery Administration 810 Vermont Avenue, N.W Washington District of Columbia 20420. Located Loudon Park National Cemetery 3445 Frederick Avenue Baltimore Maryland 21228. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013. Control Number: IAS 68000025.

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Erected with public funds provided by the State of Maryland, the Union Soldier and Sailor Monuments in Baltimore, Maryland, and completed in 1909 contains no Christian imagery. The monument features a lone Union soldier flanked by two female figures drawn from Greco-Roman mythology, Victory and Bellona (the goddess of war).13 (See EXHIBIT 6 below).

Exhibit 6. “Union Soldiers and Sailors Monument, (sculpture).” Dates: Dedicated Nov. 6, 1909. Relocated 1959. Rededicated April 9, 1997. Sculptor: Weinman, Adolph A. 1870-1952. Owner/Location: Administered by Recreation and Parks 2600 Madison Avenue Baltimore Maryland 21217. Located Wyman Park Southeast corner at 2900 block of North Charles Street Baltimore Maryland. Summary: Atop a tall oval granite base stands a bronze figure group depicting a uniformed Union Civil War soldier turning from his plow and anvil. Beside him are two allegorical female figures, Victory on his proper right and Bellona, Goddess of War, on his























































13 Cindy Kelly, Outdoor Sculpture in Baltimore: A Historical Guide to Public Art in the Monumental City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), pp. 196-97.

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proper left. Behind the figure of Bellona is a fig tree. Victory's proper right arm is raised and her wings are spread. The figures stride forward with their drapery billowing in the breeze. On the south side of the granite base is a marble relief depicting a naval attack. On the north side of the granite base is a marble relief depicting the Infantry and the Cavalry. On the back of the base are reliefs of a sword, an eagle, a shield, and an anchor. Surrounding the base is an exedra bench. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013. Control Number: IAS 75006034.

After the Civil War, the federal government constructed cemeteries for the war dead that fought for the Union Army. In building these cemeteries, the Quartermaster Corps of the U.S. Army used only secular imagery in the design of individual grave makers. Government-purchased gravestones for soldiers buried in Union cemeteries contained no religious symbols. This prohibition on religious symbolism for grave markers for deceased Union soldiers still remains in effect. The Department of Veterans Affairs continues to provide gravestones to mark Union graves in both public and private cemeteries, but it will not provide a headstone with any private inscriptions.14 The federal government when establishing Civil War cemeteries in the late 1860s and early 1870s, did not build any chapels. Instead, lodges were built to offer hospitality to visitors and to house cemetery superintendents.15

Traditionally, war memorials even when built in a national cemetery or battlefield are erected by private organizations, local, and state governments. Thousands of monuments were placed on Civil War and to a lesser extent, Revolutionary War battlefields, created as national military parks by the federal government beginning in the 1890s. The majority of monuments on these battlefields do not make use of religious imagery or symbols in any significant way. When religious symbols and iconography is used, it is usually a minor feature of war memorial. In other cases, religious symbols on a memorial signified ethnic nationalism, such as the Gaelic Cross erected at the Gettysburg by predominately Irish Volunteer Regiment from New York City.16

World War I

The vast majority of World War I memorials do not make use of religious iconography in their design. (See EXHIBITS 7-11 below for examples in Maryland). Even during World War I, attempts to use religious iconography were seen as highly controversial.

14 There were exceptions to the pattern, for instance, the officer’s section at Arlington National Cemetery permitted individuals and families to purchase and erect monuments purchased with private funds and Crosses were erected on some graves. But Crosses are by no means uniformly used in the Nineteenth Century. 15Catherine W. Zipf, “Marking Union Victory in the South: The Construction of the National Cemetery System” in Monuments to the Lost Cause: Women, Art, and Landscapes of Southern Memory, Edited by Cynthia Mills and Pamela H. Simpson (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003), pp. 27-45. 16 Piehler, Remembering War, chapter 2; Piehler, The American Memory of War, p. 328.

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Exhibit 7. (See description below).

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Exhibit 7. “World War I Monument, (sculpture).” Dates: 1921. Copyrighted 1921. Dedicated July 4, 1926. Relocated 1953. Relocated 1977. Rededicated Nov. 11, 1977. Sculptor: Paulding, John 1883-1935. Medium: Sculpture: bronze; Base: granite. Owner/Location: American Legion, Potomac Post No. 202 400 American Legion Avenue Williamsport Maryland 21795. Summary: Full-length figure of a uniformed World War I doughboy stands on a rough-hewn pedestal and tiered base. The running figure holds a rifle in his proper left hand. His proper right hand is upraised and empty. Uniform items include a tin hat, canteen, ammunition belt and bed roll. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS MD000529.

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Exhibit 8. “War Memorial, (sculpture).”Medium: Sculpture: bronze; Base: granite. Owner/Location: Administered by City of Frederick Frederick Maryland. Located Calvary Place West Bentz Street Frederick Maryland. Dimensions: Sculpture: approx. 15 x 5 x 5 ft., Diam. 5 ft.; Base: approx. 10 x 8 x 8 ft., Diam. 8 ft. Description: A standing female figure of Victory wearing a Greek dress and sandals. Her hair is pulled in a bun. Her upraised proper right hand holds a laurel wreath and a sword is at her proper left side. She is atop a multi-tiered octagonal base. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS MD000206.

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Exhibit 9. “World War I Monument, Chesapeake City, (sculpture).” Dates: Dedicated Nov. 11, 1919. Medium: Sculpture: bronze; Base: granite. Dimensions: Sculpture: approx. 2 ft. 1/2 in. x 4 ft. 1/2 in. x 2 in.; Base: approx. 5 ft. 11 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 8 1/2 in. Description: Honor Roll relief plaque is installed on a marker with a rough-hewn base. The relief includes two allegorical female figures in Classical dress and a list of seventy-one names in four columns. The figure on the left holds a wreath in her proper left hand. The wreath encircles five of the names. The figure on the right holds a laurel branch in her extended proper right hand and a sword in her proper left hand. The tablet is framed on each side by a pilaster and topped by a cornice with an ornamental frieze. Remarks: Erected by the Town of Chesapeake City in memory of its citizens who died in World War I. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS MD000510.

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Exhibit 10. “Hurlock World War I Doughboy Monument, (sculpture).” Date: Installed 1930. Medium: Sculpture: marble; Base: granite. Dimensions: Sculpture: approx. 91 x 19 x 19 in.; Pedestal: approx. 74 x 37 x 37 in.; Base: approx. 15 in. x 5 ft. x 5 ft. 3 in. Owner/Location: Administered by Unity-Washington Cemetery Association c/o Edgar A. Langford, 6315 Medford Road Hurlock Maryland; Located Washington Cemetery Route 331 Hurlock Maryland. Description: Full-length figure of a uniformed Doughboy stands atop a rough-hewn pedestal and base. The figure stands by a tree stump, with his proper right hand on his hip and his proper left hand around the barrel of his rifle. The rifle is held in front of the figure, with the butt on the ground between his feet. Other uniform items include a tin hat and ammunition belt. The right point of his shirt collar is tipped upward, as if caught in a breeze. Honor roll plaque is installed on the front of the pedestal. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS MD000516.

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Exhibit 11. “World War I Memorial, (sculpture).” Dates: 1921. Relocated 1925. Relocated July 4, 1933. Medium: Sculpture: bronze; Base: granite. Dimensions: Sculpture: approx. 80 in. x 4 ft. x 34 in.; Base: approx. 7 ft. x 6 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. Description: A bronze World War I memorial features an eagle perched atop an unfurled scroll that hangs down one side of a granite marker. The eagle's wings are spread and it holds an oak branch in its claws. The scroll is inscribed with the names of young men from the Belair Road area of Baltimore who died during World War I. Owner/Location: Administered by City of Baltimore, Recreation and Parks, 2600 Madison Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21217. Located Herring Run Park, Corner of Belair Drive & Shannon Drive, Baltimore, Maryland. Remarks: The memorial commemorates the World War I soldiers of the Belair Road area of Baltimore. It was originally located at Belair Road and Glenmore Avenue, but was moved to Herring Run Park (near Parkside Drive) in 1925, and relocated within Herring Run Park to its present site on July 4, 1933. For related reading see Henry and Caroline Naylor's "Public Monuments &Sculpture of Baltimore: An Introduction to the Collection," 1987, pg. 39. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture,

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Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS MD000471.

Efforts to make the Cross as the symbol for all chaplains serving in the U.S. Army sparked controversy. Prior to America’s entrance into World War I, the shepherd’s crock had served as symbol for chaplains. In 1917, the Army mandated that all chaplains would wear an insignia that featured the Latin Cross which prompted immediate protest from Jewish chaplains and Jewish organization. Efforts to restore the shepherd’s crock lead to protests from Christian chaplains and in a compromise, Christian chaplains wore an insignia bearing a Latin Cross while Jewish chaplains wore an insignia featuring the Torah.17

Controversy would mark the use of religious symbolism on war memorials and monuments in the aftermath of World War I. Despite a tradition of not using Crosses as grave markers, the U.S. Army during World War I followed British example and used temporary wooden crosses as markers for many of the war dead. Although the U.S. Army had required soldiers to wear metallic identification tags (“dog tags”) to aid in identifying those who had died in battle, religious identity (or lack thereof) was not engraved on them (this would be rectified in the Second World War). As a result, there were mistakes made in marking the graves of the fallen. For instance, one American doughboy wrote in distress when graves of his fallen comrades were marked with Cross instead of Star of David headboards observing, “Yesterday, I visited the cemetery where our dead comrades laid to rest, and there were our Jewish boys, the sons of Moses and Jacob with a cross at the head of the their graves.”18

After World War I a debate emerged over whether or not the United States would maintain permanent cemeteries in Europe. Many Americans called for the return of all the war dead with others wanted to have all those who died in service of the nation remained interred in permanent overseas cemeteries in France and Great Britain. After significant debate, the War Department permitted next of kin to make the final decision with regard to the place of burial. Slightly over seventy percent of next of kin opted to repatriate the body of their spouse or family member for burial in a national cemetery in the United States or private graveyard.19

Once the decision had been made to establish permanent cemetery, a new debate emerged over what type of grave marker to use. The Quartermaster Corps of the U.S. Army wanted to retain the traditional slab marker that traditionally marked the graves of the war dead interred in national cemeteries. They opposed freestanding crosses because it would require the erection of monuments for Jewish soldiers and thus would break the uniformity and equality of all in death that would be represented by rows of uniform headstones.20

17 Lisa M. Budreau, Bodies of War: World War I and the Politics of Commemoration in America, 1919-1933 (New York: NYU University Press, 2010), p. 120. 18 Budreau, Bodies of War, p. 119, Roy J.. Honeywell, Chaplains of the United States Army (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, Government Printing Office, 1958), p. 179. 19Piehler, Remembering War the American Way, pp. 94-98. 20 Piehler, Remembering War the American Way, p. 101.

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The next of kin who wanted to have a fallen solider buried in an overseas cemetery maintained by American Battle Monuments Commission for the World War I dead in Europe had only two choices: either a Latin Cross or a Star of David. Atheists, freethinkers, and those Christians who did embrace the Cross as an acceptable religious symbol could not decline these symbols and it is likely they opted to have the fallen soldier’s body repatriated for burial in a national or private cemetery. Although overseas cemeteries adopted freestanding Latin Crosses and Stars of David, national cemeteries in the United States adopted a uniform slap marker and applicant could request a sectarian symbol (Christian Cross or “Hebrew” Star of David) or a gravestone absent of all religious symbols.21

Chapels would be built at all the overseas cemeteries established by the American Battle Monuments Commission. The Commission favored designs that were explicitly Christian and even admonished one architect to modify elements of his design to make them more sectarian in character. Officially deemed by the Commission as non-sectarian, the Jewish Welfare Board protested to the Commission the decision to use Latin Crosses as architectural feature. The Commission ignored these protests and in correspondence maintained that these chapels were to have a Christian character. Jewish protests met with more success in forestalling the use of Christian iconography of the monument marking the grave Tomb of the Unknown Solder. This monument borrowing heavily from classical Greek and Roman imagery would be completed and dedicated in 1929.22

The Bladensburg Cross

World War I sparked an intense interest in building war memorials and only the Civil War surpasses this conflict in total number of memorial built. Local and state governments and private organization built thousands of memorials; many were traditional statues as well as a host of artistic works (e.g., bas reliefs, memorial arches). Hundreds of communities opted to build living memorials, such as community centers, schools, parks, highways, stadiums, and other utilitarian structures memorialize the fallen and veterans who served in World War I.23

The vast majority of World War I memorials did not make use of religious iconography in their design. Instead, most communities commissioned or purchased a mass-produced “doughboy statue” depicting a nameless “common soldier.”

The free standing Latin Cross in Bladensburg is distinctive and relatively very few communities erected such a sectarian war memorial. For instance, the first war memorial erected in Prince George’s County, Maryland, to memorialize World War I did not contain any religious iconography. (See EXHIBIT 12, below). Located in front of the Prince George County Courthouse in Upper Marlboro this monument is described in Smithsonian Institution’s Art Inventory database of Art and Sculpture in this manner:

21 M1916 Application for Headstone for U.S. Military Veterans (Guide), Compiled by Claire Prechtel-Kluskens (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Center, 2005), passim. 22 Piehler, Remembering War, pp. 100-01. 23 Piehler, Remembering War, passim.

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A rectangular limestone stele with a bronze relief depicting a doughboy standing beside a memorial plaque. The doughboy, dressed in his World War I uniform, stands at parade rest holding his rifle in front of him with the barrel end up. At the doughboy's feet is a large palm frond. On the lower front of the limestone stele there is a fountain consisting of a small bronze spout above a rectangular basin, but the fountain basin is now covered with a concrete slab. A bronze plaque is attached to the back of the stele.

On the lower right corner of the relief:) J. M. MILLER SC/W. G. BEECHER ARCH (On lower left corner of the relief:) J. ARTHUR LIMERICK CO., FOUNDERS,/BALTIMORE (On front of relief, raised letters:) THIS MONUMENT/PERPETUATES THE MEMORY/OF THE/ SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF/PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY/WHO/TRUE TO THE TRADITIONS/OF THEIR COUNTY/AND THE TEACHINGS/OF THEIR FOREFATHERS/SERVED THEIR COUNTRY/IN THE GREAT WAR/OF 1917-1918/TO THE SPIRIT OF THAT SERVICE/TRIBUTE IS HERE PAID/BY A GRATEFUL PEOPLE (On front of limestone stele, above the relief, incised letters:) THE RIGHT WILL PREVAIL (On bronze plaque on back of stele:) THESE MEN/FROM/PRINCE GEORGE'S/COUNTY/MADE THE SUPREME/SACRIFICE/DEFENDING/THE LIBERTY OF/MANKIND/ROLL OF HONOR/(list of forty seven names)/ERECTED/1919 signed Founder's mark appears.24

24 http://siris- artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!333145~!0#foc us (accessed November 12, 2014).

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Exhibit 12. “Prince George's County World War I Monument, (sculpture).” Date: Installed 1919. Medium: Relief: bronze; Stele: limestone. Dimensions: Stele: approx. 11 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. Owner/Location: Administered by Prince George's County, Office of the County Executive, 14741 Governor Oden Bowie Drive, Room 5032, CAB, Upper Marlboro, Maryland 20722. Located Prince George's County Court House, Front courtyard, Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Remarks: The memorial is dedicated to the men and women of Prince George's County who served in World War I (1917-1918). Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS MD000357.

A search of the Smithsonian Institution’s online inventory will indicate a listing of several hundred outdoor war memorials featuring the image of the doughboy. Many of the doughboy statues erected between 1919-1939 would be the mass produced “The Spirit of the American Doughboy” created by the sculptor E.M. Viquesney. (See EXHIBITS 13 and 14 below). Viquesney’s mass

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produced statue would be erected in approximately 140 communities and to help sell them, the sculptor took out advertisements in the American Legion Weekly and later American Legion Monthly.25

Exhibit 13. “The Spirit of the American Doughboy, (sculpture).” Dates: Copyrighted 1920, 1934. Dedicated May 29, 1927. Medium: Bronze. Dimensions: Sculpture: H. 7 ft x 26 in. x 26 in.; Base: 5 ft. x 70 in. Description: Figure of a World War I infantryman advancing through the stumps and barbed wire of No Man's Land. He holds a rifle in his proper left hand and a grenade in his upraised proper right hand. Owner/Location: Located Main, High, & West Broadway, Lincoln, Maine. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS 47260051.

25 Steven Trout, On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919-1941 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010), pp 107-156. See also An Les Kopel, Webmaster, “E. M. Viquesney Archive” available at http://emvarchive.weebly.com (accessed November 3, 2014).

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Exhibit 14. “The Spirit of the American Doughboy, (sculpture).” Dates: Copyrighted 1920, 1934. Replacement base: 1987. Medium: Sculpture: bronze; Base: Vermont granite. Dimensions: Sculpture: approx. 83 x 33 1/2 x 57 1/2 in.; Base: approx. 8 ft. 3 in. x 52 in. x 52 in. Description: Figure of a World War I infantryman in uniform with field pack, advancing through the stumps and barbed wire of No Man's Land. He holds a rifle in his proper left hand and a grenade in his upraised proper right hand. Figure is mounted on a rusticated stone base on which rectangular metal plaques are attached. Owner/Location: Administered by Winchester Court House, 34 South Main Street, Winchester, Kentucky 40391. Located Winchester Court House, Cleveland Avenue, Lawn, Winchester, Kentucky. Repository: Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, Smithsonian American Art Museum, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 970, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. Control Number: IAS 47260050.

The Bladensburg Peace Cross initially began as a project of the Good Roads League of Prince George’s County. This organization sought to dedicate the highway between Bladensburg to Annapolis as the “National Defense Highway” as a way in the words of solicitation letter to “honor your comrades” lost in the war and also include a Memorial Cross at the beginning of the Highway. Although the Cross when completed listed only the names of the fallen from George’s County, fundraisers for Memorial

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sought and received financial gifts from national leaders and residents of the District of Columbia along with those from Prince George’s County.26 In this era, Prince George’s County developed growing ties with the District. In this period, many communities were linked to the water and sewer system of the nation’s capital. Several towns connected to the District by train lines served as bedroom communities for government workers.27

Those seeking funds stressed the religious symbolism of the Cross by referring to it as a “Calvary” Cross; a clear reference to the Christian belief that Jesus was crucified at this place.28 In his address dedicating the Memorial, U.S. Representative Stephen W. Gambrill stressed the Christian symbolism of the Cross declaring to the assembled crowd that it remained “symbolic of Calvary,” a not so subtle reference to crucifixion of Jesus and promise of resurrection.29

Any historical analysis of the Bladensburg Peace Cross must take in account how the Latin Cross served as particularly divisive symbol in the 1920s. The Ku Klux Klan, a nativist organization used the Latin Cross in their rituals and it served as one of the sacred symbols of this organization. The Cross had significant theological meaning in Klan ideology and one scholar observed that it “served as a memorial of Christ’s debt for human sin as well as his merit filled action.”30 For the Klan, the Cross remained connected to the cause of 100 percent Americanism that by definition excluded, “Catholics who had allegiance to a foreign entity, the pope; Jews who refused to assimilate; and African Americans” deemed to be members of a “lesser” race.31

The Klan attracted significant membership in a number of Midwestern, Border, and Southern states. Maryland was no exception. For instance, on June 1, 1924, Klansmen from Virginia and Washington, DC, joined those from Hyattsville, Maryland, to provide Allen M. Chase, a slain law enforcement officer, with a full “Ku Klux Klan” funeral on June 1, 1924. The funeral service would take place less than a year before the Cross would be dedicated in neighboring Bladensburg. The Washington Post reported that 400 robed Klansmen wearing robes together with hoods marched behind the hearse as it travelled from the chapel of Gasch’s Sons, undertakers to the Fort Lincoln Cemetery. Once they reached the cemetery, the Klansmen formed a square around the cemetery while the Rev. C. H. Cannon, pastor of the area’s Methodist Episcopal Church and the unnamed “exalted cyclopls and king keagle”

26 “Highway to be Memorial” Washington Post (June 8, 1919), page p. A11; “Sacrifice Cross for Soldiers,” Washington Post, (July 11, 1919) p. 5; “Lawn Fete for Memorial,” Washington Post, (August 7, 1919), p. 7; Wounded Yanks Subscribe,” Washington Post, (August 18, 1919), p. 12; “Gift from Miss Wilson,” Washington Post, (August 9, 1919), p. 8. 27 Roger J. Brugger, Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634-1980 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press and Maryland Historical Society, 1988), pp. 443-47. 28 “Highway to be Memorial,” Washington Post, (June 8, 1919). A-11. 29 “Legion Dedicates Bladensburg War Memorial Cross” Washington Post, (July 13, 1924), p. 14. 30 Kelly J. Baker, Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK’s Appeal to Protestant America, 1915-1930 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011), p. 74 31 Baker, KKK’s Appeal,76

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presided over the service. As part of the rites, the Klansmen simultaneously raised their “left hand to the skies” while the “Klan Glee Club” sang the “Fiery Cross.”32

The Klan used the burning cross as symbol of terror directed at Roman Catholics, Jews, and African Americans. The reemergence of the Klan in the late 1910s and 1920s marked a concern among certain segments of native born white Protestants who feared the growing presence of the Roman Catholics and Jews while also remained committed to white supremacy along with maintaining Jim Crow segregation. African Americans leaders and the black press in the Greater Washington, DC, expressed alarm at the growth of the Klan and their rising influence, reflected in 100,000 robed Klansmen parading down Pennsylvania Avenue.33

The records of one Prince George’s County Klan group from this era survive and they record an active organization seeking to wield political power and influence the local schools. The minutes of the Knights of the Klux Klux Klan No. 51, Mt. Rainier, Maryland reported that the Fiery Cross Committee in 1925 had burned several crosses that year. One of these Crosses was burnt in close proximity of the Peace Memorial.34

Whether members of the Klan donated funds for the Bladensburg Peace Cross is impossible to ascertain. The Synder-Farmer Post No. 3 of the American Legion played a crucial role in raising funds in the early 1920s to complete the Peace Cross. The American Legion relation with Klan during the 1920s remained complex. A number of Klansmen were members of the American Legion during this era. At the same time, many Legion members condemned the Klan and a number of individual posts opposed the action of this organization. After a bitter debate, the national convention of the American Legion in 1923 refused to pass a resolution to condemn this organization.35

In an era of heightened sectarian tension and anti-Catholic sentiment, both a Roman Catholic and a Baptist minister took part in the dedication ceremony on July 12, 1925, for the Bladensburg Peace Cross. But the ceremony dedicating the Cross suggested the limits of inclusiveness. No rabbi or Jewish leader took part in the dedication of the Peace Cross despite the close proximity of Bladensburg to both Washington, DC, and Baltimore with their substantial Jewish communities.36

32 David M. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan, 2d edition (New York: Franklin Watts, 1981), pp. 159-61. “Elaborate Klan Ceremony at Allen Chase’s Funeral” Washington Post (June 2, 1924), p. 2. 33 “Ku Klux in Washington” Washington Tribune (August 7, 1921); “Tribune Gets Mysterious Warning: Signed KKK and Put Under Door at Night” Washington Tribune (October 3, 1921), 1; “Klan Threatens Virginia Votes,” Washington Tribune (October 8, 1921), p. 3. 34 Klan Minutes, February 26, 1925, March 26, 1925 “The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan No. 51, Mt. Rainier, Maryland archives” at the University of Maryland’s Hornbake Library, College Park, Maryland. 35 William Pencak, For God and Country: The American Legion (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1989), pp. 137-41. 36 Laura Burd Schiavo, “Washington, D.C,” Encyclopedia Judaica, 2nd Edition, Edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2007), pp. 678-682.

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Did the giant Cross located on major highway route just outside the District of Columbia serve as a marker that Jews were not welcome in Prince George’s County? For most Jews, especially observant Jews, it would be surprising if they did not view the Bladensburg Peace Cross as an overtly hostile Christian symbol, especially if they were driving by this monument in an automobile. Moreover, those who sponsored the Bladensburg Cross, especially at the dedication ceremony, stressed the overt Christian character of it.

Despite a substantial African American population in Prince George’s County, no black minister or leader took part in the dedication ceremony either. Moreover, American Legion posts in Maryland like those in other southern states were segregated by race.37 An African American jazz group would play at fundraiser sponsored by the Snyder-Farmer post and this is the only evidence of any black participation in the Bladensburg Peace Cross fundraising campaign.38 At another fundraiser put on by the post, members performed a ministerial show with the help of the local high school and an outside production company.39 Although no record exists of the content of this show, most scholars have described them as shows that conveyed a host of racist stereotypes regarding African American behavior and culture. It should be observed that members of that African Americans from Prince George’s County did serve in World War I.40

The exclusion of African Americans from the ceremonies dedicating the Bladensburg Peace Cross and their marginal role in the efforts to raise funds for the memorial reflected the prevailing patterns of discrimination and segregation in Maryland during the interwar years. By law and custom, public accommodations, public schools, and the National Guard in Maryland were segregated by race. Race-restrictive covenants were widely used in this era to perpetuate residential segregation by race. Attached herein as Exhibits A and B are a mere sampling of such deeds from the 1920s-1950s containing race-restrictive covenants in Prince George’s County. For instance, a deed recorded in 1936 in Prince George’s County contained the following covenant: “At no time shall the above described lots or any part thereof, or any building thereon erected be sold, leased to, transferred to, or occupied by any Negro or person of Negro of African descent.” (Exhibit A).

Post World War I Memorials

Since World War I, most war memorials remain secular and relatively few make use of overt sectarian symbols. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, most communities embraced living memorials such as hospitals, parks, highways, stadiums, community centers, and other utilitarian structure to memorialize the war dead and veterans. After the Vietnam War there witnessed a renewed interest in building war memorials, but most avoided religious imagery or symbols. For instance, the national memorials to World War II, Korea, and Vietnam War in nation’s capital eschew religious symbolism. The supplementary monuments built to honor the war dead of World War II, Korea, and

37 Pencak, For God and Country, pp. 68-69. 38 “History of the Snyder-Farmer Legion Post 3” (Prince George's County Historical Society), p19 39 “History of the Snyder-Farmer Legion Post 3,” p. 16 40 http://www.anacostiatrails.org/trailblazers.pdf

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Vietnam near the Bladensburg Peace Cross also avoid religious symbolism. In short, the Bladensburg Cross is an aberration historically, even in the era it was built and dedicated.41

The lack of such sectarian symbolism mirrored efforts by the U.S. armed forces in World War II and later wars to respect religious pluralism. Before World War II, the Army Chief of Chaplains, Brigadier General and Roman Catholic Monsignor William R. Arnold convinced Congress to appropriate funds to build chapels to promote the free exercise of religion. In order to fulfill the mandate of inclusiveness and to prevent the establishment of religion, all religious symbols (e.g. Stars of David, Crosses) were designed to be removable or easily covered so as not offend individuals from other faiths.42 Significant protests emerged from the Roman Catholic hierarchy when priests serving as chaplains or Catholic soldiers were compelled to participate in ecumenical religious services on the orders of a commander.43 On several occasions the senior leadership of the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy reminded the chain of command that participation in religious services must be voluntary.

The respect for religious pluralism is reflected in efforts to ensure the identification and burial of the war dead during World War II and later the Korean War. The Cross never served as default marker for all those killed in battle and army regulations mandated that they placed only over the graves of individuals known to be Christians. The U.S. Army even developed a distinctive non-sectarian grave marker to be placed over the graves of soldiers whose religious identities could not be determined.44























































41 Piehler, Remembering War the American Way, passim. 42 War Department, A.S. F. Office, Chief of Chaplains, May 1, 1943, Addenda to Cicular Letter No. 272, May, 1, 1943. Papers of Mark T. Warner, File: Office of the Corps Chaplains, 1929 (1), Box 2, Papers of Mark T. Warner Papers, Bentley Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. In his circular letters Chaplain Arnold excerpts a letters that he sent to a chaplain that stated. “Our chapels have been built by a government which declares that man shall be free to worship God as seems best to himself. They have been so designed that men of all creeds and faiths may enter therein and worship. The building of chapels was approved by the War Department and funds for their construction were appropriated by Congress only after it was made clear that each chapel would be available for religious purposes by military personnel of all faiths.” In this circular letter he also reminded chaplains that “Art paintings, fixtures, and statuary should be so attached that they can readily be removed. In chapels where such fixtures have already been permanently attached drapes should be made to cover these when particular service of that denomination is completed.” See also Deborah Dash Moore, GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 130. 43 Military Ordinariate, Circular Letter No. 32, June 10, 1943, File: Circular Letters to Chaplains, Box 9, Papers of John F. O’Hara, University of Notre Dame Archives, Notre Dame, Indiana. In this circular letter, the Ordinariate observed, “A disagreeable note has appeared here and there, as it does at Christmas and on one or two other days during the year. We refer to the ‘formation’ or ‘required religious service.’ Sometimes a Commanding Officer who does not understand fully either service regulations or Cannon Law will issue an order for a joint religious service, with required attendance… Neither Catholic chaplains nor Catholic service personnel are permitted to take part in religious services other than those of their own faith. … Catholics recognize the right of others to worship God according to conscience, and expect similar recognition---which is guaranteed by our Constitution. President Roosevelt has declared that freedom of religion is one of the rights for which we are now at war, and Catholics are fighting wholeheartedly for the defense of that right.” 44 War Department, Technical Manual 10-630: Graves Registration (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1941), pp. 11-12; War Department, FM 10-63, War Department Field Manual Graves Registration (Washington: Government Printing Office, January 1945), p. 5.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baker, Kelly J. Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK’s Appeal to Protestant America, 1915-1930 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011).

Brugger, Robert J. Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634-1980. Baltimore, MD: Johnson Hopkins (University Press/Maryland Historical Society, 1988).

Bruscino, Thomas. A National Forged in War: How World War II Taught Americans to Get Along. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2010.

Chalmers, David M. Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan, 2nd Ed. (New York: New Viewpoints/Franklin Watts, 1981).

Combs, Diana William. Early Gravestone Art in Georgia and South Carolina (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1986).

Goode, James M. The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington: A Comprehensive Historical Guide. (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1974).

Halporn, Roberta. American Jewish Cemeteries: A Mirror of History” in Ethnicity and the American Cemetery. Edited by Richard E. Meyer. (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Press, 1993).

“History of the Snyder-Farmer Legion Post 3” (Prince George's County Historical Society)

Kelly, Cindy. Outdoor Sculpture in Baltimore: A Historical Guide to Public Art. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011).

Klan Minutes, “The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan No. 51, Mt. Rainier, Maryland archives” at the University of Maryland’s Hornbake Library, College Park, Maryland.

Ludwig, Allan I. Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and its Symbols, 1650-1815 (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1996).

Meyers, Debra. Common Whores: Vertuous Women, and Loveing Wives: Free Will Christians in Colonial Maryland (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003).

Moore, Deborah Dash. GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.

Pencak, William. For God & Country: The American Legion, 1919-1941 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1989).

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Piehler, G. Kurt. “American Memory of War,” In The American Experience of War. Edited by Georg Schild. (Paderhorn, Germany: Schoeningh, 2010), pp. 217-234.

Piehler, G. Kurt. Remembering War the American Way. (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995/2004).

Ragon, Michel. The Space of Death: A Study of Funerary Architecture, Decoration, and Urbanism. Translated by Alan Sheridan. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983).

Schiavo, Laura Burd “Washington, D.C” Encyclopedia Judaica, 2nd Edition. Edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2007).

Sebeny, Hillary Jean. “International Committee of the Red Cross” in Encyclopedia of Military Science. Edited by G. Kurt Piehler and M. Houston Johnson V (Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2013): 1205-6.

Smith, Ryan K. Gothic Arches, Latin Crosses: Anti-Catholicism and American Church Designs in the Nineteenth Century. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006).

Trout, Steven. On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919- 1941 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010).

Yost, Israel. Combat Chaplain, The Personal Story of the World War II Chaplain of the Japanese American 100th Battalion. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2006).

Zipf, Catherine W. “Marking Union Victory in the South: The Construction of the National Cemetery System” in Monuments to the Lost Cause: Women, Art, and Landscapes of Southern Memory, Edited by Cynthia Mills and Pamela H. Simpson. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003).

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Exhibit A

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Exhibit B

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PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records) WWW 2404, p. 0599, MSA_CE64_2493. Date available 09/07/2006. Printed 10/20/2014. Case 8:14-cv-00550-DKCDocument80-6Filed05/05/15Page51of101 -234- Appeal: 15-2597Doc:26-1Filed:02/29/2016Pg:270of540

PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records) WWW 2404, p. 0600, MSA_CE64_2493. Date available 09/07/2006. Printed 10/20/2014. Case 8:14-cv-00550-DKCDocument80-6Filed05/05/15Page52of101 -235- Appeal: 15-2597Doc:26-1Filed:02/29/2016Pg:271of540

PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records) 1339, p. 0442, MSA_CE64_1432. Date available 09/28/2006. Printed 10/20/2014. Case 8:14-cv-00550-DKCDocument80-6Filed05/05/15Page53of101 -236- Appeal: 15-2597 Doc: 26-1 Filed: 02/29/2016 Pg: 272 of 540

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CURRICULUM VITAE

G. KURT PIEHLER

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF HISTORY

FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

OFFICE ADDRESS:

Institute on World War II and the Human Experience Department of History Florida State University 401 Bellamy Hall 113 Collegiate Loop Tallahassee, FL 32306-2200 Telephone: (850) 644-9541 E: Mail: [email protected]

HOME ADDRESS:

9211 Hampton Glen Court Tallahassee, Florida 32312 Telephone: (850) 329-7137 E-Mail: [email protected]

EXPERIENCE:

Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. Associate Professor of History, 2011-Present. Director, Institute on World War II and the Human Experience, 2011-Present.

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. Associate Professor of History, 2002- 2011, Assistant Professor, 1999-2002. Director of the Center for the Study of War and Society, 1999-2007.

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Director, 1994-1998, Rutgers Oral History Archives of World War II. Research Fellow, 1993-1994, Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis.

The Papers of Albert Gallatin, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York City. Assistant Editor, 1990-1993.

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Drew University, Madison, New Jersey. Adjunct Assistant Professor, 1992-1998, Adjunct Lecturer, 1988, 1990-1992.

Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey. Adjunct Lecturer, 1991-1994.

EDUCATION:

Ph.D., Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1990. Major field: American History. Minor field: Modern European History. Dissertation Title: "Remembering War the American Way, 1783-Present." Dissertation Adviser: Professor John Whiteclay Chambers II.

M.A., Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1985. American History.

B.A. magna cum laude with honors in history, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, 1982. Majors: History, Religion, and Political Science. Elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

ADDITIONAL ACADEMIC TRAINING:

“Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Pius XII as Case Studies in Religious Leadership” Seminar for Seminary Faculty and Professor of Religious Studies: Moral Dilemmas and Moral Choice in the Holocaust, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, June 23-27, 2014.

Member (Competitive Award with Stipend), National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Seminar, “Religious Diversity and the Common Good, “ Boisi Center for Religion and American Public Life, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, June-July 2009.

Institute for the Editing of Historical Documents, National Historical Publications and Records Commission and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, June 1982.

MAJOR PUBLICATIONS:

A Religious History of the American GI in World War II, work in progress.

World War II. American Soldiers’ Lives Series (Edited by David Heidler and Jeanne Heidler) Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2007, xv, 225pp.

Remembering War the American Way. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995, 2004, xiii, 233pp.

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SPECIALIZATION:

American military history with additional strengths in social and cultural history. Public history with specializations in oral history and historical editing.

AWARDS AND FELLOWSHIPS:

Research Support Grant, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2014-2015.

Bordin/Gillette Fellowship, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2014.

Research Travel Grant, Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, 2014.

Arts and Humanities Program Enhancement Grant, Council on Research and Creativity, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 2014-2015

Summer Award, Committee on Faculty Research Support (COFRS), Office of Research, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 2012.

Professional Development Award, The Graduate School, University of Tennessee, 2011 (declined).

Research Fellowship, Mary Baker Eddy Library, Boston, Massachusetts, 2011.

Grant-in-Aid, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York, 2011.

Ray and Pat Browne Award for Best Edited Collection, Popular Culture/American Culture Association, 2010. (For co-editing, The Atomic Bomb and American Society: New Perspectives).

Eva R. Dave Fellowship, Jacob Rader Marcus Center, American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2010-2011.

Research Fellowship, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2010.

Ready for the World Grant, World Global Award Committee, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, April 2010. (Funded the visit of Russian Physicist, Dr. Peter Zarubin to the Knoxville campus to deliver public lecture and participate in Physics Colloquium.)

General Matthew B. Ridgway Research Grant, Army Heritage and Education Center, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 2009.

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Fulbright Fellowship in Japan (at Kobe University and Kyoto University), 2008.

Grant-in-Aid, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, Hyde Park, New York, 2004-2005.

Public Service Award, National Alumni Association of the University of Tennessee, 2004.

Professional Development Award, The Graduate School, University of Tennessee, 2000- 2001.

Fellow, Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1993-1994.

National Historical Publications and Records Commission Fellow in Historical Editing at the Peale Family Papers, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1988-1989.

Grant-in-Aid, New Jersey Historical Commission, Trenton, New Jersey, 1990.

FUNDING SECURED AS CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF WAR AND SOCIETY DIRECTOR: $813,093

Alumni and other Individual Contributions (1999-2007): $167,848

Contracts, City of Pigeon Forge, Tennessee (2000-2003): $518, 000

Society for Military History (conference registration and other Fees, 2004): $51, 405

Omohundro Institute for Early American History and Culture (cost share for conference 2006): $30,000

East Tennessee Veterans Memorial Association (2005): $20,000

Legislative Grant, State of Tennessee (2007): $10,000

Ford Foundation (through Rutgers University for Teacher’s Workshop, 2001): $7,340

Haines Morris Grant, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Tennessee (2000): $5000

Scholarly Activities Research Incentive Fund (SARIF, funding for summer graduate assistantship, 2002): $3000

University of Tennessee-Battelle (contribution for Atomic Bomb and American Society conference, 2005): $500

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FUNDING SECURED AS DIRECTOR OF THE RUTGERS ORAL HISTORY ARCHIVES OF WORLD WAR II: $250,000

EDITED WORKS:

The World War II Correspondence of Simon Chilewich: A GI Liberator. (Edited with Rebecca Bean) Entire corpus of correspondence of approximately 125 letters (1942-1945) has been transcribed professionally. Extensive oral histories with Chilewich have been conducted by the editors, as well as a first draft of the annotation of the correspondence.

Outside the Foxhole: Religion and World War Two (Edited with John Corrigan), New York: Columbia University Press, under consideration.

Oxford Handbook in World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, under contract, work-in-progress, anticipated date of publication, 2015.

Encyclopedia of Military Science. (Edited with M. Houston Johnson). 4 Volumes. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2013.

The United States in World War II: A Documentary Reader. Malden, Mass: Wiley- Blackwell, 2012.

The United States and the Second World War: New Perspectives on Diplomacy, War, and the Home Front. (Edited with Sidney Pash) New York: Fordham University Press, 2010.

The Atomic Bomb and American Society: New Perspectives. (Edited with Rosemary Mariner) Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2009.

Americans at War: Society, Culture, and the Homefront. (Associate Editor, Volume III, 1898-1945) New York: Macmillan, 2004.

Oxford Companion to American Military History. (consulting editor) New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Major Problems in American Military History. (with John Whiteclay Chambers II) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999, xx, 488 pp.

The Papers of Albert Gallatin: A Microfilm Supplement, 1761-1849. (with Barbara B. Oberg and others) Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1985.

PUBLISHED ESSAYS IN BOOKS:

“Depression and War: Crises Galore” In New Jersey: A History of the Garden State. Edited by Maxine N. Lurie and Richard F. Veit. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2012, pp. 236-263.

“World War II and America’s Religious Communities.” In The Cambridge History of 5 -258- Appeal: 15-2597 Doc: 26-1 Filed: 02/29/2016 Pg: 294 of 540

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Religions in America: Volume II: 1790 to 1945. Edited by Stephen J. Stein. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 653-73.

“American Memory of War,” In The American Experience of War. Edited by Georg Schild. Paderhorn, Germany: Schoeningh, 2010, pp. 217-34.

“The Military, War, and Memory,” In A Companion to American Military History. 2 Volumes. Edited by James C. Bradford. Boston: Blackwell, 2009, pp. 2: 990-999.

“Remembering the War to End All Wars” In Unknown Soldiers: The American Expeditionary Forces in Memory and Remembrance. Edited by Mark Snell. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2008, pp. 28-59. Reprint, G. Kurt Piehler, Remembering War the American Way. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995, chapter 3.

“Introduction,” In Jerry Morton, Make Way: Senior Candidate in the Hall. College State: Texas A & M University Press, 2004.

“Introduction,” In Ernie Pyle, Brave Men. New York: Henry Holt Company, 1944. Reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001.

"The War Dead and the Gold Star: American Commemoration of the First World War," In Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. Edited by John R. Gillis. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 168-185.

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

“Honoring the Soldiers and Forgetting their Cause: American Memories of the Civil War and the Second World War,” Rikkyo American Studies 31 (March 2009): 1-22.

“Reality and Myths as to Why America Entered the Second World War,” The Long Term View 6 (Spring 2004): 47-60.

"The Rutgers Oral History Archives of World War II," (with Rekha Gandhi and David Tsang Hou) Journal of the Rutgers University Libraries 68 (1997): 11-41.

Phi Beta Kappa: The Invention of an Academic Tradition," History of Education Quarterly 28 (Summer 1988): 207-229.

ARTICLES IN SCHOLARLY REFERENCE WORKS:

“Uriah Levy” In Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Alexander M. Bielakowski. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2013, pp. 390-392.

“World War I” and “World War II”, In Encyclopedia of New York City, 2nd edition. Edited by Kenneth T. Jackson. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.

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“Veteran’s Day,” In American Holidays and National Days: A Historical Guide. 2 vols. Edited by Len Travers. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Publishing, 2006, Vol. 2, pp. 423-435.

“American Response to the Holocaust,” Jewish War Veterans,” and “Franklin D. Roosevelt” In Encyclopedia of War and American Society. Edited by Peter Karsten. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2005.

“Drew University,” “Morristown National Park,” “Newark” and “World War II,” In Encyclopedia of New Jersey. Edited by Maxine Lurie. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004.

"Arlington National Cemetery," "Lincoln Memorial," "Mount Rushmore," "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier," and "Vietnam Veterans Memorial," In Oxford Companion to United States History. Edited by Paul Boyer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

"James Michael Curley," "Dorothy Harrison Eustis," "Samuel Fraunces," "Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV," and "Ellen Louise Axson Wilson," In American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Contributor to Section 1: "Theory and Practice in Historical Study," Listing under "Political and Diplomatic History," (an annotated bibliography). In American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature. Ed. by Mary Beth Norton. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 30.

"Albert Gallatin." In The Encyclopedia of New York City. Edited by Kenneth T. Jackson. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995, p. 447.

"Albert Gallatin." In James Madison and the American Nation, 1751-1836: An Encyclopedia. Edited. by Robert A. Rutland. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994, pp. 160-163.

ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS:

Veterans’ Oral History Project.” http://web.utk.edu/~csws (with Cynthia Tinker, Greg Kupsky, Mark Boulton and others). A continuing publication that will include transcripts of interviews conducted by the Center for the Study of War and Society, Department of History, University of Tennessee documenting the American veteran experience in the twentieth century.

"Rutgers Oral History Archives of World War II." http://history.rutgers.edu (with Sandra Holyoak, Linda Lasko and others). A continuing publication that will include full transcripts of the interviews conducted for the Oral Archives documenting the impact of the Second World War on American society.

RESEARCH REPORT:

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“Religious History of the American Servicemen and Servicewomen (GI’s) in World War II,” Research Reports, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York, 2011. http://www.rockarch.org/publications/resrep/piehler.pdf

BOOK SERIES EDITOR:

Editor, Legacies of War, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2010—

Robert Patterson. Arming the Nation for War: Mobilization, Supply, and the American War Effort in World War II. Edited by Brian Waddell, 2014.

Michael Bryant. Eyewitnesses to Genocide: The Operation Reinhard Death Camp Trials, 1955-1966, 2014.

Anne Loveland. Change and Conflict in the U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Since 1945, 2014.

Joseph W. Ryan. Samuel Stouffer during the Second World War: Sociologist and Soldiers during the Second World War, 2013.

Michael Gambone. Small Wars: Low-Intensity Threats and the American Response Since Vietnam, 2013

Garry, Clifford J., editor. The World War I Memoirs of Robert P. Patterson: A Captain in the Great War, 2012.

Lawrence Wittner. Working for Peace and Justice, 2012.

Theresa Kaminski. Citizen of Empire, 2011.

Antonio Thompson. Men in German Uniform: POWs in America during World War II. 2010.

Thomas A. Bruscino. A Nation Forged inWar: How World War II Taught American to Get Along. 2010.

Editor, World War II: The Global, Human and Ethical Dimension. New York: Fordham University Press, 2003—.

Emanuel Rota, A Pact with Vichy: Angelo Tasca From Italian Socialism to French Collaboration. 2013.

Gilya Gerda Schmidt, Sussen Is Now Free of Jews: World War II, The Holocaust, and Rural Judaism. 2012.

Deborah S. Cornelius, Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron. 2011. Susan E. Wiant, Between the Bylines: A Father’s Legacy. 2011.

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Lt. General James V. Edmundson. Letters to Lee: From Pearl Harbor to the War’s Final Mission. Edited by Celia Edmundson. 2010.

John K. Stutterheim, Foreword by Mark Parillo The Diary of Prisoner 17326: A Boy’s Life in a Japanese Labor Camp. 2009.

John J. Toffey IV. Jack Toffey’s War: A Son’s Memoir. 2008.

Carol Adele Kelly, Editor. Voice of My Comrades: America’s Reserve Officers Remember World War II. 2007.

Barbara Gavin Fauntleroy. The General and His Daughter: The War Time Letters of General James M. Gavin to his Daughter Barbara. 2007.

John B. Romeiser, Editor. Combat Reporter: Don Whitehead’s World War II Diary and Memoirs. 2006.

Thomas R. Christofferson and Michael S. Christofferson. France during World War II from Defeat to Liberation. 2006.

Valdis O. Lumans. Latvia in World War II. 2006.

Judy Barrett Litoff, Editor. The American Heroine in the French Resistance: The Diary and Memoir of Virginia D’Albert-Lake. 2006.

Patricia Kollander with John O’ Sullivan. “I Must Be a Part of This War”: One Man’s Fight Against Hitler and Nazism. 2005.

Grant K. Goodman. America’s Japan: The First Year, 1945-1946. 2005.

Scott H. Bennett, Editor. Army GI, Pacifist CO: The World War II Letters of Frank and Albert Dietrich. 2005.

Alexander R. Jefferson with Lewis H. Carlson. Red Tail Captured, Red Tail Free: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman. 2005.

Jonathan G. Utley. Going to War with Japan, 1937-1941. Reprint edition, with new Introduction. 2005.

Don Whitehead. Beachhead Don: Reporting the War the War from the European Theater, 1942-1945. Edited by John Romeiser. 2004.

Angelo Spinelli and Lewis H. Carlson. Life Behind Barbed Wire: The Secret World War II Photographs of Prisoner of War Angelo Spinelli. 2004.

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Lawrence E. Cane. Fighting Fascism in Europe: The World War II Letters of an American Veteran of the Spanish Civil War. Edited by David E. Cane, Judy Barrett Litoff, and David C. Smith. 2003.

REVIEW ESSAYS:

“From Vietnam to the All Volunteer Army,” Reviews in American History, 39 (December 2011): 726-734.

“Washington and Lincoln: American Icons in a Modern and Post-Modern Age,” Reviews in American History, 37 (December 2009): 510-520.

“Finding the Best Plan to Win the “Good War,” Reviews in American History 29 (September 2001): 447-454.

BOOK REVIEWS:

Review of Thanks for the Memories: Love Sex, and World War II. By Jane Mersky Leder. (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2009) in Global War Studies, in press.

Review of General Lewis B. Hershey and Conscientious Objection during World War II/ By Nicholas A. Krehbiel (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2011) in Peace and Change, 39 (July 2014): 429-31.

Review of The Deserters: A Hidden History of World War II. By Charles Glass. (New York: Penguin, 2013) in Journal of Military History 78 (January 2014): 412-414.

Review of Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy. (New York: Knopf, 2012) in Journal of American History 99 (March 2013): 1205-1206.

Review of Keith L. Camacho, Cultures of Commemoration: The Politics of War, Memory, and History in the Mariana Islands. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2011) in American Historical Review 117 (December 2012): 1580-1581.

Review of War and Sex: A Brief History of Men’s Urge for Battle. By John V. H. Dippel. (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2010) in The Historian, 74 (2012): 645-66.

Review of Good Girls, Good Food, Good Fun: The Story of USO Hostesses During World War II. By Meghan K. Winchell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008) in Global War Studies 9 (2012): 1:100-102.

Review of The “Good War” in American Memory by John Bodnar (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010) in History: Review of New Books 40 (April 2012): 59-60.

Review of The Dragon’s Tail: Americans Face the Atomic Bomb. By Robert A. Jacobs. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2010) in Pacific Historical Review 80 (November

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2011): 669-670.

Review of U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth. By Joan Waugh. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009) in Journal of Illinois History 13 (Spring 2010): 69- 71.

Review of The Vietnam War in American Memory: Veterans, Memorials and the Politics of Healing. By Patrick Hagopian. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009) and The Warrior Image: Soldiers in American Culture from the Second World War to the Vietnam Era. By Andrew J. Huebner. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008) in Journal of American History 97(June 2010): 247-48.

Review of The Papers of General Nathanael Greene. Vol. XIII: 22 May1783 -13 June 1786, with Additions to the Series. Editor: Roger N. Parks (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005) in the Journal of Military History 71 (January 2007): 218-221.

Review of Commemorating War: The Politics of Memory. Edited by Timothy G. Ashplant, Graham Dawson, and Michael Roper (New Brunswick: Transactions Publishers, 2004) in The Public Historian, 28 (November 2006): 95-97.

Review of Marching Home: To War and Back with Men of One American Town. By Kevin Coyne (New York: Penguin Books, 2003) in H-New Jersey (April 2006).

Review of Cities of the Dead: Contesting the Memory of the Civil War in the South, 1865- 1914. By William Blair (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004) in American Historical Review 110 (December 2005): 1535-1536.

Review of Rich Man’s War, Poor’ Man’s Fight: Race, Class, and Power in the Rural South during the First World War. By Jeannette Keith (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004) in Journal of American History 92 (December 2005): 1026.

Review of Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940- 1945. By Paul Koistinen (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004) in Pacific Historical Review (November 2005): 646-647.

Review of The Bonus Army: An American Epic. By Paul Dickson and Thomas B. Allen (New York: Walker and Company, 2004) in Journal of Military History 69 (July 2005): 857- 858.

Review of Wreaking Havoc: A Year in an A-20. By Joseph W. Rutter (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2004) in Military History of the West 35 (2005): 120-121.

Review of The Papers of General Nathanael Greene, Volume 11, 7 April-30 December 1782; Volume 12, 1 October 1782-21 May 1783. Edited by Dennis M. Conrad and Roger N. Parks (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000, 2002) in Journal of Military History 67 (October 2003): 1282-1283.

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Review of Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America. By Jennifer Keene (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001) in Journal of American History 89 (December 2002): 1097.

Review of Under Army Orders: The Army National Guard during the Korean War.By William M. Donnelly (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2001) in Political Science Quarterly 117 (Spring 2002): 174-175.

Review of With Good Intentions?: Reflections on the Myth of Progress in America. By Bill Kauffman. (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1998) in New York History, 81 (October 2000): 504-506.

Review of Carried to the Wall: American Memory and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. By Kristin Ann Hass (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) in Journal of American History, 87 (October 2000): 754-755.

Review of Papers of Nathanael Greene, Volume 9, 11 July 1781-2 December 1781; Volume 10, 3 December 1781- April 1782. Edited by Dennis M. Conrad, Roger N. Parks, and Martha J. King. (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1997, 1998) in Journal of Military History, 64 (April 2000): 529-532.

Review of To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism. By Cecilia Elizabeth O’Leary. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999) in Journal of Military History 63 (October 1999): 991-992.

Review of Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea. By William T. Bowers, William M. Hammond, and George L. MacGarrigle (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1996) in The Public Historian 21 (Fall 1999): 80-81.

Review of Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth- Century America. By Kirk Savage (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997) in The Public Historian 21 (Spring 1999): 124-126.

Review of The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas. By John Buchanan (New York: Wiley, 1997) in Journal of Military History 62 (January 1998): 205-206.

Review of Warrior Dreams: Paramilitary Culture in Post-Vietnam America. By James William Gibson (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994) in Journal of Military History 61 (July 1997): 650-651.

Review of Women of the Far Right: The Mothers' Movement and World War II. By Glen Jeansonne (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996) in Wisconsin Magazine of History 80 (Spring 1997): 240-241.

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Review of Fifty Years at the Front: The Life of War Correspondent Frederick Palmer. By Nathan A. Haverstock. (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 1996) in New York History 77 (October 1996): 465-466.

Review of The Barbed-Wire College: Reeducating German POWs in the United States During World War II. By Ron Robin. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995) in History of Education Quarterly 36 (Fall 1996): 384-385.

Review of The Papers of Nathanael Greene, Volume 8, 30 March-10 July 1781. Edited by Dennis M. Conrad, et. al. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995) in Journal of Military History 60 (August 1996): 550-551.

Review of America at War. Edited by Calvin L. Christman (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995) in Southwestern Historical Quarterly 99 (April 1996): 592-593.

Review of Closing with the Enemy: How GIs Fought the War in Europe. By Michael D. Doubler. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994) in The Public Historian 18 (Winter 1996): 125-127.

Review of The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy. By Doron S. Ben-Atar. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993) in Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 119 (October 1995): 409-411.

Review of Dear Jane: A Soldier's Letters from West Africa and the Middle East, 1942- 1945. By Frederick I. Olson and Jane Correll Olson. (Milwaukee, Wis.: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1994) in Wisconsin Magazine of History 79 (Autumn 1995): 49-50.

Review of Inventing Mormonism: Tradition and the Historical Record. By H. Michael Marquardt and Wesley P. Walters (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books, 1994) in New York History 76 (July 1995): 334-335.

Review of Papers of Nathanael Greene, Volume 6, 1 June 1780-25 December 1780, Volume 7, 26 December 1780-29 March 1781. Edited by Richard K. Showman, et. al. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991, 1994) in Journal of Military History 59 (July 1995): 529-531.

MEDIA PRODUCTIONS:

Wrote and featured in "The War That Transformed A Generation," a 55 minute television lecture/documentary produced by the Rutgers Office of Television and Radio aired on the History Channel, June 29, 1997.

NEWSLETTER ARTICLES:

"New Jersey at End of World War II," New Jersey Historical Commission Newsletter 25

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(June 1995): 3.

"Phi Beta Kappa and the Rites of Spring," Organization of American Historians Newsletter 18 (August 1990): 3, 18.

BLOG:

“Echoes of the 1930s and the Workers’ Alliance” New Jersey 350 , Invited Entry. http://officialnj350.com/echoes-of-the-1930s-and-the-workers-alliance-protests/Posted May 2, 2014

PUBLIC HISTORY PUBLICATIONS:

Contributor, “How historians view the war in Iraq,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 28, 2004, A-16.

“Will We Forget?: Changing Times Could Erode Veterans’ Clout,” [New York] Newsday, May 25, 2003, p. A-36-37.

"A Movie for Veterans and for the Rest of Us," (with John Whiteclay Chambers II) Newark Star Ledger, August 31, 1998, p. 10.

"Foreword," in Gone to Wear the Victor's Crown: Morris County, New Jersey and the Civil War. (Morristown, N.J.: Morris County Heritage Commission, 1998), pp. iii-vi.

"An I.D. for a Universal Symbol," Opinion Page, Burlington County Times 2 February 1998, p. A6.

"Introduction to World War II," in Rutgers University Class of 1944 Military History Book. (New Brunswick: Class of 1944 and the Rutgers Alumni Association, 1994).

SCHOLARLY CONFERENCE ORGANIZED:

Co-Convener (with John Corrigan) World War II and Religion, Tallahassee, Florida, November 29-December 2, 2012.

Co-Convener (with Captain Rosemary Mariner), The Atomic Bomb and American Society, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, July 14-17, 2005.

Coordinator, Society for Military History Annual Meeting, Knoxville, Tennessee, May 1-4, 2003.

The Veteran and American Society, Center for the Study of War and Society, University of Tennessee, Hilton Hotel, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 12-13, 2000.

SCHOLARLY PAPERS PRESENTED AND INVITED LECTURES:

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“The Free Exercise of Religion: Religion and New Deal Liberalism at War.” American Historical Association, Washington, DC, January 2-5, 2014.

“The State of the Field: American Military History.” Organization of American Historians, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 18-22, 2012.

“The Religious Life of the American G.I. in World War II.” Keynote Speaker, Dr. James W. Hammack, Jr. Scholarship Banquet, Department of History, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, September 25, 2010. (Faculty Seminar, September 24, 2010).

“Atheists in Foxholes: The Religious Life of the American GI.” Society for Military History, Lexington, Virginia, May 20-23, 2010.

“World War II: A Religious War?” Fifth Biennial K. Frank and Rita Korf Lecture, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, March 18, 2010.

“Honoring the Soldiers and Forgetting their Cause: American Memories of the Civil War and the Second World War” Invited Lectures at Saitama University, Saitama June 27, 2008 and Nanzan University, Nagoya, July 3, 2008, and Kobe University, Kobe, July 24, 2008.

“Understanding War and American Society” Invited Lecture, Institute for American Studies, Rikkyo University, Ikebukuro, Tokyo, Japan, July 11, 2008.

“Why do Americans still consider World War II a Good War?” Invited Lecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, May 26, 2008.

“A Religious History of the Great Depression and American Participation in the Second World War” SFU History Colloquia Series, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, February 20, 2008.

“Remembering War the American Way,” The Experience of War in the United States: International Conference, University of Tubingen, Heinrich Fabri Institute, Blaubeuren, Germany, June 15-17, 2007.

“American Commemoration of the World Wars,” The Canadian American Research Symposium: Constructing National Identities in Canada and the United States, Ellis Island Immigration Museum, New York City, September 9-10, 2004.

“The Jewish War Veterans and the Shaping of the American National Identity in the Twentieth Century,” Society for Military History Annual Meeting, Bethesda, Maryland, May 21-23, 2004.

“Why Historians Started Interviewing War Veterans during World War II,” Center for Gender Studies, European Humanities University, Minsk, Belarus, March 19, 2004.

“Veterans Tell Their Stories and Why Historians and Others Listened,” The Second World 15 -268- Appeal: 15-2597 Doc: 26-1 Filed: 02/29/2016 Pg: 304 of 540

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War: A Legacy Remembered” Keene State College Department of History, Keene, New Hampshire, November 8-10, 2001.

"Grant's Tomb and the Memory of the Civil War," Conference on the Life and Legacy of Ulysses S. Grant, sponsored by the Organization of American Historians and the National Park Service, Columbia University, New York, New York, April 26, 1995.

"American Commemoration of the Vietnam War," International Conference on the History of War Memorials, Paris, France, September 27-28, 1991.

"War Memorials That Serve Society," Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., March 22-25, 1990.

"American Memorialization in Two World Wars," Conference in Public Memory and Collective Identity, Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis, New Brunswick, New Jersey, March 16-17, 1990.

SCHOLARLY CONFERENCE SESSIONS CHAIRED:

“Winged Gospel or Concrete Foundation? The Transformative Power of American Aviation?” Organization of American Historians, Atlanta, Georgia, April 10-13, 2014.

“Sixty Years of Forgotten Peace: Remembering the Korean War and Its Veterans at the Anniversary of the Armistice.” Society for Military History, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 14-17, 2013.

“Across the Border: Practicing American History in Canada and Mexico” Organization of American Historians, Houston, Texas, March 17-20, 2011. (Session Organizer)

“Civil Rights Movements,” Organization of American Historians, Seattle, Washington, March 26-28, 2009.

“Allied Airpower Strategies,” World War II Reconsidered, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, March7-8, 2008.

“OAH/JAAS: Ten Years and Growing: Americans and Japanese Reflect on the Short-Term Residency Program,” Organization of American Historians, Minneapolis, Minnesota, March 29-April 1, 2007. (Session Organizer)

“Inculcating Citizenship through Educational Policy in Post-1945 West Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States,” American Historical Association, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, January 5-8, 2006.

“War and Higher Education in the Era of the National Security Sate: Three Case Studies,” Organization of American Historians, Boston, Massachusetts, March 25-28, 2004.

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“Naval Affairs: Manpower and Material,” Ohio Valley History Conference, 15th Annual Meeting, Cookeville, Tennessee, October 21-23, 1999.

"Citizens in Uniform: Privilege and Prejudice during the Great War," Society for Military History Annual Meeting, Wheaton, Illinois, April 23-26, 1998.

"African Americans and War Memorials," National Council on Public History, Austin, Texas, April 16-19, 1998.

"Postmodern Communities," at the Oral History Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 10-13, 1996.

Commented on the papers for the session, “Words and Images: Remembering World War II in Memoir and Film” Society for Military History, Arlington, Virginia, May 10-13, 2012.

Commented on the papers for the session, “Veterans Oral Histories in Memory Studies, Research Methods, and Classroom Pedagogies,” Society for Military History, Lisle, Illinois, June 9-12, 2011.

Commented on the papers for the session, “Recapturing Lost Memories of the First World War,” Society for Military History, Lexington, Virginia, May 20-23, 2010.

Commented on the papers for the session, “War and Remembrance,” Society for Military History, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, April 2-5, 2009.

Commented on the papers for the session, “Men at War: Evolving Perceptions of Masculinity and Military Service during the Korean and Vietnam Wars,” American Historical Association, New York City, January 2-5, 2009.

Commented on the papers for the session, “Rethinking the Greatest Generation: World War II in American Memory, Organization of American Historians, Minneapolis, Minnesota, March 29-April 1, 2007.

Commented on the papers for the session, “Dangerous Determinism: The Limitations of Historical Lessons in Aspects of Recent U.S. Military History” American Historical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, January 4-7, 2007.

Commented on the papers for the session, “From Kit Carson to Vietnam: The American Military Experience,” Oral History Association, Little Rock, Arkansas, October 25-29, 2006.

Commented on the papers for the session, “Rethinking the Bonus March, Alternative Narratives of an American Tragedy,” Organization of American Historians, San Jose, California, March 31-April 3, 2005.

Commented on the papers for the session, “The World War II American Soldier in Myth and

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Memory,” Society for Military History, Charleston, South Carolina, February 24-27, 2005.

Commented on papers for the session, “Military History and Labor History: Conversation,” at the Twenty-Fifth Annual North American Labor History Conference, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, October 16-18, 2003.

Commented on papers for the session, "Alternative Communities in the Making: Veterans and the Cultural Politics of Labor, 1945-1955," at the Seventeenth Annual North American Labor History Conference, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, October 19-21, 1995.

COURSES TAUGHT:

American Experience of World War II U.S. Military History: 1754-Present Oral Histories of War and Peace World Wars Studies in U.S. History: The American Soldier in War and Peace Studies in World History: A Global History of World War II U.S. History, 1945-Present U.S. History, 1914-1945 U.S. History, 1877-1933 U.S. History, Revolution and Republic, 1750-1800 History of Poverty in America History of New York City and Newark, New Jersey Wilderness and American Culture University Studies: Normandy Scholars Seminar Research Seminar: Oral Histories of World War II Research Seminar: War, Peace, and Society Research Seminar: War, Peace, and Society: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Research Seminar: History of Ritual and Tradition Research Seminar: New Jersey as a Microcosm of America Supervised Undergraduate Independent Studies and Honors Theses Graduate Research Seminar: 20th Century United States History Graduate Reading Seminar: Legacies of War Graduate Reading Seminar: World War II Graduate Reading Seminar: Readings in American Military History Graduate Research Seminar: Legacies of War

DISSERTATIONS SUPERVISED,:

“Taking Off: The Politics and Culture of Aviation, 1927-1939” By Houston Johnson. May 2011.

“Consanguinity of Ideas: Race and Anti-Communism in the U.S.-Australian Relationship, 1933-1953.” By Travis Hardy. May 2010.

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“Standing in the Shadow of the Greatest Generation: Men and Women of the Korean War” By Melinda L. Pash. August 2008.

“A Price on Freedom: The Problems and Promise of the Vietnam Era G.I. Bills.” By Mark Boulton, August 2005.

“Pushing the Envelope: The Woman Air Force Service Pilots and American Society” By Katherine Elizabeth Landdeck, May 2003.

MASTER’S THESES SUPERVISED:

“The Battle of Valverde: Lessons on How To Take a Defense Position.” By Shawn Erik Bergstrom. December 2014.

“A Line in the Sand: Defining the Army-Marine Corps Rivalry During World War II.” By Allyson Stanton, May 2014.

“Bloodied but Bruised: How the World War II American Army at Kasserine Pass Grew up in North Africa.” By Christopher E. J. Sherwood, December 2013.

“ ‘Don’t Strip Tease for Anopheles’: A History of Malaria Protocols During World War II.” By Rachel Elise Wacks, May 2013.

“George’s Last Stand: Strategic Decisions and Their Tactical Consequences in the Final Days of the Korean War.” By Joseph W. Easterling, May 2012.

“Conspicuous Publicity: How the White House and the Army used the Medal of Honor in the Korean War.” By David Glenn Williams, December 2010.

“A Fresh Look at Henry Morgenthau.” By Maggie L. Yancey, December 2007.

“From Despised Enemy to Wronged Americans, Public Perceptions of the Japanese American Internment, 1941-1991.” By Kenichiro Tsuchihashi, May 2007.

“‘Hitlerian Jurisprudence;’ American Periodical Reactions to the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial 1945-1948.” By Houston Johnston, May 2006.

“Transformation of the King’s Mountain Victors.” By Michael Lynch, November 2005.

“Making the Most of a Bad Situation: Coddling, Fraternization, and Total War in Camp Crossville, Tennessee.” By Gregory J. Kupsky, May 2004.

DISSERTATION COMMITTEE SERVICE:

“Role of US Aid in the Survival of Turkish Neutrality during World War II.” By Hakan

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Gungor., work-in-progress. Peter Garretson, Dissertation Director, Florida State University.

“Friendly and Unfriendly Soil: The Discourse of American War Remains in Europe” By Richard Hulver, work-in-progress. Jason Phillips, Dissertation Director. West Virginia University.

“Beyond Blood and Iron: The Success and Failures of Civil-Military Relations in Imperial Germany, 1890-1914” By Jason Bieber, work-in-progress. Michael Creswell, Dissertation Director. Florida State University.

“Partners of Veterans with a Traumatic Brain Injury : The Lived Experience” By Laurel Cassidy, 2012. Susan Speraw, Dissertation Director. College of Nursing, University of Tennessee.

“A ‘Christian America’ Restored: The Rise of Evangelical Christian School Movement in America, 1920-1952” By Glenn Slater, 2012. Ernest Freeberg, Dissertation Director. University of Tennessee.

“The Longest Day of Them All: D-Day in American Consciousness” By Michael Dolski, 2012. Gregory J. W. Urwin, Dissertation Director. Temple University.

“Black Civil War Veterans in Tennessee” By Paul Coker, 2011. Stephen V. Ash, Dissertation Director. University of Tennessee.

“Tentative Relations: Secession and War in the Central Ohio River Valley, 1859-1862” By Timothy Max Jenness, 2011. Stephen V. Ash, Dissertation Director. University of Tennessee.

“Beyond the Battlefield: Prosthetic Memory of the American War in Viet Nam, 1990-2006” By Susan L. Eastman, 2010. LaVinia Delois Jennings, Dissertation Director. Department of English, University of Tennessee.

“Military Nurses’ Experiences in Disaster Response” By Felecia M. Rivers, 2009. Susan Speraw, Dissertation Director. College of Nursing, University of Tennessee.

“Unholstered and Unquestioned: The Rise of Post-World War II American Gun Cultures” By Angela Frye-Keaton, 2006. Janis Appier, Dissertation Director. University of Tennessee.

“A River for War, a Watershed to Change: The Role and Impact of the Tennessee Valley Authority during World War II” By William Drumwright, 2005. Robert Jefferson Norrell, Dissertation Director. University of Tennessee.

“Dean Rusk: Southern Statesman” By Mark Williams, 2003. Russell Buhite, Dissertation Director. University of Tennessee.

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“Loyalty’s Political Vanguard: Grassroots Republicanism in Reconstruction Tennessee” By Benjamin Severance, 2002. Stephen V. Ash, Dissertation Director. University of Tennessee

“Soldiers of the Cross: Confederate Christian Soldiers and How the War Affected Their Faith” By Kent Dollar, 2001. Stephen V. Ash, Dissertation Director. University of Tennessee.

“The Origins of Student Life: A History of the Colonial College Extra-Curriculum at Rutgers and Princeton, 1800-1870” By Mark Lucas, 1996 (Ed.D.) Joseph Chambliss, Dissertation Director. Rutgers University.

SERVICE TO THE FLORIDA STATE HISTORY DEPARMENT:

Search Committee, China-East Asia, 2012-13 Salary Committee, 2012-13 Library Committee, 2011-15

SERVICE TO THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HISTORY DEPARTMENT:

Undergraduate Committee, Member, 2010-2011 Graduate Committee, Member, 2008-2010 Director, Center for the Study of War and Society, 1999–2007 Lecture Committee, Chair, 1999-2001, 2007, Member, 2005-2006 By Laws Revisions Committee, Member, 2006-2007 Tenure Committee for Professor George White, Chair, 2005 Graduate Award Committee, Member, 2004-2005 Strategic Development Committee, Member, 2000–2004 Post-Tenure Review Committee for Dr. Catherine Higgs, Chair, 2003 Search Committee, Antebellum U.S. History, Member 2002 Search Committee, Editor, Andrew Jackson Papers/Professor, Member 2002 Undergraduate Scholarship Committee, Member, 1999-2002 Stage I Qualifying Examination Committee, American History, Member 1999-2000

SERVICE TO THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE:

Member, Institutional Review Board, 2005-2008 Member, Editorial Board, University of Tennessee Press, 2000-2006 Member, Scholarly Communications Committee, 2004-2006 Member, Assistant Professor of Cultural Anthropology Search Committee, Department of Anthropology, 2005-2006 Member, Search Committee, Head, Special Collections and University Archives, 2004 Member, Normandy Scholars Selection Committee, 2001-2004 Member, Community Advisory Committee, East Tennessee Holocaust Conference, April 1- 3, 2001

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE:

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Member, International Committee, Organization of American History, 2009-2013. Chair, 2011-12.

Chair, Ad Hoc Organization of American Historians and Japanese Association for American Studies Japan Historians’ Collaborative Committee, 2006-2009.

Consultant, Americans United for the Separation of Church and State, 2013. Wrote statement and testified on war memorials and religious symbolism for pending court case.

Consultant, American Civil Liberties Union and Wilmer, Cutler, Pickering Hall and Dorr, LLP, 2007-2008. Wrote statement and testified on war memorials and religious symbolism for pending court case.

Plenary Speaker, “Pre-Departure Orientation Program, U.S. Graduate and Undergraduate Programs,” Japan-U.S. Educational Commission, Osaka International Convention Center, Osaka, Japan, June 20, 2008.

Local Arrangements Chair, “Warfare and Society in Early America,” A Scholarly Conference Jointly Sponsored by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the Center for the Study of War and Society, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, October 6-8, 2006.

Co-Convener (with Professor George White), War, Diplomacy and Society Colloquium, 2003-2005. Met monthly during the academic year.

Consultant “U.S. Women and World War II Letter Writing Project: Digitization Project,” Department of History and University Library, Bryant College, Smithfield, Rhode Island, June 29, 2007.

Consultant, K-25 Oral History Project, Pro2Service, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, October 2004- April 2005.

Consultant, Oral History Methodology and Practice, World War II Victory Museum, Auburn, Indiana, May 16-21, 2004.

Consultant, Oral History Methodology and Practice, Center for Gender Studies, European Humanities University, Minsk, Belarus, March 19-20, 2004.

Consultant, Oral History and War, William Madison Randall Library, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina, March 21, 2002.

Consultant, Oral History of the New Jersey Legislature, Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1999-2000.

Editorial Board Member, War, Culture and Society Book Series. Edited by Stephen

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McVeigh. London, England: Continuum Press.

Blind Reviewer: Center for American Places (Johns Hopkins University Press), University of California Press, Columbia University Press, Continuum, University Press of Florida, Greenwood Press, Johns Hopkins University Press, University Press of Kentucky, Longman Publishers, McGraw-Hill, University of Nebraska Press, University of North Texas Press, University of Oklahoma Press, Oxford University Press, Palgrave Macmillan, Pearson Education, Routledge, Southern Illinois University Press, Texas A & M University Press, Wiley-Blackwell, and Yale University Press.

Referee: American Historian, Church History, Journal of American History, Journal of American Studies, Journal of First World War Studies, Journal of Illinois History, Journal of Military History, Journal of East Tennessee History, Nation and Nationalism, New Jersey History, Oral History Forum, Oral History Review, Peace and Change, Pennsylvania History, Sounding: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Humanities, War and Society, and West Virginia History.

“Academic Publishing in the Digital Age,” Seminar Presentation, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island, February 24, 2011.

Peer Reviewer: National Endowment for the Humanities (1984), Research Foundation of the City University of New York (PSC-CUNY Research Award, 2004, 2005), Research Board of the University of Missouri (2004, 2007), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (2009), University of Wales, Swansea (2004, Proposal to Establish New Scheme of Study: M.A. Program in War and Society), American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (Franklin Research Grants 2013-14).

Discipline Peer Review Committee Member, Fulbright Scholar Program, Council for International Exchange of Scholars (CIES), 2010-2012.

Review Panelist, Division of Preservation and Access, National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, DC, November 7, 2013.

Review Panelist, United States History and Culture IV Grant Applications, Preservation and Access Division, National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, DC, November 10, 2009.

Peer Reviewer (Tenure and Promotion to Associate Professor): Monmouth University (2009), Hofstra University (2009), University of Alabama (2010), George Mason University (2010), and University of Memphis (2011).

Outside Reader, “Wartime America: A Case Study in Oral History” by Gregory J. Kupsky, B.A. Honors Thesis in History, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, May 23, 2002.

Member, Advisory Board, Oral History Archives of World War II, Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1999-Present.

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EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH:

“Remembering War the American Way: Explorations of the Uniquely American Form of Conflict Remembrance” Invited Lecture, Dean’s Hour, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia, February 25, 2013.

“Keynote Speaker, Friends of the National World War II Memorial Education Summit, National Memorial to Women in Military Service to America, Arlington, Virginia, March 24, 2012.

“What You Should Know About Graduate School in the Liberal Arts,” Lecture and Discussion, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island, February 24, 2011.

Workshop Leader, Teaching American History Institute-Martinsville and Indiana University- Perdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, “In Defense of Democracy: Twentieth-Century Wars and the Atomic Age,” Indianapolis, Bloomington, Dana, Indiana, July 14-16, 2009.

Content Adviser, G. I. Joe in World War II. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books, 2008. (Children’s book)

Workshop Leader, Mini-Institute, Teaching American History-Tennessee Valley River Consortium, “Great Depression and World War II and American Society,” Vonore, Tennessee, October 29, 2007. Arranged afternoon session featuring an interview with Colonel Alexander Jefferson, a Tuskegee airman.

“An Overview of Memory and Commemoration,” The Civil War Seminar: Mystic Chords of Memory, George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War,” Shepherd University, West Virginia, June 21-24, 2007.

Workshop Leader, Teacher’s Mini-Institute, Teaching American History-Tennessee Valley Consortium, “War and American Society,” McMinn County Living Heritage Museum, Athens, Tennessee, January 26, 2007.

Leader, Teaching American History Summer Institute-Tennessee Valley River Consortium, “The Great Depression and World War II,” Knoxville and Oak Ridge, Tennessee, July 11-15, 2005.

Workshop Leader, Teacher’s Mini-Institute, Teaching American History-Tennessee Valley Consortium, “The Great Depression and World War II” McMinn County Living Heritage Museum, Athens, Tennessee, October 26, 2004.

Panelist, “Doing Oral History,” Teachers History Institute, East Tennessee Historical Society, Knoxville, Tennessee, June 13, 2002.

Co-Organizer with John W. Chambers and Arlene Gardner, “Peaceful Resolutions to

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Conflict in a Multi-cultural Society: A four-day Summer Institute for U.S. History Teachers,” Funded by the Ford Foundation and Sponsored by the Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis, the New Jersey Center Civic and Law-Related Education, and the Center for the Study of War and Society, University of Tennessee. Hilton Hotel, Knoxville, Tennessee, June 24-27, 2001.

Organized with Margaret Brown, “Bringing the Veteran to Your Classroom,” A One-Day Workshop for Social Studies Teachers, Celebrate Freedom!: Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s Veterans, Holiday Inn Resort, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, July 19, 2000.

"Developing an Oral History Project in the Classroom," Presentation for a "Workshop for Teachers" as part of the Conference, "Remembering the Holocaust in the Twenty-First Century," The Allen and Joan Bildner Center for the Study of Jewish Life, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, November 2, 1998.

Leader, Oral History Workshop for Members of the New Jersey National Guard, Fort Dix, New Jersey, March 22, 1998.

Seminar Leader for One Day Conference, "Teaching the History of World War II Through Oral History," Rutgers Institute for High School Teachers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, March 6, 1998.

Member, Advisory Board of Scholars, “Tennessee Times: The History of a State, A History of a Nation” NEH Funded “We the People” Program, Tennessee State Museum, Nashville, Tennessee, 2006-2009.

Member, Advisory Board, Tennessee River Valley Consortium, Teaching American History Grant, 2004-2010.

PUBLIC HISTORY EXPERIENCE:

Member, Editorial Committee, Veterans’ History Book Project, Nashville Public Library, Nashville, Tennessee, 2009.

Consultant, World War II Memorial Project, New Jersey Historical Commission, Trenton, New Jersey, 2006.

Organized and Panelist, “Final Resting Place: Honoring the American War Dead,” 92nd Street Y, New York City, November 9, 2005

Organized and Moderated Panel, “Veterans Day 2004: Sharing Stories,” 92nd Street Y, New York City, November 10, 2004.

Oral History Workshop Leader, Museum of Science and Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, July 29, 2004.

Organized Public Symposia for Celebrate Freedom!: Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s 25 -278- Appeal: 15-2597 Doc: 26-1 Filed: 02/29/2016 Pg: 314 of 540

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Veterans Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s Veterans, August 9-19, 2003:

“Civil War Saturday” “How To Write Your Memoirs” “Salute to the Veterans of the Vietnam War” “Controversies at Arms” “Salute to the Veterans of World War II, Korean War, and Desert Storm”

Organized, Public Symposia for Celebrate Freedom!: Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s Veterans, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, August 16-19, 2002:

“Vietnam Warriors” “America’s Other Asian War” “How to Teach the Vietnam War” (Teacher’s Workshop) “Navajo Code Talkers” (Children’s Workshop) “Assessing the Vietnam War” “Silent Warriors: Special Ops in Vietnam” “How to Write Your Memoirs” “POWs Tell Their Stories”

Organized, Third Annual Military History Book Fair, Celebrate Freedom!: Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s Veterans, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, August 16-18, 2002.

Organized, Public Symposia for Celebrate Freedom!: Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s Veterans, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, August 11-25, 2001:

“From Cold War to Cold War” “In Service on Land, Sea, and Air” “Workshop for Veterans: How to Write Your Memoirs” “Double Service: World War II Veterans and Korea” “Historians Consider the Legacy of the Korean War” “From Segregation to Integration” “POWs Tell their Stories” “M.A.S.H.: The Myth and the Reality”

Organized, Second Annual Military History Book Fair, Celebrate Freedom!: Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s Veterans, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, August 24-26, 2001.

Organized, Public Symposia for Celebrate Freedom!: Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s Veterans, Mandrell Theater, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, November 9-10, 20-22, 2000:

“Reflections on World War II” “Historians Consider the Legacy of the ‘Good War’” “In Service on Land, Sea, and Air” “Coming Home” “Women Veterans Reflect on their Service”

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“Historians Consider the Role of Women in World War II” “POWs Reflect on their Ordeal” Keynote Speakers: Stephen E. Ambrose, Thomas Childers, Carolyn Becraft, Robert C. Doyle, and Elie Wiesel

Organized, First Annual Military History Book Fair, Celebrate Freedom!: Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s Veterans, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, November 10-12, 2000.

Organized, Speaker Series 2000, Celebrate Freedom!: Pigeon Forge Salutes America’s Veterans, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, 9 Successive Sundays, Beginning, September 3, 2000 and Ending, November 5, 2000.

Oral History Workshop, Great Smoky Mountains Heritage Center, Townsend, Tennessee, February 28, 2011.

Oral History Workshop, Oak Ridge Heritage and Preservation Association, American Museum of Science and Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, April 2, 2000.

Project Director, "Alan V. Lowenstein Oral History Project," Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1995-1997.

Project Director, "An Oral History of the Chairs of the Drew University Board of Trustees," President's Office, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, 1996.

Editorial Consultant, "Ocean County Sesquicentennial History," Ocean County Cultural and Heritage Commission, Toms River, New Jersey, 1995-1996.

"Battlefield and Homefront: The Rutgers and New Jersey Experience During World War II." Public Exhibit at Special Collections and University Archives, Alexander Library, New Brunswick, New Jersey, May 12, 1995-September 2, 1995.

Project Director, "Preserving the Memory of the Second World War," funded by a $7,032 grant from the New Jersey Council for the Humanities, 1995. Organized a series of conferences and programs sponsored by the New Jersey Studies Academic Alliance:

"The Moral and Ethical Issues of Total War," St. Mary's Episcopal Church, Sparta, New Jersey, March 8, 1995.

"The Legacy of the Holocaust for New Jersey and American Society," College of Saint Elizabeth, Morristown, New Jersey, May 4, 1995.

"The Impact of the Second World War on New Jersey," Rutgers University, e New Brunswick, New Jersey, May 20, 1995.

Coordinator, Rutgers Alumni College, "Fire in Memory: Military Veterans and American Society," Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, May 17-20, 1990.

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MEDIA APPEARANCES:

“A Glimpse into FSU World War II Institute” Morning News Show, W-CTV, Tallahassee, Florida, June 6, 2014.

“The Role of Military Clergy” The Academic Minute, Syndicated Public Radio Program Produced by W-AMC (Kingsport, New York), November 11, 2011.

“Gold Star Mothers: Pilgrimage of Remembrance,” 60 Minute Documentary, Produced by W-ILL-TV, Televised on over 50 PBS Stations, May 24-26, 2004.

“Featured Guest, “Hallerin Hill Show,” W-GFX Radio, Nashville, Tennessee, September 10, 2003, 10:30 a.m., CST.

Featured Guest, “The Exchange with Laura Knoy,” New Hampshire Public Radio, September 24, 2001, 9:00 a.m., EST.

Featured Guest, “The George Corda Show,” W-NOX Radio, Knoxville, Tennessee, September 22, 2001, 8:00 a.m., EST.

Television Interview (Studio) “Good Morning Chattanooga,” W-TVC, Chattanooga, Tennessee, August 14, 2001, 6:20 a.m., EST.

"Saving Private Ryan," Cable Television Interview, MSG Metro Learning Channel, New York City, August 27, 1998, 5:45 p.m., EST.

"Knowing the Unknown," Television Interview, The News Hour with Jim Lehrer, PBS, July 10, 1998, 7:00 p.m., EST.

"New Jersey Times," Radio Interview and Segment Focusing on the Second World War, October 8-14, 1995, aired on thirty public and commercial radio stations in the New Jersey, New York, and Philadelphia regions.

"Memorial Day and the Remembrance of World War II," Radio Interview, W-CTC Radio, New Brunswick, New Jersey, May 26, 1995.

PUBLIC LECTURES AND ADULT EDUCATION CLASSES:

“The American GI in War and Peace” Florida State President’s Club, Tallahassee, Florida, April 11, 2014.

“Gallery Talk for Witness to War Exhibit” Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, Florida, July 11, 2013.

“The American Veteran and the State: The Limits of Generosity” Fellows Forum 2013:

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Reintegrating Veterans Into Civilian Life: An Interdisciplinary Discussion, Fellows Society, The Graduate School, Florida State University, Augustus B. Turnbull Turnbull Florida State Conference Center, Tallahassee, Florida, March 22, 2013.

“What I Have Learned from Talking to over 200 Veterans of World War II?” Rotary Club, Franklin, Massachusetts, July 9, 2009.

“The Civil War in American Memory,” Longstreet Society, Knoxville, Tennessee, October 10, 2008.

Panelist, Roundtable Discussion, “Remembering World War II in the 21st Century,” Cleveland State Community College, Cleveland Tennessee, November 3, 2007.

“Uses of the Atomic Bombs: Realities and Myths,” Center for World War II Studies and Conflict Resolution, Brookdale Community College, Lincroft, New Jersey, May 9, 2006.

“The World War II Veteran,” Alumni Summer College, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, August 4, 2005.

“What do American Veterans Think of World War II?” University of Wales, Swansea, December 6, 2004.

Luncheon Address, “Manhattan Project and World War II,” East Tennessee Environmental Business Association, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 3, 2004.

“Understanding the War in Iraq: The Views of a Skeptical American,” Konan University, Kobe, Japan, June 9, 2004.

“American Presidents: Herbert Hoover,” Oak Ridge Institute for Continued Learning, Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, February 25, 2004.

“American Response to Nazi Germany,” UT Jewish Faculty Lecture Series, 2004, Institute for Jewish Studies, Knoxville Jewish Alliance, Arnstein Jewish Community Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, February 24, 2004.

Panelist, “American Way of War,” Public Colloquium, Bryant College, Smithfield, Rhode Island, November 5, 2003.

“What Veterans Can Tell Us” Seniors for Creative Learning,” Lecture, O’Connor Senior Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, February 19, 2003.

“The Past Re-Experienced: Oral History and World War II Combat Memories,” Public Lecture, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, May 23, 2002.

“The War on Terrorism and American Military History,” Comments on the Current Situation in Central Asia and the Middle East by University of Tennessee History Department, Borders Bookstore, Knoxville, Tennessee, December 2, 2001. 29 -282- Appeal: 15-2597 Doc: 26-1 Filed: 02/29/2016 Pg: 318 of 540

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“From Legend to Legacy: Celebrating the World War II Generation,” First Annual Community Forum, Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, November 16, 2000.

“Franklin D. Roosevelt” for the Great American Presidents Course, Oak Ridge Institute for Continued Learning, Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, November 16 and December 7, 1999.

“Thanksgiving in American History,” Downtown Rotary Club, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 23, 1999.

“World War II: The Good War?” UTK Pre-Game Showcase, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, October 30, 1999.

“Remembering the Great War the American Way,” 1999 Weekend with the Great War, Tennessee/Kentucky Chapter of the Western Front Association, Lexington, Kentucky, August 13-15, 1999.

“War and Peace,” Alumni Summer College, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, July 22, 1999.

“Future Plans for the Center for the Center of the Study of War and Society, The Twenty- First Annual Workshop for the Teachers of Social Studies,” Department of History, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, February 27, 1999.

“Reconsidering the Good War: World War II, 1939-1945,” Annual Colonel John B. McKinney Lecture, Center for the Study of War and Society, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 10, 1998.

Elderhostel Instructor, "Sites and Sounds: A Tour of Early American History," Drew University/Community of Saint John Baptist, Mendham, New Jersey, April 13-15, 1998.

"A Tale of Two Cities: A History of New York and Newark," Eight Part Lecture Series, Leisure Learning: Continuing Education for Seniors, Bernards Township Public Library, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, September 8-October 27, 1997.

"The Alan V. Lowenstein Oral History Project," Lecture for the Public Conference, "Politics, Law, and the Jewish Community in Greater Newark," Jewish Historical Society of Metrowest, Whippany, New Jersey, September 21, 1997.

"Remembering War the American Way," Lecture, Great Hall of the Nantucket Atheneum, Nantucket, Massachusetts, May 27, 1997.

"Commemorating the Revolution in Morristown," Lecture for the Fall Conference of the Morris County Heritage Commission on the theme "Historic Sites of Morris County,"

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Morris Township, New Jersey, October 24, 1996.

"Remembering America's War," Lecture, New Jersey Association of Veterans Program Administrators, New Brunswick, New Jersey, May 6, 1994.

"The Commemoration of War: The American Experience," Lecture, The Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey, March 16, 1994.

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS:

American Historical Association Organization of American Historians Society for Military History Association for Documentary Editing Institute of Early American History and Culture East Tennessee Historical Society

REFERENCES:

Available on request.

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