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Movement and Population Size of the River Sculpin Cottus Hangiongensis in the Daitobetsu River of Southern Hokkaido

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Movement and Population Size of the River Sculpin Cottus Hangiongensis in the Daitobetsu River of Southern Hokkaido Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 魚 類 学 雑 誌 Vol.32,No.41986 32巻4号1986年 Movement and Population Size of the River Sculpin Cottus hangiongensis in the Daitobetsu River of Southern Hokkaido Akira Goto (Received April 22,1985) Abstract Individual movements and population size of the amphidromous sculpin Cottus hangiongensis,excluding young-of-the-year smaller than 50 mm in body length,were studied from October 1983 to December 1984 in 5 separate sections of the Daitobetsu River of southern Hokkaido,by using mark-recapture methods.During the non-breeding season,distinct in- clinations in density,body length distribution and sex ratio of C.hangiongensis populations were found along the course of the river.The population density was the highest,3.45 per m2,in the lowest section and decreased in the upper sections.Larger males were•\found in larger numbers toward the lower reaches,whereas the sex ratio,which was biased in favor of females,was generally more striking upstream.These characteristics of the population structure may result from the amphidromous life history and the polygynous mating system of this species.Many marked fish were recaptured within the original sections,where they had been marked and released,through- out the year.During the non-breeding season,especially,the mean movement was 40.6 m,with the greatest movement being 92 m.During the breeding season,on the other hand,some sculpins appeared to move downstream before spawning and upstream after spawning.Such down- stream spawning migration may increase the chance of encountering a mate,and for females it may enhance the chance of encountering larger males.Moreover,it may also contribute to a decrease in the mortality rate of their flowing larvae. •\ River sculpins of the genus Cottus found in Bailey(1952)noted limited movement with typical Japan have various life history patterns:cata- yearly movements of approximately 50 m in a dromous for C.kazika(Kuroda,1947),am- Montana stream,and Brown and Downhower phidromous for C.hangiongensis(Goto,1977a, (1982)reported that the mean movement of this 1981)and C.amblystomopsis(Goto,1975,1980), species was 1.2 m from June through July in two and fluvial for C.nozawae(Goto,1975,1977b, tributaries of the Gallatin River,Montana.Mc- 1980)and the"large-egg type"of C.pollux Cleave(1964)estimated that the home range of (Mizuno and Niwa,1961).The larvae of C. mottled sculpins was somewhat less than 50 m. hangiongensis Mori,an amphidromous species, On the other hand,Shetter and Hazzard(1939) are carried by currents into the sea soon after found considerable instability in a population of hatching and then after pelagic life in the sea for mottled sculpins and slimy sculpins(C.cognatus) about one month,the juveniles ascend uprivers. in a Michigan stream. They are commonly distributed in the rivers of In the present study,the amphidromous sculpin southern Hokkaido(Sato and Kobayashi,1951; C.hangiongensis,excluding young-of-the-year Goto,1977a,1981,1984a).The adult fish of this which were smaller than 50 mm in body length, species inhabit benthically the lower reaches of was studied in the Daitobetsu River of southern rivers and feed on larvae of aquatic insects and Hokkaido throughout the year,in order to deter- occasionally on small fish throughout the year mine the spatial stability and movement of the (Goto,1981). population and to estimate the population size by Although river sculpins are generally thought to using mark-recapture methods. be relatively sedentary during the non-breeding season(McCleave,1964;Brown and Downhower, Study area and methods 1982),the spatial stability and movements of adult C.hangiongensis populations are hitherto Study area.The Daitobetsu River studied unknown.In the mottled sculpin C.bairdi, originates on Oshima Mountain of Hokkaido and ―421― 魚 類 学 雑 誌Japan.J.Ichthyol.32(4),1986 restricted to the lower reaches.Within the lower reaches,five sections,(I-V),300-500m off each other in length,were established(Fig.1).The physical characteristics of each section are shown in Table 1.Section I,being 215 m long and 5.2 m wide on the average,consists of Bb type(Kani,1944; Mizuno and Kawanabe,1981)with an abundance of various sized rocks.Both Sections II and III, 130 m long and 7.8 m wide and 150 m long and 7.9 m wide respectively,consist of Aa-Bb transi- tion type.Section II has a relative abundance of rocks of various sizes and Section III,of which the bottom mainly consists of gravels,has rela- tively few rocks.Section IV,the longest section, with a length of 430 m and 5.8 m in width,consists of Aa type and has a rocky bottom in most parts. Section V,being 210 m long and 6.2 m wide,con- sists of Aa type and is relatively abundant in various sized rocks.Additionally,Section VI, being located upstream beyond the notched weir and consisting of Aa type,was prepared to study the upstream migration of sculpins from below the weir(Fig.1). Fig.1.Map of the Daitobetsu River showing the Methods for mark-recapture study.Studies on sections studied. population estimates and movement of individuals of C.hangiongensis were conducted in the Daito- drains into Hakodate Bay(Fig.1).It is charac- betsu River from October,1983 to December, terized by relatively high gradients and is about 1984.Sculpins larger than 50 mm in body 17 km long.In this river,there is a notched weir length,which were captured with dip nets and approximately 4 km upstream from the river selected from total catches,were anesthetized for mouth,which partially blocks upstream migra- a few minutes with approximately 0.0001 % ethyl- tion of amphidromous sculpins(Goto,1984a)so aminobenzoate solution before marking.Fish that only a small number of adult C.hangiongensis were examined to determine sex by external sexual are distributed in waters further upstream from characters(Goto,1984b),standard length was the weir(Goto,1974). measured to the nearest 0.1 mm,and then the fish The study sites were set up within the lower were marked by removing combinations of 1st reaches from the river mouth to the notched weir dorsal-fin spines and 2nd dorsal-fin rays.De- because the spawning grounds of this species and tailed procedures for individual marking has been the distribution of the main population were described elsewhere(Goto,1985).After mark- Table 1.Physical characteristics of each section of the Daitobetsu River studied. * This figure includes 470 m2 of Hayase Rapids with rock bottom. ** This figure includes 170 m2 of Hirase Rapids with rock bottom. ―422― Goto:Movement and Population of River Sculpin Fig.2.Length frequency distributions for Cottus hangiongensis captured in 5 sections of the Daitobetsu River in October(left side)and in November(right side),1983. ing,the fish were placed in a holding crof until section.The body length frequency distributions completely recovered from the anesthetic,at of male and female sculpins larger than 50 mm are which time they were released near the middle of shown for the samples captured in Sections I each section.During this study,an approximate through V in October and November 1983(Fig.2). total of 2,500 sculpins were marked individually in As pointed out by Goto(1984b),sexual dimor- all five sections(I-V). phism in body size where males were larger than As a general rule,recapture of marked fish was females,was found in all sections,particularly in attempted in each section in every month,from Sections I and II which were located in the lower one month after the first marking in October 1983, reaches of the river.Females ranging from 50 except in January and February of 1984 when mm to 110 mm in body length,mainly appeared the river was covered with snow.Dip nets were to be 1+ and 2+ aged fish with the modes of 60-70 used in recapture attempts,with nearly equal mm and about 85-95 mm respectively.In males, catching efforts,every time.Especially during the the body length ranged from 55 mm to 150 mm, period from mid April to early June,1984,fishing though the age composition could not be inferred by using dip nets for recapture was done generally from the size distributions. every five days in the region between Section II The sex ratio of sculpins was biased in favor of and Section III(Section II-III). females at every section in the both months. Moreover,such bias in the sex ratio was generally Results more striking in the upstream direction where the male/female ratio varied from approximately 1:2 Body length distribution and sex ratio for each in Section I to about 1:5 in Section V(Fig.2). ―423― 魚 類 学 雑 誌Japan.J.Ichthyol.32(4),1986 Spatial stability and movement.Movement of The majority of sculpins recaptured were pres- sculpins was estimated from the data on location ent in their original sections throughout the year when the marked fish were recaptured(Table 2). (Table 2).Especially from October 1983 through Fish recaptured were divided into two groups: mid April 1984,all fish were recaptured in the one group consisting of recaptures found in their original sections,except two fish,one of which original sections and the other group consisting was captured in a downstream section in November of recaptures found in sections other than the and the other which was captured in an upstream original sections at which they were released after section in December.From mid April to May,.
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