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Overview of OLED Display Technology Homer Antoniadis, Ph.D. Product Development Group Manager phone: (408) 456-4004 cell: (408) 314-6460 email: [email protected] Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:1 Outline ! OLED device structure and operation ! OLED materials (polymers and small molecules) ! Evolution of OLED performance ! OLED process and fabrication technologies ! Color capabilities ! White emitting OLEDs ! Passive and active matrix driving schemes ! OLED market potential ! Products and demonstrators Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:2 OLED Display and Pixel Structure Display Pixel Cover glass Cathode Emissive polymer layer Cathode (Ba,Ca/Al 2000 Å) Emissive polymer layer ~ 800 Å Conducting Conducting polymer layer polymer layer ~ 1200 Å Epoxy Anode (ITO 1500 Å) Anode Single pixel structure Glass substrate Human hair is 200X the thickness of the OLED layers Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:3 OLED Device Operation Principles OLEDs rely on organic materials (polymers or small molecules) that give off light when tweaked with an electrical current Cathode _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ! Electrons injected from cathode Emissive polymer _ ! Holes injected from anode _+ _+ _ ! Transport and radiative recombination of electron hole + + + V Conducting polymer pairs at the emissive polymer + + + + Anode + + + + + OLED device operation (energy diagram) Conducting Emissive polymer Cathode- polymer Transparent Anode layer (s) substrate light (ITO) - - LUMO e e LUMO Light HOMO HOMO h+ h+ h+ ca. 100 nm 10 - >100 nm <100 nm >100 nm Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:4 Optoelectronic Device Characteristics Luminance-Current-Voltage Efficiency-Luminance-Voltage 100 12 12 10-1 ) 2 10 10 10-2 8 10-3 8 6 10-4 6 10-5 4 Efficiency (cd/A) -6 4 Efficiency (cd/A) Current Density (A/cm 10 2 10-7 2 0 10 100 1000 10000 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 2 02468 Voltage (Volts) Luminance (cd/m ) Voltage (V) 105 4 LUMINANCE is the luminous intensity per unit 10 area projected in a given direction ) 2 103 The SI unit is the candela per square meter 102 (cd/m2), which is still sometimes called a nit 101 The footlambert (fL) is also in common use: Luminance (cd/m 2 100 1 fL = 3.426 cd/m 10-1 02468 http://www.resuba.com/wa3dsp/light/lumin.html Voltage (Volts) Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:5 Evolution of LED Performance SM OLED Polymer OLED Courtesy of Agilent Technologies Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:6 Electroluminescent Polymers Conducting polymers ! Polyaniline (PANI:PSS) NH ! Polyethylenedioxythiophene (PDOT:PSS) PANI PDOT PSS Emissive polymers ! Polyphenylenevinylene R1 (R-PPV) ! Polyfluorene (PF) n R1 n R1 R1 R-PPV Processed by : PF Spin casting, Printing, Roll-to-roll web coating IP owned by Cambridge Display Technology Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:7 Multiple emission colors achieved by Covion Different emission colors can be obtained with a variety of chemical structures 300 nm 500 nm 700 nm PPP n PPV OR CN PT or S CN-PPV RO Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:8 Multiple emission colors achieved by Dow Chemical n R1 R1 PF Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:9 Polymer OLED display fabrication steps Deposit and pattern anode (ITO) Pattern polymer layers (first conducting then emissive) Spin coating Ink Jet printing Screen printing Web coating Vacuum deposit and pattern cathode (Ba,Ca/Al) Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:10 Ink Jet Printing to Pattern Polymers (Full Color Applications) Ink Jet Head Red Green Blue emitter emitter emitter Substrate Ink Jet printing to define and pattern R, G, B emitting subpixels Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:11 The Holy Grail: Flexible OLEDs Sheila Kennedy, Harvard Univ., 1999 Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:12 Electroluminescent Small Molecules Hole transport small molecules ! Metal-phthalocyanines NN ! Arylamines, starburst amines NPD Emissive small molecules ! Metal chelates, distyrylbenzenes N O ! Fluorescent dyes O N Al O N Processed and deposited by : thermal evaporation in vacuum Alq3 IP owned by Eastman Kodak Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:13 Polymer and Small Molecule Device Structures Small molecule Polymer Cathode -LiF/Al Cathode –Ba, Ca/Al ETL -Alq3 ETL - PPV, PF EML - doped Alq3 HTL -NPB HIL - PDOT, Pani HIL -CuPc Anode -ITO Anode -ITO Substrate -glass Substrate - glass Multi-layer structure Bilayer structure made all in vacuum made from solution Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:14 Full color patterning with small molecules substrate R emission layer Cathode separator Shadow mask ITO G emission layer Shadow mask ITO NPD Alq3 B emission layer Shadow mask ITO Small molecules are thermally evaporated in vacuum R, G, B pattering is defined by shadow masking in vacuum Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:15 White emitting small molecule OLEDs Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:16 Phosphorescent small molecule OLEDs PHOLED technology offers significant room for further performance advances Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:17 The Head-Start of Small Molecule OLEDs ! Manufacturing started ! Pioneer 1997 ! TDK (Alpine, 2001) ! Samsung-NEC Mobile Display (SNMD) (2002) ! RiTdisplay (2003) ! Sanyo-Kodak (2003) ! R, G, B colors available ! limited lifetimes for blue ! Shadow masking allows easy patterning for area color ! presents challenges with scalability and high volume manufacturing ! Shadow masking challenging for full color ! high throughput and scalability is a challenge Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:18 Advantages of Solution Processing (Polymer) OLEDs ! Lower fabrication cost ! fewer vacuum deposition steps - lower capital cost ! advantageous materials usage and scalability (I/J printing) ! Solution processing techniques ! compatible with printing techniques - lower cost for full color ! scalable to very large substrates (high volume manufacturing) ! better mechanical integrity ! compatible with roll process for flex manufacturing Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:19 Full-color/Multi-color Approaches RGB- polymer emitters Color filters Color Changing Media White emitter (CCMs) Advantages: Advantages: Advantages: - power efficient - well-established technology (LCD) homogeneous aging of emitter (?) - lower production cost - no patterning of emitter necessary more efficient than filters - mature ITO technology - homogeneous aging of emitter (?) no patterning of emitter necessary Disadvantages: Disadvantages: Disadvantages: ITO Sputtering on CCMs - emitters have to be optimized - power inefficient stable blue emitter necessary - ITO sputtering on filters separately (common cathode?) aging of CCMs - differential aging of emitters - efficient white emitter necessary - patterning of emitters necessary Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:20 Obtaining a Full Color OLED Display 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Green polymer EL Intensity (normalized) 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 Wavelength (nm) AM TFT screen Red polymer Ink Jet printing of R,G,B emissive polymers defines the R,G,B subpixels (xR, yR) (xG, yG) (xB, yB) Blue polymer R G B Single pixel Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:21 Passive Matrix Addressing Output Current Output Current Output Current Output Current Output Current Output Current • Line by line multiplex scanning Courtesy of Philips Electronics • Duration of addressing is 1/mux rate • Pixel pulsed luminance = mux rate times average luminance • if 64 rows then pixel L=6400 nits for an average of 100 nits • Limited addressed lines Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:22 Passive Matrix Addressing Output Current Output Current Output Current Output Current Output Current Output Current • Line by line multiplex scanning Courtesy of Philips Electronics • Duration of addressing is 1/mux rate • Pixel pulsed luminance = mux rate times average luminance • if 64 rows then pixel L=6400 nits for an average of 100 nits • Limited addressed lines Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:23 Active Matrix Addressing light • Place a switching TFT at each pixel • Selected pixel stays on until next refresh cycle (pixels are switched and shine continuously) • Common cathode • Unlimited addressed lines Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:24 OLED Market will show strong growth Worldwide OLED Market, 2000-2006 Flat panel market 2006 $57B Value (Mio $) Thsd. units $3,500 250,000 Other value: iSuppli value: DisplaySearch $3,000 3% units: iSupply units: DisplaySearch 200,000 TFT LCD PDP $2,500 75% 12% 150,000 $2,000 OLED $1,500 100,000 4% PM LCD $1,000 6% 50,000 Other: $500 VFD: vacuum fluorescent display EL: electroluminescence DLP: Digital Light Processing $0 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 source: iSupply/SRI 2002, Display Search 2002 Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:25 Small Molecule Area Color Passive Matrix Displays Motorola (by Appeal) Samsung Electronics Examples of Wireless Products With Kodak Display Technology Lucky Goldstar (LG) Homer Antoniadis | OLED Product Development| page:26 Small Molecule Full Color Passive Matrix Displays Caller ID Subdisplays Samsung Electronics Fujitsu F505i GPS 96x64 Full Color PM Display With Pioneer Full Color (4,096 colors) PHOLED 1.1-inch 96x72 pixels display. Kodak Licensed SNMD to Manufacture PM OLED Displays Phosphorescent material developed by Universal Display Corp. Homer Antoniadis |
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