THE JOURNAL OF SOUTH TEXAS A journal devoted to the history and heritage of South Texas VOLUME 33 NUMBER 2 | FALL 2019 MANAGING EDITOR Alberto Rodriguez PhD ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITORS Veronica Duran MA William C. Yancey PhD EDITORS Larry Knight PhD, Roger Tuller PhD Je Glick PhD, and Manuel Flores EdD BOOK REVIEW EDITOR Jesse Esparza PhD WEBSITE EDITOR Mamadee M. Koromah PUBLISHER Texas A&M University-Kingsville Produced by e College of Arts and Sciences at Texas A&M University-Kingsville for e South Texas Historical Association Copyright © 2019 THE SOUTH TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION Founded in 1954 “to encourage and to aid in the development of local historical societies and to discover, collect, preserve, and publish historical records and data relating to South Texas, and with special emphasis on the Tamaulipan background and the colony of Nuevo Santander.” OFFICERS President -Carroll Scogin-Brinceeld Vice President - Lynn M. Burlbaw Treasurer - Mike Carlisle Secretary - George Gellett Parliamentarian - Laurie Jasinski BOARD OF DIRECTORS Gary Hickinbotham - New Braunfels Arnulfo Mar - Brownsville Lisa Neely - Kingsville Dr. Manuel Flores – Kingsville e Journal of South Texas (ISSN: 1099-9310) is a biannual publication and is sent to all members of the South Texas Historical Association. Individual STHA membership is $25 annually. Joint membership per couple is $30 annually. Membership dues should be sent to Michael Carlisle, 3749 Piedra Creek, Corpus Christi, Texas 78410 Or for P.O. Box purposes: Mike Carlisle, MCC Writing, P.O. Box 260299, Corpus Christi, Texas 78426 Responsibility for statements of fact or opinion appearing in the Journal belongs to the individual authors and not to the South Texas Historical Association or Texas A&M University - Kingsville. e Journal of South Texas is indexed in ABC CLIO, America: History & Life. Copyright © 2019 South Texas Historical Association ISSN: 1099-9310 Prospective authors may send article inquiries to: [email protected] THE JOURNAL OF SOUTH TEXAS VOLUME 33, NUMBER 2 Fall 2019 Table of Contents Editor’s Page 5 Submission Guidelines 6 ARTICLES e Masters and the Boys: South Asian Muslim Immigrants and African American Muslims in 20th Century Houston, Texas (1950-1980) by Ahmed Humble Sharma 8 Fighting the Mosquito: WPA Malaria Projects for Better Health and Economic Well-Being by Karen J. Wakeeld and Lynn M. Burlbaw 36 Feminine Subjugation: Age, Gender, and Race in the Management of Black Women and Girls in North Texas, 1900-1940 by Hollie A. Teague 56 Alejandro de Treviño and Bernardo Ussel at the Colegio de San Francisco de Sales of Villa de San Miguel el Grande, 1783-1788 by José Mendirichaga Dalzell 76 Representations of Otherness in 19th and 20th Century Narratives from the Borderlands by Michelle Johnson Vela 100 Muerte De La Diversidad Ethnolingüística Como Resultado Del Costo De La Alfabetización Histótica En México by Guadalupe Nancy Nava Gómez 116 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTH TEXAS VOL. 33, NO. 2 Mexicanismo: Francisco Javier Clavigero and the Jesuit expulsion of 1767 By Francisco Ortiz Jr 136 STORIES OF SOUTH TEXAS San Antonio’s Linkage to the Canary Islands by Felix D. Almaraz, Jr. 148 Candid About Cinema: Gregory Nava by Manuel F. Medrano 154 Book Reviews 158 Book List 177 From the Archives of South Texas 180 Membership Form 185 On the cover: A view of the front of the Colegio de San Francisco de Sales c. 2000. It currently houses two educational institutions. An early 20th century photograph, showing the square, the Loreto and La Soledad churches, and part of the Colegio de San Francisco de Sales in San Miguel de Allende. 4 MEET THE EDITOR MEET THE EDITOR MEET THE EDITOR Dr. Alberto Rodriguez, Associate Professor of History Texas A&M University-Kingsville ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ is an Associate Professor of History in the History and Political Science Department at Texas A&M University- Kingsville. His project Urban Borderlands: Situating Race, Class and Ethnicity in South Texas 1910-1960 is a comparative multi ethnic analysis of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. His work moves away from a rural Anglo/ Mexican paradigm into an urban comparative multi ethnic encounter analysis and in turn documents a complex formation of Mexican immigrant and Mexican American identity which resulted from social and cultural relationships with African Americans and Anglos on a daily basis in three areas: chance encounters (shopping or passing in the street), situation encounters (boss, work, or coworkers), and social encounters (dances, bars, celebrations, and college). He argues that, as cities in the Lower Rio Grande Valley transformed from rural ranching and farming communities into commercial centers that attracted investors from all over the country, all ethnic groups understood that such a place could provide opportunity for themselves and their families, but such change transformed the identity of Mexican Americans on the border. is is Dr. Rodriguez’s sixth year as the appointed editor of e Journal of South Texas. He continues to strive to transform the journal into one all South Texans can be proud of and enjoy. He can be contacted via email at: [email protected] 5 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTH TEXAS VOL. 33, NO. 2 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTH TEXAS GUIDELINES THE JOURNAL OF SOUTH TEXAS GUIDELINES SUBMISSION GUIDELINES e Journal of South Texas is a double-blind reviewed academic journal that seeks contributions about the social, political, military, economic and cultural history of South Texas; it also includes articles about the geography or literature of South Texas, as well as biographical studies. e editors carefully evaluate the quality and originality of the scholarship and choose articles and reviews for publication based on com-ments from referees. e editors also consider whether an article contributes to the scholarship of South Texas and whether the style is readable and appropriate for a scholarly journal. MANUSCRIPT GUIDELINES All manuscripts must be presented as Microso Word documents via email attachment, with the title of the article as the lename. Please submit proposed articles via email attachment to [email protected]. All manuscripts must be typewritten, double-spaced, justied, in 12-point font, and with a 1-inch margin. e manuscript must be preceded by the name of the author and contact information for the author. Authors must use endnotes rather than footnotes. Compound endnotes (placing one endnote at the conclusion of a paragraph) are acceptable. Authors must also include a single paragraph biography with their submission. e JST requires that authors follow the citation guidelines established in Turabian’s A Manual for Writ-ers of Term Papers, eses and Dissertations or e Chicago Manual of Style. For more information regarding manuscript guidelines, please email queries to: [email protected]. 6 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTH TEXAS GUIDELINES IMAGE GUIDELINES Manuscripts that include accompanying gures must include notes on the author’s preference for place-ment of those accompanying gures in brackets ([Figure 1. Caption]) where the author prefers the gures be placed. e JST will layout gures as close to the author’s preference as possible. Images must be sent as separate email attachments, as either non-compressed TIFFs, or high-quality JPEGs, at a minimum of 300 dpi (resolution) and a minimum of 5 inches in length or width. It is the responsibility of the author to secure the rights to publish any images submitted with their manuscript. BOOK REVIEW GUIDELINES Reviews should be submitted as a Microso Word document via email attachment, with the title of the book being reviewed as the lename. All reviews must be typewritten, double-spaced, justied, and be preceded by single-spaced bibliographic information. Reviews should be between 750 and 1000 words in length, depending upon the scope of the book. At the end of the review, the reviewer’s aliation should be ush with the le margin, and the reviewer’s name should be ush with the right margin. BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT Complete Title of the Book. By Name of the Author(s). (place of publication: publisher, date of publica-tion. pp. (number of pages.) ISBN number. Price.) EXAMPLE: e Lonesome Quail. By Walter Writer. (San Antonio: Imaginary University Press, 1985. pp.360. Hardcover. ISBN 0-00000-000-0. $30.50) For further information regarding book review guidelines, please contact Chuck Parsons, Book Review Editor at [email protected] CORRESPONDENCE GUIDELINES Manuscripts and correspondence concerning editorial matters should be addressed to the editors at jst@ tamuk.edu. 7 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTH TEXAS VOL. 33, NO. 2 THE MASTERS AND THE BOYS THE MASTERS AND THE BOYS: SOUTH ASIAN MUSLIM IMMIGRANTS AND AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSLIMS IN 20TH CENTURY HOUSTON, TEXAS 19501980 by Ahmed Humble Sharma1 n February 1967 at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas the world saw an incensed side of Muhammad Ali that seemed contrary to his usual playful nature. By the eighth round, his opponent, Ernie Terrell looked beaten and Obruised horribly, while Ali barely broke a sweat. is was because months before the ght, Terrell audaciously called Muhammad Ali by Cassius Clay, a name he no longer went by aer becoming a Muslim in 1964. Terrell may not have been aware of the sensitivity behind Ali’s surname, but despite Ali showing obvious oense at the entire situation, he seemed unmoved. As a result, Ali was livid. “My name is Muhammad Ali,” he exclaimed, “and you will announce it right there in the center of that ring aer the ght if you don’t do it now!”2 is was an example of a man who boldly asserted his Islamic identity to the public. Whether they chose to ac- knowledge it or not, Ali perceived himself as a Muslim. Much like Ali’s experience, this paper is about African American Muslims, in the late 20th century and their presence in Houston, Texas.